地震地球化学监测现状及发展建议

1 地震地球化学发展背景 地球化学是研究地球的化学组成、化学作用和化学演化的科学.基于研究目的的不同,地球化学分为元素地球化学、气体地球化学、同位素地球化学、构造地球化学、水文地球化学等研究方向,近年来衍生出地震地球化学.此为在地震学、水文地球化学、元素地球化学、同位素地球化学和水文地质学等学科基础上发展起来的一门新兴学科,是研究地震孕育、发展、发生过程中地下水、岩石、气体组分及化学成分等变化与地震关系的科学.     

生物壳体锶地球化学恢复盆地古水文——以泥河湾盆地为例

本文以著名的泥河湾盆地小渡口剖面28层为实例,通过有孔虫,介形虫,腹足类微体生物壳体87Sr/86Sr比值与盆地汇水区域Sr同位素地层分布特征对比分析以及生物壳体Sr/Ca国度的相关性,来重塑沉积盆地汇水来源变更,湖水变化等古水文要素,进而可以反演区域构造－气候变化,实例研究结果表明,生物壳体87Cr/86Sr 及Sr/Ca比值等地球化学方法是恢复盆地古水文条件的重要手段。     

伊犁盆地南缘砂岩型铀矿航磁特征分析及信息增强

为探讨伊犁盆地南缘层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿与航磁数据的内在联系,对盆地南缘蚀源区、地下水径流区、铀矿区和原生带的航磁数据进行了特征分析,总结了一套完整的铀成矿体系对应的航磁特征,认为铀矿通常位于磁场梯度带向宽缓磁场过渡的区间内,ΔT零值可作为由氧化带进入氧化-还原过渡带的标志之一.针对砂岩型铀矿的航磁特征,创新性地将化探领域应用较广的衬值滤波法移植到了航磁数据处理中,铀矿区的空间信息得到了大幅度增强,显示出良好的应用效果.     

华南巨型锑矿带的特征及其制约因素

华南巨型锑矿带位于中国南方扬子陆块与华夏陆块的接合过渡地段,锑矿床都产在沉积地层中,具有显著的层控性,常有整合的层状矿体出现,赋矿地层都显示异常高的锑丰度,充分显示了与沉积盆地演化密不可分的内在联系矿石的硫同位素受赋矿地层层位和沉积相的控制,碳同位素特征反映了深部因素与浅部过程的耦合,铅同位素则暗示研究区地层及其中锑矿化的亲缘关系和统一演化历史．锑是一个趋于在地壳浅部富集的中低温热液成矿元素,因此成熟度越高的地壳块段锑的丰度越高,锑矿产出概率也越大．华南巨型锑矿带的形成乃是扬子陆块南缘沉积盆地长期演化的结果,可能与这一岩石圈块段长期以来强烈的物质分异和再循环有关．     

莺歌海-琼东南盆地结合部记录的红河断裂带向海延伸及其演化过程

红河断裂带是青藏高原东南缘发育的重要断裂构造,研究其形成演化过程对理解青藏高原东南缘构造演化、地貌变迁、水系演化和含油气沉积盆地形成等都具有重要意义.莺歌海盆地和琼东南盆地结合部(简称莺琼结合部)是开展红河断裂带向海延伸属性研究的关键点.本研究以区域长地震剖面、三维地震数据和钻井岩芯资料为基础,对莺琼结合部开展了详细的...     

滇-黔-桂地区右江盆地流体流动与成矿作用

对右江盆地及其周缘地区金、砷、锑、汞低温矿床的C,H,O,S,Sr同位素、同位素年代学、流体的常量、微量稀土元素地球化学等的综合研究表明,成矿流体为富含矿质的盆地流体,燕山晚期大规模的同源流体流动引起了大面积的低温成矿作用和硅化.在盆地和台地间,成矿流体由盆地流向台地;在盆地内部,流体由台间盆地流向孤立台地,同沉积断裂和古岩溶面是流体垂向和侧向流动的主要通道.     

滇-黔-桂地区右江盆地流体流动与成矿作用

对右江盆地及其周缘地区金、砷、锑、汞低温矿床的C,H,O,S,Sr同位素、同位素年代学、流体的常量、微量稀土元素地球化学等的综合研究表明,成矿流体为富含矿质的盆地流体,燕山晚期大规模的同源流体流动引起了大面积的低温成矿作用和硅化。在盆地和台地间,成矿流体由盆地流向台地;在盆地内部,流体由台间盆地流向孤立台地。同沉积断裂和古岩溶面是流体垂向和侧向流动的主要通道。     

东秦岭晚白垩世恐龙多样性降低的气候因素

气候与环境变化是影响生物群演化的关键驱动因素,因此研究陆地生态系统所处的古气候与古环境背景对于探讨生物盛衰甚至灭绝具有重要的意义.我国盛产恐龙骨骼和恐龙蛋化石,但迄今对于古气候-环境演化与恐龙种群数量和多样性演化联系的研究相对匮乏.东秦岭地区发育多个晚中生代-早新生代陆相沉积盆地,蕴含大量晚白垩世恐龙骨骼和蛋、新生代哺乳动物化石,是开展古气候与恐龙动物群多样性演化关系,探究恐龙灭绝原因的理想场所.本研究对东秦岭灵宝盆地好阳河剖面开展环境磁学和元素地球化学研究,重建了该区晚白垩世-早始新世期间的化学风化强度和古水文循环过程,以揭示生物-环境协同演化的关系.化学风化强度和磁化率记录表明晚白垩世-早始新世期间灵宝盆地古气候-水文环境发生了三次大的阶段性变化：在约74.4～68.0 Ma,研究区处于水动力较稳定的深湖相沉积环境和逐渐变冷的气候状态;随后68.0～65.8 Ma时期研究区逐渐干旱化,水文波动变强;在65.8～54.7 Ma,区域气候变化强烈,呈现明显增强的干湿水文循环.本研究揭示了古气候-水文环境变化与恐龙种群演化的关系,提出东秦岭地区在晚白垩世末期(约68～66 Ma)的气候干...     

论华北平原第四系地下水系统之演化

华北平原第四系地下水系统是在统一的地质、构造背景下主要由陆地水流作用形成.通过地下水动力场分析、地下水地球化学模拟、~(14)C测年和同位素信息提取,为认识与评价地下水循环系统的演化、为研究过去全球变化提供了更多证据.大规模的地下水开发利用和超量开采使区域地下水位下降、流场变异、水资源量减少、咸水体下移等,水环境进入人为因素强烈干扰下的新的演化时期.     

冲绳海槽Jade热液区热液硫化物的元素富集与铀系同位素组成

测定了冲绳海槽Jade热液区（127°04．5′E,27°15′N,水深1300～1450m）热液硫化物的元素和铀系同位素组成．结果表明,含硫酸盐矿物的热液硫化物（样品HOK1和HOK2）具有LREEs相对富集的特点,所研究的热液硫化物样品（除样品HOK1外）属富Zn型热液硫化物．与其他海区的富Zn热液硫化物相比,具有高Zn,Pb,Ag,Cd,Au和Hg含量,低Fe,Al,Cr,Co,Ni,Sr．Te,Cs,T1和U含量,以及极低的210Pb放射性比度值和210Pb／Pb比值的特点．在以闪锌矿为主的热液硫化物中,稀有元素Hf与U,Mn元素之间以及分散元素Ga与Zn之间均存在显著的正相关关系,且Au,Ag与Fe．硫化物有关,低温阶段有利于Au,Ag的富集．同时,Fe-Bi之间和Zn-Cd之间的正相关关系,不受矿物组合变化的影响．根据热液硫化物中210Pb／Pb比值（3．99×10^-5～5．42×10^-5）,结合其具有U同位素（^238U含量1．15×10^-6～2．53×10^-6。^238U放射性比度值1．07～1．87dpm／g,^234U放射性比度值1．15～2．09dpm／g,234U／^238U比值1．07～1．14）存在,而^232Th和230Th均处于背景水平的事实,得到冲绳海槽Jade热液区热液硫化物样品的形成年龄在0．2～2ka之间．     

航空能谱测量数据在砂岩型铀矿找矿预测中的应用

以澳大利亚弗罗姆湖地区砂岩型铀矿为例,利用航空能谱测量铀、钍、钾元素之间的地球化学特征差异,建立并计算古铀量、活性铀、地球化学活动性指数等特征参数,综合研究区盆地构造、古河道展布及地层岩性等特征,识别研究区的铀源区、铀元素迁入区、氧化-还原地球化学障等成矿预测要素,在ARCGIS 10平台上融合这些要素,最后圈定出研究区砂岩型铀矿找矿的有利远景区.研究表明航空能谱测量可以作为一种预测砂岩型铀矿有利远景区的有效方法.     

Characteristics and dynamic settings of the Central-east Asia multi-energy minerals metallogenetic domain

That more than 82 percent of proved sandstone-type uranium deposits coexist with proved oil-gas or coalfields in the world reflects the fact of coexistence and accumulation of multi-energy minerals including oil, gas, coal and uranium in the same basin. Especially, this phenomenon is most typical in the Central-east Asia energy basins. Across China, Mongolia and some central Asian countries, the giant Central-east Asia metallogenetic domain (CEAMD) stretches more than 6,000 km from Songliao Basin of China in the east to the Caspian Sea in the west. The multi-energy minerals distribution characteristics of the domain include: their spatial distribution is complicated and ordered; the ore-bearing horizon relates closely to the geographical region; the accumulation/mineralization and localization time is the same or close; the occurrence setting and accumulation/mineralization have close correlation; and they have rich provenance for all the minerals. All of these imply that they have close relations between each other under a unified geodynamic background. The exogenetic uranium mineralization process in CEAMD can be divided into five phases using time limits of 100 Ma, (50±2) Ma, 20±(2–4) Ma, 8–5 Ma. The major mineralization periods and their differences in each primary uranium-bearing basin are identical to the oil-gas accumulation and localization periods and phases in the same basin, and are also in response to regional tectonics and controlled in general by the regional geodynamic environment. For industrial application and commercial exploitation, it is suggested that an important period for coexistence, accumulation and localization of oil, gas, coal and uranium and their interaction mainly occur in the late/last and post basin evolution. Through generalized analysis and comparison of accumulation/mineralization environment of the energy basins in CEAMD, the authors propose that the relatively stable regional tectonic background and moderate (weaker) structural deformation probably are necessary for formation, coexistence and preservation of large and medium-scaled sandstone-type uranium ore deposits, oil-gas fields and coalfields, while basins in favor of coexistence and accumulation are those intracratonal, intermediary massif basins and corresponding reformed basins.     

松科2井东孔营城组高放射性异常层测井响应特征及成因初探

松科2井东孔是松辽盆地科学钻探工程的主体钻孔,按照计划在全井段进行地球物理测井资料采集,为深部资源勘探及白垩纪古气候、古环境研究提供准确和全面的地球物理信息.在诸多测井方法中,自然伽马测井和自然伽马能谱测井能够测量地层的天然放射性强度和铀、钍、钾元素含量等参数,被有效地应用于放射性矿床勘查,尤其是铀资源的勘查与研究;电阻率、声波、密度和中子测井等常规测井和核磁共振成像、电阻率成像、元素俘获谱测井等特殊测井能够获取地层岩性和物性参数等信息,为铀矿勘查提供有力支持.本文利用松科2井东孔自然伽马测井资料来识别高放射性异常层;基于常规测井与特殊测井资料,结合前人的地质研究成果,分析放射性异常层的特征和成因.核测井曲线指示营城组存在两段高放射性异常层,深度分别为3096.8~3102.8 m（I号层）、3168.3~3170.9 m（Ⅱ号层）.I号层自然伽马值最高达360 API,铀含量范围20.5~29.3 ppm,综合测井和岩心资料判断该层为砾岩,具有铀成矿潜力;分析表明,构造条件和后生改造作用是影响I号层铀富集的关键因素,推测断裂-火山活动和盆地抬升剥蚀为含铀地下水及油气运移至I号层提供了通道,油气的后生还原作用最终导致了I号异常层的铀富集.Ⅱ号层自然伽马值最高达250API,钍含量22.4~37.3 ppm,铀含量5.9~11.0 ppm,为集块熔岩及凝灰岩,高放射性异常可能是高钍含量的流纹质成分和粘土矿物对铀的吸附作用导致的.松科2井东孔营城组高放射性异常层具有埋藏深度深、铀含量高等特点,表明松辽盆地深部具有找铀矿前景.     

Zircon chemistry and new laser ablation U–Pb ages for uraniferous granitoids in SW Cameroon

The Ekomedion two-mica granite,southwestern Cameroon,has potential for uranium and molybdenum mineralization.Here,we present LA-ICP-MS U-Pb ages,Lu-Hf isotope characteristics,trace element concentrations and Ti-geothermometry of zircon from this granite hosting U-Mo mineralization in pegmatitic pods.The majority of zircon are CL-dark though some CL-bright cores were also identified.U-Pb zircon age data range from 121±3 to743±11 Ma with only 5 of 34 ages being near concordant.The concordant mean age of 603±12 Ma is similar to ages of granitic intrusions along the Central African Shear Zone in Cameroon.Apparent ages with mean of261±6 Ma reveal open system behavior with respect to Pb and/or U.Zircon e Hfi values range from-20.3 to-0.3.This implies that U-Mo was remobilized during partial melting of the surrounding gneiss.Zircon Th/U>0.1 as well as an increasing Hf with decreasing Th/U indicates that fractional crystallization was the main factor that controlled U-Mo mineralization in pegmatitic pods.Y and Y/Ho ratios cluster from 29 to 33 close to the chondritic ratio of 28 and indicate fractionation of Y and Ho with low F contents during the earliest stages of crystallization.Late stage accumulation of F-rich magmatic-hydrothermal fluids impacted U-Mo mineralization as a ligand.Zircon contains a prominent negative Eu anomaly pointing to a fractionating system rich in plagioclase.Calculated Ti-in-zircon temperatures span 672℃to1232℃with the temperatures at the high end reflecting interference from mineral inclusions in the zircon grains while the lower temperature values are linked to crystallization.     

Exhalative supergenic uranium,thorium and marcasite occurrences in quaternary volcanites of central Italy

In the Quaternary alkali-potassic volcanites of Northern Latium, there are classical solfataras related to volcanic structures, and very large kaolinized fields, at the borders of the volcanic systems (perivolcanic), related to pre-volcanic tectonic structures. In the solfataric type of mineralization thorium and sulphur ores in an opaline matrix are prevailing; in the perivolcanic type of deposit are prevailing uranium ores in very regular layers associated with kaolin. Marcasite-pyrite beds and lenses are common in both of them. The mineralization processes start with the oxidation of H₂S coming out from volcanic edilices or from large faults. The origin of U and Th concentrations is to be seen in the anomalous high content of radioactive elements in the alkaline rocks, and in their enrichment in ground waters. The perivolcanic uranium mineralizations are of some economic interest: the ore deposition is controlled by ground water level in reducing conditions determined by H₂S, not unlike to the principal sedimentary uranium ores known in the continental environment.     

The Role of Microorganisms in Uranium Behavior in the Water–Rock System

Geochemical processes involving redox reactions and leading to either formation or transformation of geochemical barriers may be largely induced or enhanced by microbial activity. The microbial reduction of uranium is studied as a strategy for rehabilitation of uranium-containing groundwater. The bioremediation mechanism converts dissolved uranium(VI) into low-solubility U(IV). The processes involving dissimilatory reducing bacteria, which facilitate the reduction and retention of U(VI) in soils and rocks, are considered. The diversity of microorganisms involved in anaerobic reduction of uranium is shown. The geochemical conditions that may affect the rate of microbial reduction of U(VI) are specified, i.e., the presence of nitrate ions, phosphate ions, calcium ions, and iron oxides. The mechanisms of their action are examined. Geochemical barriers with the participation of microorganisms are proposed for the rehabilitation of groundwater with uranium removed from groundwater and deposited locally as a result of microbial reduction of U(VI).     

Aeromagnetic And Aeroradiometric Response To Hydrothermal Alteration

In Precambrian terrains all regional and most localintensive magnetic anomalies areproduced by magnetite. Monoclinic pyrrhotite isresponsible for some local, but oftenintensive, magnetic anomaly patterns. Both magnetiteand pyrrhotite are affected byhydrothermal alteration processes in various ways,resulting in changes either inabundance or in grain fabric. These changes arerecorded in the magnetic properties ofthe altered rock units and reflected in theiraeromagnetic signatures. Hydrothermalalteration in deformed bedrock zones is commonlycontrolled by structural or tectonicfeatures. Regional high-resolution aerogeophysicalsurveys can be utilized, in bothregional and detailed investigations, to map theoverall geological and tectonic settingor to estimate local changes in magnetic mineralogyand the relative abundance ofradionuclides.Magnetite is most commonly destroyed in alterationprocesses, such as biotitization,carbonation, sulfidization and silicification. Theprogressive destruction of magnetitebegins at grain margins and results first in broken and cracked grain texture and smallergrain size, then progresses to total disappearanceof magnetite. Alteration in magnetite-bearing rock units may be recognized by decreasedmagnetic intensity and by thebroken, disrupted magnetic pattern. The abundance ofmonoclinic pyrrhotite isenhanced by reducing hydrothermal fluids, and typicalcrystal anisotropy is developeddue to tectonic stress.The relative contents of radioelements are changedin the same hydrothermal processesand partly for the same reasons as the ferrimagneticminerals. Potassic alteration oftenresults in elevated K radiation particularly formafic rocks, and then anomalous K/Thratios along local shear or fracture zones may beindicative of gold-bearingmineralization. On the other hand, high U/Th ratioswithin metasedimentary units maypoint out prospects for sulphidization. Althoughvariation of U/Th ratios largely reflectsthe environmental conditions during primarydiagenesis or a later deformational phase,mainly the decrease in Th radiation close tosulphide mineralization seems to beresponsible for the elevated U/Th ratios.     

自然伽玛及自然伽玛能谱测井在沉积盆地古环境反演中的应用

对山东东营凹陷牛38井古近系沙河街组三段的自然伽玛和自然伽玛能谱测井的初步实验研究表明,在比较稳定的还原性古环境中,能谱测井中的铀（U）含量和钍、铀含量比(Th/U),能作为古环境研究的重要指示参数,而伽玛总量则不然．U及Th/U与有机碳含量（co）存在良好相关性,在比较安静、还原性的古环境中（有机碳含量大于4．0%时）,两参数具有较强的应用性,而随着古环境的开放性及动荡性增强,其应用能力减弱．     

Hydrodynamic regime as a major control on localization of uranium mineralization in sedimentary basins

Uranium deposits in sedimentary basins can be formed at various depths,from near surface to the basement.While many factors may have played a role in controlling the location of mineralization,examination of various examples in the world,coupled with numerical modeling of fluid flow,indicates that the hydrodynamic regime of a basin may have exerted a major control on the localization of uranium deposits.If a basin is strongly overpressured,due to rapid sedimentation,abundance of low-permeability sediments or generation of hydrocarbons,fluid flow is dominantly upward and uranium mineralization is likely limited at shallow depths.If a basin is moderately overpressured,upward moving fluids carrying reducing agents may meet downward moving,oxidizing,uranium-bearing fluids in the middle of the basin,forming uranium deposits at moderate depths.If a basin is weakly or not overpressured,either due to slow sedimentation or dominance of high-permeability lithologies,minor topographic disturbance or density variation may drive oxidizing fluids to the bottom of the basin,leaching uranium either from the basin or the basement,forming unconformity-type uranium deposits.It is therefore important to analyze the hydrodynamic regime of a basin in order to predict the most likely type and location of uranium deposits in the basin.     

Development characteristics of interlayer oxidation zone type of sandstone uranium deposits in the southwestern Turfan-Hami basin

The known uranium ore and anomaly occur-rences are distributed mainly in the southwestern part of the Turfan-Hami basin. The focus of current explo-ration is placed on the leachable interlayered oxidation zone type of sandstone uranium deposits. Uranium deposits in the sedimentary basin can be classified into three types in accordance with their host rock types, i.e. the sandstone-type uranium deposits, the coal rock-type uranium deposits and the mud-stone-type uranium deposits. The sandstone…