马鞍桥金矿床中香沟岩体锆石U-Pb定年、地球化学及其与成矿关系研究

摘要对出露马鞍桥金矿床中香沟二长花岗斑岩进行了单颗粒锆石U-Pb定年和岩石地球化学研究．结果表明,锆石的LA-ICPMS U-Pb年龄值为（242．0±0．8）Ma,与前人确定的秦岭造山带的主造山时间（（242±21）Ma）致,显示香沟岩体可能和印支期华北与扬子板块的碰撞事件有关．香沟岩体以高硅富碱为特征,属于高钾钙碱性系列花岗岩类．香沟岩体高A1（Al2O3=14．49％～15．61％）和Sr（457．10～630．82gg／g）、亏损Y（〈16μg／g）和HREE（Yb〈0．45μg／g）,并具有较高的Sr／Y（76．24～97．34）和（La／Yb）N（29．65～46．10）比值及强分异的稀土元素组成模式,其地球化学特征显示香沟岩体花岗岩类属于C型埃达克质（adakitic）岩石．岩石初始Sr同位素比值Isr=0．70642-0．70668,CNd（t）=-4．5～-4．0,TDM=1152～1220Ma．香沟岩体具有较低的εNd（t）,Isr值和较高的TDM值,同时其Na2O／K2O接近1（Na2O／K2O=0．95～1．10）,显示香沟花岗岩不是俯冲洋壳部分熔融形成的Ⅰ型埃达岩或底侵玄武质下地壳熔融所产生的埃达克质岩,而为增厚下地壳非底侵成因的玄武质下地壳部分熔融的产物．香沟岩体锆石Hf同位素组成均一,εHr（t）=-9．7～-5．9,均小于0,指示其成岩物质主要来自古老地壳物质的熔融,并非来自亏损地幔源区．香沟二长花岗斑岩富集大离子亲石元素和轻稀土,亏损高场强元素、重稀土和Y,微量元素和稀土元素分布与同碰撞花岗岩相似．香沟岩体的岩石产出地质特征及地球化学共同揭示,它是在陆．陆挤压碰撞和壳内构造剪切作用的地球动力学条件下,由大陆碰撞作用所诱发的加厚下地壳玄武质岩石发生部分熔融的产物．由于香沟花岗岩浆侵入于242Ma的挤压造山环境,而金矿化集中发生于170Ma左右的挤压-伸展环境,金矿化比岩浆侵入事件滞后约70Ma,同?     

广西栗木大岐岭隐伏花岗岩的成因及其构造意义:岩石地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学和Nd-Hf同位素制约

对栗木锡多金属矿集区最新发现的大岐岭白云母二长花岗岩体进行了详细的U-Pb年代学、岩石地球化学和Nd-Hf同位素研究,讨论了岩体的成因、物质来源和构造意义.LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年表明,花岗岩形成于印支晚期,成岩年龄为(224.8±1.6)Ma.岩体富集SiO2和K2O,贫Na2O和CaO,A/CNK值变化于1.09~1.20之间,均落入强过铝质花岗岩区域,标准矿物刚玉含量为1.4 vol%~2.7 vol%.球粒陨石标准化稀土配分曲线呈轻微右倾形,强烈Eu负异常(δEu=0.08~0.17),岩体富集Cs,Rb,K等大离子亲石元素LILE和U,Pb,Ce,Hf等高场强元素(HFSE),明显亏损Ba,Sr,Ti等元素.锆石饱和温度(711~740℃)略低于S型花岗岩平均值(764℃).岩体的εNd(t)和εHf(t)值均为负值,分别变化于?9.1~?10.1和?3.7~?12.6之间,峰值分别出现在?9.2~?9.0和?6~?5之间,岩体的TDMC(Nd)和TDMC(Hf)分别变化于1.74~1.82 Ga和1.49~2.04 Ga之间,峰值分别出现在1.73~1.75 Ga和1.5~1.6 Ga之间,表明岩体形成的源区主要为晚古元古代-中元古代的壳源物质.7颗继承锆石给出了(248.6±4.3)Ma的加权平均年龄,说明在栗木地区存在印支早期花岗岩,其εHf(t)值为?6.7~?2.3,与大岐龄岩体相似,暗示在岩体形成过程中可能有印支早期岩浆物质的加入.岩体中(945±11)Ma继承锆石εHf(t)值为8.7,Hf同位素模式年龄(TDM(Hf))为1.14 Ga,与江南造山带东段新元古代岛弧岩浆的特征相似,推断新元古代岛弧岩浆岩可能参与了岩体的形成,新元古代岛弧岩浆带及扬子与华夏板块弧陆碰撞带可能向西南延伸至栗木地区.印支晚期后造山背景下,地壳的伸展和减薄导致地幔物质底侵,促使地壳物质发生部分熔融形成大岐岭岩体.     

塔里木西部奥依塔克斜长花岗岩: 年龄、地球化学特征、成岩作用及其构造意义

报道了对塔里木西部奥依塔克斜长花岗岩的研究结果. 该岩体出露面积约60 km², 侵入于中元古代片岩、千枚岩和下石炭统火山岩中. 其主要的岩石组合为英云闪长岩和斜长花岗岩, 含少量的闪长岩和石英闪长岩. 岩石中的长石以更(奥)—中长石为主, 部分含极少量的条纹长石. 通过SHRIMP U-Pb测年, 获得锆石U-Pb年龄为(330.7±4.8) Ma. 岩石地球化学特征表明, 岩体富Na低K(Na/K = 4~87, 摩尔数比), 属于Na质系列侵入岩. 岩石的稀土总量(ΣREE = 50~220 mg/g)与SiO₂呈显著的正相关关系, 轻重稀土基本没有分异[(La/Yb)N = 0.5~1.5], 有中等的Eu负异常(δEu = 0.3~0.6). 微量元素特征表现出高的Y含量及低的Sr/Y比值(~1.0). Nd同位素组成表明岩石有相对“年轻的”T_2DM(470~580 Ma)和正的Nd初始值[εNd(331 Ma) = 6.23~7.65]. 上述特征与产于洋岛或洋脊的斜长花岗岩非常相似. 然而区域地质特征(尤其是它的规模)并不支持它直接来自地幔的玄武岩浆结晶分异形成. 推测其原始岩浆是来自“年轻的”玄武质地壳经过50%左右的部分熔融形成的闪长质~英云闪长质岩浆. 原始岩浆经过强烈的结晶分异作用并侵入到中上地壳形成该岩体. 结合前人对区域地质研究的结果, 表明该岩体为石炭纪天山造山带大陆裂谷作用在塔里木板块内部的效应.     

大别山中生代地壳从挤压转向伸展的时间:花岗岩的证据

采用颗粒级锆石U-Pb定年和角闪石-黑云母的Ar-Ar定年方法, 测得大别山超高压变质带内刘家洼高Sr/Y花岗岩的结晶锆石年龄为135.4 ± 2.7 Ma, 分流铺高Sr/Y花岗岩的角闪石和黑云母的⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar坪年龄分别为139.0 ± 1.0和125.3 ± 0.2 Ma. 这些岩体侵位之后, 又有与伸展作用有关的铁镁质岩体和具负Sr和Eu异常的花岗岩类侵入, 其同位素年龄在105~130 Ma之间. 两类花岗岩的地球化学对比表明, 从早到晚, 岩石的碱性增强, K₂O含量升高, FeO/(FeO + MgO)比值增大, Sr/Y比值降低, 表明从早到晚地壳岩浆房深度变浅. 从早白垩世开始的地壳尺度的流变学分层以及地壳岩石的熔融与流动, 促进了地壳伸展作用和深埋岩石剥露. 形成于135 Ma前的高Sr/Y花岗岩, 是加厚地壳开始减薄以及地壳从挤压向伸展转换过程的产物.     

广东南山花岗岩形成时代、地球化学特征与成因

广东南山花岗岩体位于陂头复式岩体西端,锆石的SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为158.1±1.8Ma,是燕山早期岩浆活动的产物。岩石化学特征显示岩体以高硅、富碱、贫Ca和Mg以及高TFeO/MgO、低CaO/Na2O为特征。其K2O/Na2O〉1,A/NK=7.8~11.92,A/CNK=1.33~1.68,属过铝质碱性岩石。在稀土和微量元素组成上,岩石富含稀土元素（除明显的负Eu异常,δEu=0.09~0.16）以及Zr、Y、Th、U、Nb等高场强元素,贫Ba、Sr、Ti等,高10000x Ga/Al（比值大于2.6）。在Zr、Nb、Ce、Y对10000×Ga/Al以及TFeO/MgO-SiO2等A型花岗岩多种判别图上,投影点主要落在A型花岗岩区,而与高分异的I、S型花岗岩明显不同。这些特征均指示,南山岩体具有铝质A型花岗岩的特点。通过Y-Nb-3Ga和Y-Nb-Ce构造环境判别图解将其进一步划分为A2型花岗岩,代表其形成于拉张的构造背景之下。本文在此研究基础上,认为南山花岗质岩浆可能形成于相对挤压的中侏罗世。而在晚侏罗世早期相对拉张的作用下,岩石圈减薄,软流圈地幔上涌,地壳的泥质岩和少量砂质岩受到幔源流体富集后发生部分熔融后上侵形成铝质A型花岗岩,且有较强的结晶分异作用。     

都兰花岗岩锆石SHRIMP定年及柴北缘超高压带花岗岩年代学格架

柴北缘超高压带东端都兰地区花岗岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年结果表明,野马滩东岩体的年龄为（406.6±3.5）Ma,巴立给哈滩西岩体的年龄分别为（407.3±4.3）和（397±6）Ma,水文站北岩体的年龄分别为（404.5±4.0）和（397.0±3.7）Ma,水文站南岩体的年龄为（380.5±5.0）Ma,察察公麻岩体的年龄分别为（382.5±3.6）和（372.5±2.8）Ma.从年龄上看,这些花岗岩明显地分为两期：早期的为407-397 Ma,晚期的为383-373 Ma.它们主要为准铝质-弱过铝质的石英闪长岩、花岗闪长岩和二长花岗岩.岩石地球化学研究表明,大多数样品为钙碱性系列,少数样品为钙性或碱钙性系列,其中,早期花岗岩的87Sr/86Sr比值（0.7082-0.7110）和模式年龄（T2DM=1.41-1.90 Ga）高于晚期花岗岩（0.7072-0.7091,T2DM=1.07-1.38 Ga）,但晚期花岗岩的εNd（t）值（0.6- -3.0）高于早期花岗岩（-3.2- -9.3）,表明早期花岗岩可能起源于早中元古代的大陆壳;而晚期花岗岩起源于晚中元古代玄武质地壳.结合区域地质构造特征,可以认为,早期花岗岩的形成与俯冲板块的断离并折返有关,而晚期花岗岩的形成与造山带岩石圈地幔拆沉作用有关.     

大别造山带北部铁佛寺早古生代同碰撞型花岗岩: 地球化学和年代学证据

出露于大别山西北部信阳市附近的铁佛寺岩体侵入元古代秦岭群, 通过锆石SHRIMP U-Pb法测得该岩体年龄为(436±11) Ma. 铁佛寺钾长花岗岩和二长花岗岩暗色矿物含量极少, 可见白云母, SiOM₂含量较高且变化范围很窄, K₂O/Na₂O比值很高, 属高钾钙碱性系列, ACNK＞1.1, 为强过铝质, FeO, Fe₂O₃及MgO含量很低. 岩石总体上相对富集大离子亲石元素, 亏损高场强元素. 岩石稀土元素及微量元素表现出三种不同的特征, 第Ⅰ类岩石Eu为弱负异常, (La/Yb) _N比值最大, 稀土元素总量(ΣREE), Rb/Sr及Rb/Ba比值中等; 第Ⅱ类岩石Eu为中等负异常, (La/Yb) _N比值最小, SREE, Rb/Sr及Rb/Ba比值最大; 第Ⅲ类岩石Eu表现正异常, (La/Yb) _N比值中等, SREE, Rb/Sr及Rb/Ba比值最小. 全岩ε_Nd(440 Ma)集中在-8.8~-9.9之间, Nd模式年龄为2.0 Ga左右, 与秦岭群副片麻岩相似. 综合分析表明铁佛寺花岗岩为壳源S型同碰撞花岗岩, Ⅰ类花岗岩浆形成于秦岭群副片麻岩低程度部分熔融, Ⅱ类花岗岩浆是由Ⅰ类花岗岩浆发生斜长石结晶分异形成, 而III类花岗岩可能与混杂了结晶分异的斜长石堆晶有关. 铁佛寺花岗岩形成于华北板块与扬子板块陆-陆碰撞有关的构造环境.     

湘西南兰蓉岩体锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及构造背景

湘西南兰蓉岩体为一加里东期小侵入体,由黑云母二长花岗岩和二云母二长花岗岩组成.（443.5±8.1）Ma的锆石SHRIMP U Pb年龄表明花岗岩形成于早志留世早期.主量元素组成表明岩体总体属钙碱性高钾钙碱性系列强过铝质花岗岩类.该侵入体Ba、（Ta＋Nb）、Sr、P、Ti强烈亏损,Rb、（Th＋U＋K）、（La＋Ce）、Nd、（Zr＋Hf＋Sm）、（Y＋Yb＋Lu）等相对富集;稀土元素含量较高、轻稀土富集明显、Eu显著亏损;Isr值为0.71299,εSr（t）值为120,εNd （t）值为 8.11和-8.89,t2DM为1.82和1.84Ga.C/MF-A/MF图解显示其源岩为泥质岩和砂屑岩.上述地球化学特征表明兰蓉岩体为陆壳碎屑岩石部分熔融形成的S型花岗岩.基于岩石成因、构造环境判别以及区域构造演化过程,推断兰蓉岩体的具体形成机制为：奥陶纪末志留纪初的北流运动（板内造山运动）导致地壳增厚、升温,尔后在挤压减弱、应力松弛的后碰撞减压构造环境下,中、上地壳酸性岩石发生部分熔融并向上侵位而形成兰蓉岩体.     

扬子陆块西北缘碧口块体印支期花岗岩类地球化学和Pb-Sr-Nd同位素组成: 限制岩石成因及其动力学背景

对出露于扬子陆块西北缘碧口块体印支期阳坝岩体(215 Ma)、南一里岩体(224 Ma)和木皮岩体进行了岩石主量元素、微量元素和Pb-Sr-Nd同位素地球化学研究. 上述岩体花岗岩类均以高Al (Al₂O₃: 14.56~16.48%) 和Sr(352~1047 mg/g)、亏损Y(<16 mg/g)和HREE(eg. Yb<1.61 mg/g)为特征, 并具有较高的Sr/Y(36.3~150)和(La/Yb)_N(7.8~36.3)比值及强分异的稀土元素组成模式. 岩石初始Sr 同位素比值I_Sr=0.70419~0.70752, ε_Nd(t)=-3.1~-8.5,初始Pb同位素比值²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=17.891~18.250, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=15.494~15.575, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=37.788~38.335. 地球化学特征显示阳坝、南一里和木皮岩体花岗岩类属于埃达克质(adakitic)岩石, 岩浆起源于增厚玄武质下地壳的部分熔融, 但它们具有较高的K含量(K₂O: 1.49%~3.84%)、明显演化的Nd同位素组成及较高的Nd同位素模式年龄(T_DM=1.06~1.83 Ga)清晰地不同于由俯冲洋壳或底侵玄武质岩石部分熔融形成的埃达克岩类, 而为增厚的并具有较长地壳存留年龄的玄武质下地壳部分熔融形成的埃达克质岩类. 碧口块体印支期埃达克质岩浆的产生反映了在华北板块和华南板块碰撞之后的岩石圈拆沉作用. 另一方面, 碧口块体印支期埃达克质岩石的Pb-Sr-Nd 同位素组成对岩浆源区的示踪揭示了在碧口块体的碧口群火山岩之下存在大陆型地壳基底, 这一结果不支持碧口群火山岩形成于大洋盆地或洋岛环境的认识.     

滇西保山地块双脉地晚始新世过铝质花岗岩：锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年、地球化学和成因

滇西保山地块大地构造上位于藏-滇-泰-马中间板块中段,西以怒江-瑞丽断裂为界,东以澜沧江-柯街-南汀河断裂为界.由于缺乏出露的新生代花岗质岩石,传统上认为,在喜马拉雅期该地块花岗质岩浆活动微弱.因此,双脉地晚始新世隐伏花岗岩的发现,改写了该地块无喜马拉雅期花岗质岩浆活动的记录.对取自研究区ZK7-1和ZK0-1钻孔岩芯花岗岩样品锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学和Sr-Nd-Pb同位素研究表明：（1）双脉地隐伏花岗岩岩石类型为中粗粒二云母正长花岗岩,岩体以高SiO2低CaO为特征,总碱量（K2O＋Na2O）为5.22%～8.03%,K2O/Na2O比率0.24～1.79;K,Rb,U,Th和Pb显示清晰正异常,Ba,Sr,Ti和Nb显示清晰负异常;具中等稀土元素含量（85～125μgg-1）,中度富集轻稀土元素（（La/Yb）=4.77～7.22）,以及中度负Eu异常（δEu=0.29～0.39）,属于高钾钙碱性-钙碱性强过铝S型花岗岩.（2）利用SHRIMP锆石U-Pb同位素定年获得上述两类岩石的岩浆结晶年龄分别为（36.27±0.48）和（35.78±0.49）Ma,成岩年代为晚始新世.（3）Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成表明双脉地二云母正长花岗岩源岩来自成熟大陆地壳物质,具有典型S型花岗岩特征.（4）花岗岩样品w（CaO）/w（Na2O）和w（Al2O3）/w（TiO2）比值及其在w（CaO）/w（Na2O）-w（Al2O3）/w（TiO2）图上分布表明,其岩浆来自地壳富粘土质物质的部分熔融,其熔融温度约为900～950℃;依据锆浓度饱和温度计计算岩浆结晶温度775～795℃;在Hf-Rb-Ta微量元素判别图解上,花岗岩样品分布于后碰撞构造环境.（5）在喜马拉雅后碰撞造山阶段,伴随印度大陆向欧亚大陆的持续楔入,印支地块（或保山地块）向南东方向逃逸,作为地块西界的高黎贡断裂带发生大规模走滑剪切作用,并触发加厚地壳减压部分熔融形成过铝花岗质岩浆,然后冷凝结晶形成双脉地二云母正长花岗岩.     

Zircon U-Pb dating and geochemical study of the Xianggou granite in the Ma'anqiao gold deposit and its relationship with gold mineralization

Single zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating and lithogeochemical studies have been performed on the Xianggou monzonitic granitic porphyry outcropped in the Ma'anqiao gold deposit.A weighted average U-Pb age of 242.0±0.8 Ma for Xianggou monzonitic porphyry has been obtained.This corresponds with the conclusions of previous studies indicating a syn-orogenic age (242±21 Ma) of the Qinling Orogenic Belt,suggesting that the formation of the Xianggou granite should be associated with the collisional event of the North China Plate and the Yangtze Plate in the Indosinian period.The Xianggou granite is characterized by the high silicon and alkali of high K calc-alkaline series granites.It is rich in Al (Al2O3=14.49%-15.61%) and Sr (457.10-630.82 ppm),poor in Y (16 ppm) and HREE (Yb0.45 ppm),and exhibits high ratios of Sr/Y (76.24-97.34) and (La/Yb)N (29.65-46.10),as well as strongly fractionated REE patterns.These geochemical characteristics suggest the Xianggou granite can be classified as C-type adakitic rock.The initial Sr isotope ratios for the Xianggou granite vary from 0.70642 to 0.70668,εNd(t) values from -4.54 to -3.98,and TDM values from 1152 Ma to 1220 Ma.The low εNd(t) and ISr and high TDM values,as well as Na2O/K2O ratios of the Xianggou granite are close to 1 (Na2O/K2O=0.95-1.10),indicating that it is not an I-type adakite formed by partial melting of the subducting oceanic crust,nor adakitic rock formed by melting of the underplated basaltic lower crust,but the product of partial melting of the nonunderplated basaltic thickened lower crust.Zircons from the Xianggou pluton have a homogeneous Hf isotopic composition with negative εHf(t) values (between -9.7 and -5.9,with an average of -6.9),indicating that the rock-forming materials were mostly extracted from the ancient crust,not from the depleted mantle.The Xianggou monzonitic granitic porphyry is rich in LILE and LREE and depleted in HSFE,HREE and Y;the composition of trace element and REE are similar to those of the syn-collisional granites.The geological and geochemical characteristics of the Xianggou granite reveal that it was a product of partial melting of the basaltic rocks from the thickened lower crust,triggered by continental collision,which occurred in the geodynamic background of continental-continental collision and shearing within the crust.The Xianggou granite was intruded in the compressive orogenic environment 242 Ma ago,but the gold mineralization occurred in the transitional environment of compression to extension around 170 Ma ago,lagging behind the intrusive age of the Xianggou granite by about 70 Ma.Meanwhile,the distribution of trace elements and REEs of the Xianggou monzonitic granitic porphyry is distinct from that of ores,suggesting the absence of direct genetic relationship between the Xianggou granite and gold mineralization.In contrast,the relatively high ore-forming elemental content of the Xianggou monzonitic granitic porphyry is due to the rock having experienced Au-bearing hydrothermal alteration.From the view of gold mineralization,considering the intrusive age,structural deformation,as well as alteration of the granite,we can conclude that the Xianggou pluton was a pre-ore-intrusion,whose intrusive age of 242 Ma constrains the lower time limit of gold metallogenesis.Following the intrusive event of the syn-collisional granitic porphyry and the intensively brittle-ductile shear deformation,large-scale fluid activity and gold mineralization took place.     

Transfer and deposition of gold in the Congo watershed

Gold has been measured in water and suspended particulate matter samples coming from the Oubangui-Congo system. Gold anomalies up to 800 pico M/l were measured at two different locations. These are interpreted as the result of gold transport by dissolved organic complexes. Everywhere else the gold content is in the range of 10⁻¹¹M/l and gold is present as an aurous hydroxichloride complex.The knowledge of both discharge rates and gold content allows a quantification of the gold input into the Atlantic ocean. Respective values for dissolved and particulate gold input are equal to 2.86 t/a and 2.95 t/a. Both chemical denudation and physical weathering rates were computed from this new set of data.     

Geological and geochemical character and genesis of the Jinlongshan-Qiuling gold deposits in Qinling orogen: Metallogenic mechanism of the Qinling-pattern Carlin-type gold deposits

The Qinling Carlin-type gold deposit belt is the second largest Carlin-type gold ore concentrated area in the world and occurs in Mesozoic intracontinental collisional orogen, contrasting to the Carlin-type gold deposits in the Basin and Range province in Cenozoic active continental margin of West America. With ore-forming ages focussed at the range of 197.45–129.45 Ma, its metallogenic geodynamic background was the decompression-pyrogenation regime at the transition stage from collisional compression to extension, indicating that gold mineralization synchronized with the Mesozoic continental collision. Geochemical studies discover that ore fluids and materials mainly came from the Hercynian-Indosinian tectonic layer. Mesozoic intracontinental subduction of Hercynian-Indosinian association along the Shuanghe-Gongguan fault led to the formation of Jinlongshan-Qiuling gold deposits. Accordingly, the tectonic metallogenic model is established for Qinling-pattern Carlin-type gold deposits.     

Decratonic gold deposits

The North China Craton(NCC) hosts numerous gold deposits and is known as the most gold-productive region of China. The gold deposits were mostly formed within a few million years in the Early Cretaceous(130–120 Ma), coeval with widespread occurrences of bimodal magmatism, rift basins and metamorphic core complexes that marked the peak of lithospheric thinning and destruction of the NCC. Stable isotope data and geological evidence indicate that ore-forming fluids and other components were largely exsolved from cooling magma and/or derived from mantle degassing during the period of lithospheric extension. Gold mineralization in the NCC contrasts strikingly with that of other cratons where gold ore-forming fluids were sourced mostly from metamorphic devolatization in compressional or transpressional regimes. In this paper, we present a summary and discussion on time-space distribution and ore genesis of gold deposits in the NCC in the context of the timing, spatial variation, and decratonic processes. Compared with orogenic gold deposits in other cratonic blocks, the Early Cretaceous gold deposits in the NCC are quite distinct in that they were deposited from magma-derived fluids under extensional settings and associated closely with destruction of cratonic lithosphere. We argue that Early Cretaceous gold deposits in the NCC cannot be classified as orogenic gold deposits as previously suggested, rather, they are a new type of gold deposits, termed as "decratonic gold deposits" in this study. The westward subduction of the paleo-West Pacific plate(the Izanagi plate) beneath the eastern China continent gave rise to an optimal tectonic setting for large-scale gold mineralization in the Early Cretaceous. Dehydration of the subducted and stagnant slab in the mantle transition zone led to continuous hydration and considerable metasomatism of the mantle wedge beneath the NCC. As a consequence, the refractory mantle became oxidized and highly enriched in large ion lithophile elements and chalcophile elements(e.g., Cu, Au, Ag and Te). Partial melting of such a mantle would have produced voluminous hydrous, Au- and S-bearing basaltic magma, which, together with crust-derived melts induced by underplating of basaltic magma, served as an important source for ore-forming fluids. It is suggested that the Eocene Carlin-type gold deposits in Nevada, occurring geologically in the deformed western margin of the North America Craton, are comparable with the Early Cretaceous gold deposits of the NCC because they share similar tectonic settings and auriferous fluids. The NCC gold deposits are characterized by gold-bearing quartz veins in the Archean amphibolite facies rocks, whereas the Nevada gold deposits are featured by fine-grained sulfide dissemination in Paleozoic marine sedimentary rocks. Their main differences in gold mineralization are the different host rocks, ore-controlling structures, and ore-forming depth. The similar tectonic setting and ore-forming fluid source, however, indicate that the Carlin-type gold deposits in Nevada are actually analogous to decratonic gold deposits in the NCC. Gold deposits in both the NCC and Nevada were formed in a relatively short time interval(10 Myr) and become progressively younger toward the subduction zone. Younging of gold mineralization toward subduction zone might have been attributed to retreat of subduction zone and rollback of subducted slab. According to the ages of gold deposits on inland and marginal zones, the retreat rates of the Izanagi plate in the western Pacific in the Early Cretaceous and the Farallon plate of the eastern Pacific in the Eocene are estimated at 8.8 cm/yr and 3.3 cm/yr, respectively.     

乌拉嘎金矿主要控矿因素与激电法找金效果

乌拉嘎金矿主要控矿因素是构造破碎带及裂隙带、斜长花岗斑岩体和老基底变质杂岩.其中构造破碎带是最主要控矿因素.矿化富集与含金玉髓状石英细脉或细网脉、黄铁一白铁矿脉和碳酸盐脉的发育程度密切相关.含金热液脉体的形态产状受构造破碎带和裂隙带控制，经过多期次叠加，往往造成矿化的进一步富集.矿体呈脉状、复脉状、扁豆状等形态.上述特点为该区电法找金提供了先决条件.金矿石是本区主要极化体.在乌拉嘎金矿区的张才沟靶区获得低阻高极化和高阻高极化异常，可望找到含金石英脉及含矿破碎带.     

The genesis and resource potential of gold deposits in the Liaodong Peninsula

Plenty of gold deposits related to Late Mesozoic craton destruction are widely distributed in eastern North China Craton. However, significant differences in research degrees, ore-forming characteristics, and proven reserves exist among different regions in the North China Craton. The Liaodong Peninsula has similar regional geological characteristics to those of the Jiaodong Peninsula, with both experiencing craton destruction during Late Mesozoic, but the two areas have substantial differences ...     

The big mantle wedge and decratonic gold deposits

The Circum-Pacific subduction zone is a famous gold metallogenic domain in the world, with two important gold metallogenic provinces, the North China Craton and Nevada, which are related to the destruction of the North China Craton and the Wyoming Craton, respectively. Their ore-forming fluids were possibly derived from the stagnant slab in the mantle transition zone. The oceanic lithospheric mantle usually contains serpentine layers up to thousands of meters thick. During plate subduction, serpentine is dehydrated at depths of 200 km and transformed into high-pressure hydrous minerals, known as Phases A to E, which carries water to the depth of 300 km. The overlying big mantle wedge is hydrated during the breakdown of these hydrous facies in the mantle transition zone. The dehydration of the subducted slab in the big mantle wedge releases sulfur-rich fluid, which extracts gold and other chalcophile elements in the surrounding rocks, forming gold-rich fluid. Because the cratonic geotherm is lower than the water-saturated solidus line of lherzolite, the fluid cannot trigger partial melting. Instead, it induces metasomatism and forms pargasite and other water-bearing minerals when it migrates upward to depths of less than 100 km in the cratonic lithospheric mantle, resulting in a water-and gold-rich weak layer. During the destruction of craton, the weak layer is destabilized, releasing gold-bearing fluids that accelerate the destruction. The ore-forming fluids migrate along the shallow weak zone and are accumulated at shallow depths, and subsequently escape along deep faults during major tectonic events, leading to explosive gold mineralization. The ore-forming fluids are rich in ferrous iron, which releases hydrogen at low pressure through iron hydrolysis. Therefore, decratonic gold deposits are often reduced deposits.     

Exhumation history and preservation of the Jiaojia giant gold deposit,Jiaodong Peninsula

Science China Earth Sciences - The Jiaojia giant gold deposit is the largest gold deposit in China, with a total gold reserve of approximately 1200 t. Until now, the knowledge of the exhumation...     

Crude oil as carrier of gold: petrological and geochemical evidence from Lannigou gold deposit in southwestern Guizhou, China

Organic matter is related closely to mineralization of Lannigou gold deposit in southwestern Guizhou, China. Regionally, the distribution of organic carbon agrees well with that of faults within which gold deposits are hosted. Studies on organic petrology show that pyrobitumen, which is related most closely to mineralization, adheres to quartz vein or fills quartz veinlet. Proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis shows an evident abundance of Au in pyrobitumen. Pyrobitumen paragenetically associates with pyrite and arsenopyrite which are the main carrier minerals of Au. The thermal simulation experiment indicates that about 99% of Au will be concentrated in oil phase in the coexisting system of oil and brine and rock. The role of crude oil in ore-forming process is: as carrier of Au, crude oil moves upwards, and undergoes thermal decomposition and thermochemical reduction when it encounters the oxidizing fluid within the Trassic turbidity; Au is thus released from crude oil, reduced and precipitated. Project supported by the Climbing Project (No. PA30) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 49673190).     

Experimental study of gold activation-transportation in the process of potash metasomatism-alteration——North China platform gold deposit taken as an example

Chemical reactions of plagioclase, biotite and their singleminerals, as well as a mineral mixture of (plagioclase +biotite+quartz), with KCl and (KCl+KHCO3) solutions were carried out at 150400℃ and 5080 MPa. Experiments show that alkaline fluid promotes plagioclase’s changing into potash feldspar, while acid fluid helps plagioclase, potash feldspar and biotite alteration form chlorite and sericite. After chemical reaction the acidity-alkalinity of solutions often changes reversely. It was observed that gold dissolved from the tube wall and recrystallized on the surfaces of biotite and pyrite. Therefore the transportation and enrichment of gold are related to the elementary effect of the fluid-mineral interfaces. Fe3+-Fe2+, as an oxidition-reduction agent, and volatile components Cl? and CO2 play important roles in the reaction process.