藏南上白垩统大洋红层: 岩石类型、沉积环境与颜色成因

西藏南部上白垩统大洋红层岩石类型有碳酸盐岩、泥质岩和硅质岩. 碳酸盐岩又细分为红色有孔虫颗粒灰岩、红色生物碎屑泥晶灰岩、红色含微体生物泥晶灰岩、红色泥晶灰岩、红色-杂色内碎屑砾状灰岩等类型; 泥质岩主要为红色页岩; 硅质岩有红色放射虫岩、红色(含)放射虫硅质岩、红色硅质岩. 红色页岩沉积环境为碳酸钙补偿面(CCD)之下、受浊流影响的下斜坡/盆地相; 而红色灰岩为远洋沉积环境下由先成的较浅水上斜坡红色灰岩层通过滑移、滑塌沉积在下斜坡页岩内. 野外观察、显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射和漫反射数据表明, 细小的、分散状出现的赤铁矿是导致藏南上白垩统大洋红层呈现红色的根本原因, 赤铁矿不是碎屑来源的, 而是同沉积期-成岩早期阶段的产物. 无论是红色页岩还是红色灰岩, 都以出现高含量Fe2O3和低含量FeO为特征, 铁主要以三价形式出现, 指示了一种氧化条件. 藏南大洋红层沉积时期, 在东特提斯洋上斜坡-下斜坡-盆地环境下广泛出现高含量溶解氧的氧化条件, 导致该条件出现的主要因素是气候变冷、洋流活动和海洋-大气氧通量改变.     

江西乐平沿沟二叠纪-三叠纪过渡期沉积微相演变及其对灭绝事件的响应

江西乐平沿沟二叠系-三叠系界线剖面为连续碳酸盐岩相序列,较完整地记录了二叠纪-三叠纪之交重大突变期浅水非微生物岩相区的生物和环境演变过程.通过对该剖面高精度的牙形石生物地层和碳酸盐岩微相研究,可以很好地界定该剖面二叠系-三叠系界线地层序列,并与煤山标准剖面精确对比.借助于系列岩石切片观察,可将界线地层序列归入6种不同的碳酸盐岩微相类型,借此探讨该重大突变过程中沉积环境变化及其与生物演变之间的关系.综合沉积微相、生物化石和碳同位素的对比研究,发现微相MF-4（含被包壳的有孔虫亮晶鲕状灰岩）和微相MF-6（深色生物介壳灰岩）是两次重大生物灭绝和环境变化事件的不同沉积响应,这两次事件均与华南和全球其他地区有相似性和可比性.其中MF-4是华南二叠纪末发育有鲕状灰岩的首次报道,代表了二叠纪末可能就已经出现高二氧化碳分压、低硫酸盐浓度和微生物繁盛等异常环境状态;而MF-6中发育丰富的腹足类和介形虫,则代表了在三叠纪最早期存在一次腹足类和介形虫的繁盛事件.沿沟剖面碳酸盐岩微相分布较完整地体现了二叠纪-三叠纪之交重大突变期浅水非微生物岩相区生物和环境的幕式演变历程,是煤山标准剖面的重要补充.     

广西桂中地区泥盆系沉积环境及沉积有机质特征

通过野外地质剖面实测,室内岩石学、沉积学、古生物学以及烃源岩的地球化学综合分析认为,广西桂中地区泥盆系发育一套以碳酸盐岩为主的海相沉积地层,岩性以灰岩为主,白云岩次之,局部有碎屑岩发育.地层实测厚度2041m,共划分为14个地层组,识别出碳酸盐潮坪相、局限台地相、开放台地相、陆棚相、台地边缘斜坡相和藻丘相等6个沉积相带.沉积有机质TOC值分布在0.07%~1.96%之间,平均TOC值为0.21%;有机质类型为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ1型;干酪根镜质体反射率(Ro)分布范围为0.99%~2.03%,有机质演化处于成熟-高成熟阶段;对取自于陆棚相区和潮下带的典型样品的研究表明:不同的沉积环境下沉积的烃源岩,其有机质类型和生物标志化合物的特征存在一定的差异.     

物探方法在临清坳陷某区块山西组沉积相分析中的应用

临清坳陷某区块缺少岩心、薄片、录井及常规测井资料。为了研究其目的层山西组沉积相对储层的控制作用,指导非常规天然气的高效开发。通过利用较少的录井岩性统计资料,结合地震物探方法,分析地震剖面特征、优选地震均方根振幅及相对波阻抗属性,确定该区目的层沉积相。通过上述地震属性研究的物探方法,确定山西组储层为河控浅水三角洲相和碳酸盐台地相,主要发育分流河道、分流间湾及局限台地沉积微相。其中三角洲相是主要的沉积相类型,分流河道是有效储层发育的主要微相类型。      

成像测井资料在川西北地区中二叠统沉积相研究中的应用

本文以成像测井资料为基础,开展了川西北地区中二叠统沉积相研究.利用岩心及野外剖面资料刻度成像测井,并结合常规测井资料识别出颗粒-泥晶石灰岩、"眼球"状-似"眼球"状石灰岩、重力流石灰岩、云质"豹斑"石灰岩、晶粒白云岩、层状硅质岩等6种岩石类型.在此基础上利用岩石类型组合的方法来识别沉积相,总结出了浅水高能型生物滩相、深水低能型生物滩相、泻湖相、深缓坡相、硅质盆地相等5种主要沉积相类型的测井响应特征,并以此为依据进行了连续的单井岩石类型划分及对应的沉积相解释,解释结论与区域沉积背景相吻合.表明该方法在川西北地区中二叠统,以及具有类似沉积背景的碳酸盐岩地层中进行单井沉积相综合分析是简单且行之有效的.     

湖南慈利康家坪剖面二叠纪-三叠纪之交的生态系演变

二叠纪-三叠纪之交的钙质微生物岩相地层序列完整地记录了该重大转折期的生物和环境突变过程。通过对湖南慈利康家坪剖面二叠系-三叠系界线附近生物地层序列、碳同位素演变、沉积微相和化石面貌研究,识别出Palaeofusulina-Colaniella带、Hindeodusparvus带和Isarcicella staeschei带。该剖面微生物岩处碳同位素出现显著负偏,并且与生物含量突然减少基本同步。识别出5种微相类型,分别是：藻-有孔虫生物碎屑灰岩、藻纹层状钙质微生物岩、鲕粒灰岩、蠕虫状泥灰岩和内碎屑粒泥灰岩。研究结果表明,慈利地区古、中生代之交由生物礁迅速演变成微生物岩相的生态演变,代表了海相生态系的主幕转变过程。     

东昆仑地区早二叠世礁岛海的沉积模式

通过4年的野外调查, 在东昆仑山南坡早二叠世灰岩山之间前人认为是早三叠世池塘群中发现了较深水相的中薄层状灰岩及■灰岩, 其中的■类化石有Schwagerina sp., Neoschwagerina sp. 及Verbeekina sp.. 与此同时, 在阿尼玛卿山地区也发现了早二叠世深水相的放射虫硅质岩. 据此认为本区早二叠世灰岩山与其周围盆地相的中薄层灰岩及放射虫硅质岩为同期异相沉积. 本区早二叠世同期异相沉积主体上可分为浅水碳酸盐建隆相、盆地相及介于两者之间的过渡相三大类型. 碳酸盐建隆相、盆地相和过渡相内部又可进一步划分出次一级的沉积类型. 其中碳酸盐建隆沉积可分为块状生物碎屑灰岩及生物礁灰岩; 盆地相可分为中薄层或极薄层灰岩、蓝绿色深海软泥、紫红色深海软泥及与之相伴生的放射虫硅质岩; 过渡相可分为礁麓相和台裙相两类. 根据不同相带在空间上的展布和组合, 认为东昆仑地区早二叠世时属于一种礁岛海沉积环境. 礁岛海的主要特点是礁岛或碳酸盐建隆与盆地相间列、海底地形复杂、相变剧烈, 并发育有大量的生物礁.     

震旦纪和早寒武世黑色页岩有机碳同位素组成

扬子地台震旦纪和早寒武世黑色页岩所含有机质属轻碳同位素类型 ,δ13 C数值范围从 - 2 7‰至 - 35‰ ;而且 ,还明显低于同时期沉积的碳酸盐岩和磷块岩 .经研究提出了一个由上升洋流所造成的、在碳同位素组成上具有分层结构的古海洋模式 ,它不仅可以解释晚震旦世至早寒武世黑色页岩有机碳同位素的组成特征 ,而且还可以解释该时期沉积岩碳同位素组成在古地理展布上的差别     

四川盆地中三叠统雷口坡组碳酸盐台地巨型浅滩化研究

碳酸盐台地演化过程中有一种比较常见的沉积现象,即浅滩化,并通常认为其连续性较差.本文报道了最近在四川盆地中三叠统雷口坡组新发现的一种罕见的碳酸盐台地"巨型浅滩化(mega-shoaling)"现象.研究区于中三叠世雷口坡期在干旱炎热的气候条件下发育了受限的陆表海型碳酸盐台地,其中的雷-1-1亚段B层沉积了一套几乎遍及全盆地的滩相颗粒岩,形成所谓的巨型(盆地规模)浅滩化特征.根据岩芯精细描述和薄片镜下鉴定,发现这套滩相颗粒岩以砂屑云岩(灰岩)为主,其次为鲕粒云岩(灰岩),以发育局限泻湖-台内滩、局限泻湖-台内滩-台坪和潮坪-潮缘滩这3种向上变粗、变浅的沉积序列为特征;多旋回小层划分与对比研究发现,这套滩相颗粒岩在横向上具有良好的可追踪对比性和等时性;基于岩芯刻度测井方法建立的测井相模板,对全盆地235口井进行了逐井解释,发现滩相颗粒岩的累计厚度一般在10～40 m,连续分布面积超过1.5×105 km2,这充分说明了当时的碳酸盐台地确实在较短时间内发生了巨型浅滩化作用.重点从古构造与古地貌、古气候、海平面相对升降变化和古水动力等成滩条件角度分析了这种巨型浅滩化的成因,认为多种地质因素的有机结合为巨型浅滩化创造了有利的地形条件,包括平静的古构造环境、相对平坦的古地貌和蒸发岩的填平补齐作用;在稳定沉降的碳酸盐台地上,具有快速海侵到缓慢海退的多旋回高频海平面升降变化,这既有利于颗粒滩在垂向上的多旋回连续叠加发育,也有利于颗粒滩的横向迁移、连片和叠置,从而形成大面积连续分布的巨型颗粒滩沉积,形成巨型浅滩化.对这种碳酸盐台地具有现今盆地尺度的巨型浅滩化研究,有助于丰富完善对碳酸盐台地滩相沉积的认识,还因滩相沉积通常发育优质油气储层,所以还具有重要的储层地质学意义.     

晚前寒武纪末至早寒武世生物骨骼微细结构的分异

对我国陕南和滇东旱期骨骼化石研究表明,晚前寒武纪末至早寒武世是地球生物矿化作用急剧变化时期.以Cloudina为代表的晚前寒武纪末骨骼化石,表现出叠锥套合结构,有机质成分高,壳变异大,具明显塑性变形等特征.早寒武世骨骼化石大量涌现,分布广泛,磷质、钙质和硅质骨骼生物群形成.以软体动物为例,早寒武世骨骼化石微细结构出现分异,现生软体动物壳质结构的主要类型柱状结构、交错结构和规则叶片结构已经发育;纤型结构发生了进一步分异,出现了为软体动物所特征的层状交错纤体结构和为软舌螺所特征的分叉与合并的纤束结构;开始出现二层结构的壳.早寒武世生物控制矿化作用开始起主导作用,为真正生物壳的形成和“寒武纪大爆发”的出现奠定了关键性的基础.     

Genesis types of the Neoproterozoic Molar tooth structures in the southeastern Jilin and eastern Liaoning provinces and its research significances

Molar tooth (briefly called MT) carbonate is one of the Proterozoic carbonates with enigmatic sedimentary structure. According to the morphology of MT, it can be divided into two main genesis-morphology types, i.e., autochthonous and allochthonous, and each type can be further divided into a series of subtypes. The autochthonous MT can be divided into filamentous (MF1), ribbon, nodular and dotted type (MF4), in which the ribbon one can be subdivided into simple vertical (MF2) and complex ribbon (MF3), broken ribbon by storm in situ (MF5) and MT within nodular limestone (MF6). Allochthonous MT includes conglomerate clasts and horizontal detritus. Studying on the links between MT and the host rocks on five stratigraphic sections in the southeastern Jilin and eastern Liaoning indicates that the morphology of MT is closely related to host rocks, and seven genetic types by relationships between MT and the host rocks with facies interpretations are classified and discussed in this paper. The sedimentary environments of MT formation will be diverse if their morphologies are different.     

SHRIMP zircon age for a K-bentonite in the top of the Laobao Formation at the Pingyin section, Guizhou, South China

The Lower Cambrian on the Yangtze Platform in South China (internationally equivalent to the Nerreneuvian and 2nd series of the Cambrian) is valuable for understanding the early evolution of life, the global biogeochemical circles, and the major changes of the ocean. In particular, a precise radiometric calibration of the Lower Cambrian of this region is a critical realm in its multidisciplinary studies. A SHRIMP U-Pb geochronology study of the K-bentonite in the topmost Laobao Formation at the Pingyin section, Guizhou, South China yielded an age of 536±5 Ma (MSWD = 0.75), suggesting that the K-bentonite here can be correlated with the intensely studied K-bentonite within the middle Zhongyicun Member (Bed 5) of the Zhujiaqing Formation at the Meishucun section in Yunnan. Such a regional correlation result reveals that the Bed 5 K-bentonite also extends into deeper-water environments rather than being deposited merely in the shallow platform interior of the Yangtze Platform. The age of the K-bentonite at the Pingyin section also implies that its overlying polymetallic Ni-Mo layer should be younger than 536±5 Ma. Hence the previous placement of the Precambrian/Cambrian boundary at this layer is inappropriate. Combined with the results of stratigraphic correlations, it is suggested that the K-bentonites in the middle Zhongyicun Member of the Zhujiaqing Formation (or the equivalents) and the base of the Shiyantou Formation (or its equivalents), together with the polymetallic Ni-Mo layer, serve as three important marker beds. Their self-consistent radiometric ages have established an improved geochronologic framework for the Lower Cambrian in South China.     

Genesis types of the Neoproterozoic Molar tooth structures in the southeastern Jilin and eastern Liaoning provinces and its research significances

Molar tooth (briefly called MT) carbonate is one of the Proterozoic carbonates with enigmatic sedimentary structure. According to the morphology of MT, it can be divided into two main genesis-morphology types, i.e., autochthonous and allochthonous, and each type can be further divided into a series of subtypes. The autochthonous MT can be divided into filamentous (MF1), ribbon, nodular and dotted type (MF4), in which the ribbon one can be subdivided into simple vertical (MF2) and complex ribbon (MF3), broken ribbon by storm in situ (MF5) and MT within nodular limestone (MF6). Allochthonous MT includes conglomerate clasts and horizontal detritus. Studying on the links between MT and the host rocks on five stratigraphic sections in the southeastern Jilin and eastern Liaoning indicates that the morphology of MT is closely related to host rocks, and seven genetic types by relationships between MT and the host rocks with facies interpretations are classified and discussed in this paper. The sedimentary environments of MT formation will be diverse if their morphologies are different.

     

Depositional model of Permian Luodianian volcanic island and its impact on the distribution of fusulinid assemblage in southern Qinghai, Northwest China

Pan-riftizational tectonic activity reached climax at Luodianian (Permian) in the East Tethyan Domain, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Because of eruptive volcanics and influence of terrigenous materials, a complex volcanic-sedimentary landform formed on the sea floor in southern Qinghai. Four sedimentary facies types were recognized based on detailed field mapping. Spatially, platform facies volcanic-limestone type was located at the center belt approximately trending NWW, surrounded by shallow water slope facies tuff/tuffite type at the two flanks and deep water slope facies breccia/calcirudite at the most outside. The depression facies sandstone-mudstone type, which comprised mainly mudstone, de-posited between volcanic islands (platform facies volcanic-limestone type). Based on the field map-ping and stratigraphic section data, seven rift-related sedimentary facies were recognized and a depo-sitional model for volcanic island was proposed. It is revealed that some volcanic island chain formed quickly and intermittently in the Qamdo Block during violent eruption, and small carbonate reef, shoal, platform occurred above or on edge of volcanic island, and some slope sedimentary facies surrounded volcano island chain during dormant period of volcanic activities. Three types of fusulinid assemblages were distinguished in the carbonate rocks, which deposited in varied positions of a palaeo-volcanic island: (1) Misellina-Schwagerina assemblage occurred above or on edge of volcanic island, (2) Para-fusulina assemblage was located at restricted depression facies among volcanic islands or carbonate platform, and (3) the reworked Pseudofusulina-Schwagerina assemblage occurred at slope facies near margin of volcanic island, which originally deposited in the shallow-water carbonate platform, then collapsed along the volcanic island margin with fusulinid-bearing grain-supported carbonate con-glomerate or calcirudite, and finally re-deposited on the deeper slope. The sedimentary sequence re-sulting from calm shallow water was deposited at the interior of the Qamdo Block from the Devonian to early Early Permian. At the beginning of the peak period of activity of pan-riftzation (Luodianian), al-ternate volcanic island and shallow marine environment within continent crust came into being. Uni-form and stable shallow-water carbonate platform was formed during the Xiangboan. This suggested that the activity of rift basin was evidently weakened. Subsequently the instability of the basin appre-ciably increased with the occurrence of basalt in late Kuhfengian. At last the whole Qamdo Block turned into the closure period of rift during the Late Permian.     

Paleokarst system development in the San Andres Formation, Permian Basin, revealed by seismic characterization

Paleokarst systems are one of the major factors resulting in carbonate reservoir heterogeneity and compartmentalization. Nevertheless, few effective workflows have been proposed to map the 3D distribution of such systems. We describe a detailed seismic characterization approach integrating core, well log and rock physics analysis, to reveal a complex subsurface paleokarst system in the San Andres Formation, Permian basin, West Texas. In the area of high volume production, the collapsed paleokarst system is characterized by irregularly developed crackle and fracture breccias, mosaic breccias and cave fillings in the Upper San Andres Formation, which are delineated using seismic acoustic impedance. Along the transition from platform to basin, the paleokarst system is marked by a linear collapse including sags and small vertical faults that are recognizable in seismic imaging. Production data indicates that tight paleokarst zones cause reservoir compartmentalization and influence fluid communication between wells. The complex paleokarst system development is explained using a carbonate platform hydrological model, an outcrop analogue similar to modern marine hydrological environments within carbonate islands. Our method of model development for complex subsurface paleokarst systems may be applicable to other paleoenvironments.     

Sedimentary facies of Carboniferous–Permian mid-oceanic carbonates in the Changning–Menglian Belt, West Yunnan, Southwest China: Origin and depositional process

Huge carbonate rock bodies ranging in age from the Visean (Middle Mississippian/Early Carboniferous) to the Changhsingian (Lopingian/Late Permian) overlie a basaltic basement in the Changning–Menglian Belt, West Yunnan, Southwest China. These carbonates lack intercalations of terrigenous siliciclastic material throughout. These lines of evidence indicate that they formed upon an isolated and continuously subsiding mid-oceanic island (or plateau), probably of hotspot origin. The carbonates are grouped into a shallow-water carbonate platform facies regime observed in the Yutangzhai section and a relatively deep-water carbonate slope facies regime typically represented in the Longdong section. These two facies regimes developed contemporaneously as parts of a carbonate depositional system on and around a mid-oceanic volcanic edifice. The carbonate platform is subdivided into four facies, including platform-margin, shoal, lagoon, and peritidal facies. Along the measured Yutangzhai section of the platform facies regime, the vertical facies succession from the platform-margin facies into inner-platform facies such as the shoal and lagoon facies is recognized. This facies succession is explained as resulting from the progradation of the carbonate platform. Worm tubes occur as a main reef builder in platform-margin facies of the Mississippian. Their occurrence as major constituents in a high-wave-energy reef is peculiar to Carboniferous reef distributions of the world. The occurrences of other reef- and/or mound-building organisms and peritidal dolo-mudstone are almost consistent in timing with those of Panthalassan counterparts such as the Akiyoshi and Omi limestones of Japan, and probably exhibit the worldwide trend.     

成岩过程对五峰-龙马溪组页岩地震岩石物理特征的影响

五峰-龙马溪组页岩是目前国内页岩气勘探的首选层位,而其地震岩石物理特征是利用地震方法进行"甜点"预测的重要基础之一,但对五峰-龙马溪组页岩地震弹性特征变化规律的研究并未考虑沉积、成岩过程的影响,致使相应的规律性认识缺乏地质意义.在对五峰-龙马溪组页岩样品系统声学测量基础上,分析了页岩样品地震弹性性质的变化规律.利用X射线衍射分析、扫描电镜（SEM）、阴极发光（CL）与能谱分析确定了五峰-龙马溪组页岩在不同沉积环境下的成岩过程,并讨论了成岩过程与地震弹性性质变化规律的因果关系.研究结果表明,页岩中有机质（TOC）受高热演化程度的影响,其密度通常高于1.4 g·cm^-3,并接近于有机碳密度上限1.6 g·cm^-3（石墨密度）.五峰-龙马溪组页岩地震弹性性质变化规律整体受沉积环境控制,沉积环境的差异形成不同的成岩过程,致使地震弹性特征也表现出不同的变化规律.表现在五峰-龙马溪页岩样品动态岩石物理特征主要受岩石结构控制（支撑颗粒弹性性质）,而孔隙度、TOC含量以及孔隙形状则为对地震弹性特征影响的次一级因素.五峰-龙马溪组页岩上段为浅水陆棚相,机械压实与化学压实（硅质胶结）为先后两个过程,造成样品表现出高的速度-孔隙度变化率、高速度比（泊松比）、高各向异性以及低TOC含量的特征.五峰-龙马溪组页岩下段为深水陆棚相,机械压实过程中同时伴有生物成因的硅质胶结,造成岩石样品表现出较高TOC含量与孔隙度、各向异性较弱以及较小的速度-孔隙度变化率.研究结果可为五峰-龙马溪页气储层的测井解释和地震"甜点"预测提供依据.     

扇三角洲微相模式在油藏挖潜中的应用

辽河新生界裂谷型断陷盆地有多种扇三角洲油藏类型,发育规模大到几十平方公里,小到不及1平方公里.实践证明,剩余油分布与储层微相模式有着密切的内在联系.储层分布需要通过建立沉积微相模式来揭示.沉积微相模式的建立需要分析挖潜区块地震相、地震属性特征,地质背景、沉积环境背景、岩石相组合特点和类型及其变化规律与电相类型关系,划分出微相类型,总结各微相特点、展布规模.并利用相关完钻井储层厚度资料,以相带平面图为约束编制储层分布图,揭示出挖潜区块的储层分布特点,为井位部署提供地质依据.多年实践证明,在老油田挖潜增储、新井部署方面收到了良好效果.“沉积微相模式”理论也成为油田开发实践的有效技术.     

贺兰山寒武系研究新进展

贺兰山寒武系早期苏屿口组为砂、砾混杂和不等粒结构的水下冲积扇沉积;五道塘组为下古生界碳酸盐台地沉积,其下部为含泥中、细粒砂屑和生物碎屑,中、上部为含不同形态的核形石碳酸盐岩组成;陶思沟组为发育水下流动波痕和水上暴露泥裂构造碳酸盐岩与细碎屑岩系的混合沉积;胡鲁斯台组和阿不切亥组为陆表海与“风暴海”沉积.根据该区与华北地台的对比,首次提出贺兰山寒武纪早期的苏屿口组古地理面貌应是西低东高,而非传统认为的西高东低;寒武纪早期的五道塘组、陶思沟组古地理面貌则为西高东低.