邢台地震前地壳形变异常的可能性物理机制

将地壳介质视为麦克斯威尔体 ,运用差分法和三维有限元方法 ,探讨了邢台分层地壳结构模型 （含高速体和低速体及深大断裂 ）中深部断裂加速蠕滑时 ,平均应力、水平最大剪应力和地表面垂直位移随时间演化的特征 ,计算结果表明 :（1 ）在地壳中上部 1 1km处 ,深部断裂的加速蠕滑急剧加速了水平最大剪应力的增加速率 ,可达数百倍 ,深部断裂的加速蠕滑是邢台强地震成核过程的开始 ,可实现地壳下部的能量向地壳中上部快速转移 ;（2 ）深部断裂的加速蠕滑引起的地面垂直位移变化与邢台地震震前的地表面垂直位移变化非常一致 .说明邢台地震震前地壳表面垂直方向的位移不仅与岩石的膨胀有关 ,而且可能与地壳内深部断裂的加速蠕滑密切相关 .     

坚固体模型近地表形变场、应力场时空分布动态模拟研究

基于坚固体孕震模式，参考板内地震孕育特征和华北地区的地质构造特征，建立了4层地壳结构模型，对近地表形变场和应力场的时空分布特征进行了动态模拟研究，结果表明，在地震孕育的中长期阶段，坚固体近地表部位的形变相对稳定，出现研究，结果表明，在地震孕育的中长期阶段，坚固体近地表部位的形变相对稳定，出现形变空区，在孕震的中短期阶段，坚固体近地表部位的形变出现快速增长的态势，平均应力明显增强，这是各种前兆异常出现有规律的迁移变化，即从外国地区逐渐向强震震源区迁移、集中的内在机理。     

An experimental study on fractural features of concrete samples containing hard inclusion

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断层泥在孕震过程中的作用

本文用粘弹性理论,探讨了老断层失稳扩展型地震的孕育过程中,断层泥的作用问题.得到了如下结果:即使区域背景场和扰动场保持不变,断层局部应力场仍会因断层泥的蠕变而变化.其中切向应力分量σ0_ηη(t),在其它所有分量都缓慢衰减的同时缓慢增大.一旦这个应力分量在断层尖端附近的极大值点,积累至大于岩石的断裂强度,断层的失稳扩展便会从这点发生.与空腔断层相比,断层泥使σ0_ηη(t)的突变过程变成了缓慢渐近过程,并使σ0_ηη(t)的渐近值有所降低,因而会推迟和减少地震的发生.文中还讨论了断层失稳扩展方向等问题.      

The numerical simulation of thesource development of the Tangshan earthquake

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邢台强震区的深部构造对强震孕育影响的三维数值模拟

为了研究地壳结构特征与强震孕育的关系,运用三维有限单元法,计算了邢台地震区壳内应力场的扰动状态。结果表明:地壳内深、浅断裂的存在,造成沿直立断层带的应力相对集中和不同部位的变化。在其上部出现平均应力和水平剪应力的增加,中下部出现平均应力的减小和水平剪应力的增加。前者有利于弹性位能的高度集中和主破裂的发生,后者有利于主破裂前蠕滑的发生。地壳内高速体、低速体、深断裂、莫霍面隆起是孕育强震的主要构造因素,但影响程度,范围、形式不同,高速块体是应力增强的体;直立断层带上及其邻近应力集中程度最高,应力变化梯度最大,是产生震前预滑及主余震发生的有利部位;莫霍面隆起加剧高速体内的应力增强,加大断层带上的应力变化梯度而有利于地震的孕育和发生。     

首都圈西北部地区地壳介质地震各向异性特征初步研究

本研究使用首都圈数字地震台网2002年01月～2003年12月的波形记录资料，采用SAM方法，进行了剪切波分裂的分析，得到首都圈西北部地区地壳介质地震各向异性的初步结果.根据对有3条以上可靠记录的14个台站的统计分析，得到首都圈西北部地区的剪切波分裂的统计平均结果为: 快剪切波平均偏振方向为NE699°±445°，慢剪切波平均时间延迟为444±293（ms/km）.研究认为，NE699°±445°的快剪切波平均偏振方向暗示了该区域的水平主压应力方向，快剪切波偏振方向的第一优势取向揭示了NWW近E W方向的原地水平主压应力的构造意义，凸现了NWW向的张家口—蓬莱断陷带.通过快剪切波偏振方向，本研究进一步证实，位于活动断裂上的台站的快剪切波偏振方向的优势取向与断裂走向一致，认为南口—孙河断裂和夏垫断裂是两个活动断裂，而八宝山断裂可能是个并不太活跃的活动断裂.华北盆地里的快剪切波偏振方向显示出复杂的分布特征，对应了盆地凹陷区里许多断裂互相交汇造成区域主压应力场受到局部调整的复杂图像.研究还认为慢剪切波时间延迟急剧的梯度变化可能与地壳深部的温度变化有关联.     

THE GEOLOGICAL AND ROCK MECHANICAL DISTINCTION EVIDENCE BETWEEN STICK-SLIP AND CREEP IN HOST ROCK SEGMENTS OF FAULT

Paleo-seismic and fault activity are hard to distinguish in host rock areas compared with soft sedimentary segments of fault. However, fault frictional experiments could obtain the conditions of stable and unstable slide, as well as the microstructures of fault gouge, which offer some identification marks between stick-slip and creep of fault. We summarized geological and rock mechanical distinction evidence between stick-slip and creep in host rock segments of fault, and analyzed the physical mechanisms which controlled the behavior of stick-slip and creep. The chemical composition of fault gouge is most important to control stick-slip and creep. Gouge composed by weak minerals, such as clay mineral, has velocity weakening behavior, which causes stable slide of fault. Gouge with rock-forming minerals, such as calcite, quartz, feldspar, pyroxene, has stick-slip behavior under condition of focal depth. To the gouge with same chemical composition, the deformation mechanism controls the frictional slip. It is essential condition to stick slip for brittle fracture companied by dilatation, but creep is controlled by compaction and cataclasis as well as ductile shear with foliation and small fold. However, under fluid conditions, pressure solution which healed the fractures and caused strength recovery of fault, is the original reason of unstable slide, and also resulted in locking of fault with high pore pressure in core of fault zone. Contrast with that, rock-forming minerals altered to phyllosilicates in the gouges by fluid flow through degenerative reaction and hydrolysis reaction, which produced low friction fault and transformations to creep. The creep process progressively developed several wide shear zones including of R, Y, T, P shear plane that comprise gouge zones embedded into wide damage zones, which caused small earthquake distributed along wide fault zones with focal mechanism covered by normal fault, strike-slip fault and reverse fault. However, the stick-slip produced mirror-like slide surfaces with very narrow gouges along R shear plane and Y shear plane, which caused small earthquake distributed along narrow fault zones with single kind of focal mechanism.     

深部剪切形变带对浅源地震的控制--立交模式有限元的模拟计算

本文在“立交模式”的基础上,用三维粘弹有限元方法计算了几个简化的地质体模型,讨论了地壳下部的蠕滑断层对浅部断层活动的影响和对浅部应力场的调整和控制过程。结果表明,深部断层的蠕滑作用可使浅部应力场增强,井使得在特定方向,特定走向的断层内的应力加速积累或松弛。据此,本文解释了地震震中沿直线的迁移问题,同时也讨论了大地震原地重复发生的力学机制。     

Accumulation of elastic strains in the upper crust on the locked transform faults and the tectonomagnetic effect

Plate tectonics only allows small deformations in the lithospheric plates. The laboratory experiments with the rock specimens show that the creep is transient when the creep strain is at most 1%. Hence, if we assume that the creep strain in the lithospheric plates is below this threshold, the creep is transient. The present paper addresses the role of the elastic, brittle (pseudo-plastic), and creep rheology of the lithosphere during the accumulation of elastic shear strains on the locked faults in the Earth’s crust, i.e., during the process of preparation of the earthquakes. The effective viscosity characterizing the transient creep is lower than that under the steady-state creep and it depends on the characteristic time of a given process. The characteristic duration of the stress and strain accumulation process in the vicinity of the locked faults is a few dozen years. On these time intervals, the thin upper crustal layer behaves as brittle; the underlying layer behaves as elastic (it is just this layer which accommodates stress accumulation leading to the earthquake), whereas the transient creep is predominant in the lower crust and mantle lithosphere. Transient creep entails nonlinear time dependence of the strains arising in the vicinity of the locked fault in the elastic crust. The perturbations in the magnetic field induced by these strains can be treated as the magnetic precursor of the earthquake.     

A mechanical model for deformation and earthquakes on strike-slip faults

A two-dimensional model for stress accumulation and earthquake instability associated with strike-slip faults is considered. The model consists of an elastic lithosphere overlying a viscous asthenosphere, and a fault of finite width with an upper brittle zone having an elastoplastic response and a lower ductile zone having an elastoviscoplastic response. For the brittle, or seismic, zone the behavior of the fault material is assumed to be governed by a relation which involves strain hardening followed by a softening regime, with strength increasing with depth. For the fault material in the ductile, or aseismic, section, the viscous effect is included through use of a nonlinear creep law, and the strength is assumed to decrease with depth. Hence, because of the lesser strength and the viscous effect, continuous flow occurs at great depths, causing stress accumulation at the upper portion of the fault and leading to failure at the bottom of the brittle zone. The failure is initially due to localized strain softening but, with further flow, the material above the softened zone reaches its maximum strength and begins to soften. This process accelerates and may result in an unstable upward rupture propagation.Relations are developed for the history of deformation within the lithosphere, specifically for the velocity of particles within the fault and at the ground surface. The boundary-element method is used for a quantitative study, and numerical results are obtained and compared with the recorded surface deformation of the San Andreas fault. The effects of geometry and material properties on instability, on the history of the surface deformation, and on the earthquake recurrence time are studied. The results are presented in terms of variations of ground-surface shear strain and shear strain rate, and velocity of points within the fault at various times during the earthquake cycle.It is found that the location of rupture initiation, the possibility of a sudden rupture as opposed to stable creep, and also the ground deformation pattern and its history, all critically depend on the mechanical response of the material within the fault zone, especially that of the brittle section. Shorter earthquake recurrence times are obtained for shallower brittle zones and for a stiffer lithosphere. Lower viscosities of the aseismic zone and the absence of asthenospheric coupling tend to suppress instability and promote stable creep. The model results thus suggest that the overall viscosity of the ductile creeping zone must exceed a minimum value for a sudden upward propagating rupture to take place within the seismic section.     

Dynamic simulation for tempo-spatial distribution of strain energy density in inhomogeneous stratified crust

IntroductionRupturetheorybasedonenergyconceptdisplaysthatstrainenergyanditsvariationinrockistheinvestigationrelevanttothebehaviorofrockdeformationandfracture.Itisoneofthemostimportantcriteriatodeterminethefractureposition,rupturingcondition,fracturedirectionaswellasrupturingscale.Therefore,toresearchonenergyfieldsofstrongearthquakes(focushasgreattheoreticalsignificancebothinunderstandingtheenergystateanditsvariationinthefocalarea,andincarryingoutexplicitpredictionforthetime,thelocationandthema…     

Correlated Crust and Mantle Strain Field in China

INTRODUCTION Moststudiesonactiveblockshavebeenfocusedonidentificationofblockboundariesandtheiractivity;inotherwords,mostoftheworkwaslimitedtothehorizontalmovementoftheblocks.Inreality,theblocksarenotonlysurroundedbyactivefaultsofhorizontalmotion,butalsoco…     

龙门山断裂带中段深地震宽角反射/折射剖面研究

射线追踪方法是研究地震波在横向非均匀地壳介质中传播的重要方法.本文推导了理论走时对网格化节点速度的偏导数公式,提出了针对深地震宽角反射/折射剖面数据反演的联合迭代法,并使用该方法对横跨龙门山断裂带中段的一条深地震宽角反射/折射剖面进行了反演和解释.首先,对每一炮的观测数据进行一维反演,在此基础上插值出一个粗略的二维速度模型;然后,使用射线追踪方法计算理论走时,再根据理论走时与观测走时的拟合程度对二维模型进行调整,以获得更加接近实际的二维速度模型;最后,利用联合迭代法对观测走时进行反演,经反复迭代使所有接收点理论走时与实测走时的残差平方和最小,最终获取该剖面的二维地壳速度结构.反演结果表明:测线东段的沉积盖层明显厚于中段褶皱带和西部高原,中部褶皱带部分地区出现基岩裸露;构造转换带两侧的地层分界面近于水平层状分布,其西侧的中、下地壳内各存在一个层间速度间断面;构造转换带内存在薄厚不等的低速层,自西向东有增厚趋势.此外,龙门山断裂带的3条主断裂向下深切结晶基底,这是由于西部松潘—甘孜地块自西向东运动,受到刚性扬子地块的阻挡,沿铲式断裂向上爬升所致;而在断层上盘距地表约15 km深处出现的最大剪应力极值区,正是发生汶川M_S8.0地震的震源位置.      

利用宽角反射/折射地震剖面揭示芦山M_S7.0地震震区深部孕震环境

2013年4月芦山地震发生后,中国地震局迅速成立了芦山地震科学考察指挥部,要求查明芦山地震的深部构造环境和孕震背景.为此,中国地震局地球物理勘探中心于2013年9月至11月在芦山震源区布设了一条长约410km的人工地震高分辨宽角反射/折射探测剖面,获得了信噪比较高的人工地震探测数据,采用地震射线走时正演拟合构建了该区的地壳及上地幔二维P波速度结构模型,结果显示:扬子块体和松潘—甘孜块体显示出迥异的速度结构特征,地壳厚度由南向北逐渐加厚.沉积盖层在四川盆地厚达7.8km,而进入松潘—甘孜块体沉积层最薄处只有几百米厚,几乎出露地表;在中上地壳,扬子块体平均速度比松潘—甘孜块体高0.2km·s-1,在盆地与高原耦合部位(构造转换带)以北深度大约20km左右有一厚度为8.0km的软弱层(低速层),该层内的速度为5.80km·s-1,明显低于周围介质的平均速度6.00~6.10km·s-1;构造转换带内,震相显示紊乱、不清晰、不能连续对比,由地表至上地幔顶部壳内界面不连续、速度结构异常紊乱且呈现低速异常特征;在中下地壳,沿剖面速度呈现正梯度垂向增大变化;壳内界面在扬子块体内部起伏变化不大,但在构造转换带以北呈现急速加深的趋势,特别是Moho界面起伏变化较为明显,界面深度在距离50km范围内由扬子块体的36.2km迅速变化至松潘—甘孜块体下方的45.8km,形成一陡变带.芦山MS7.0级地震震源位置位于二维速度结构异常紊乱和界面起伏变化的地带,研究表明,壳内界面及速度结构差异、起伏变化的特征与该区域的地震活动性关系密切.     

紫坪铺水库水位变化对剪切波分裂参数的影响

本文通过对2006—2009年四川紫坪铺水库库区8个地震台站记录的地震事件,采用剪切波分裂方法获得了水库库区剪切波分裂参数,并结合地震活动性与水库水位之间的变化关系,分析了紫坪铺水库库区地壳应力的变化特征.剪切波分裂结果显示该研究区域快波偏振方向有两个,分别为北东向和北西向,充分体现了紫坪铺水库地区地壳应力是由北西向的区域主压应力与南东走向的龙门山断裂带综合作用的结果.慢波延迟时间平均值为5.8ms·km-1,慢波延迟时间较大的地区位于库坝和库尾,分别是水库蓄水排水引起地壳应力变化最大的区域.对比慢波延迟时间的变化和水库水位的变化显示了慢波延迟时间与水库水位之间的一致变化关系,揭示了水库的蓄水排水对地壳应力的影响.     

成层非均匀地壳中应变能密度场时空分布的动态模拟研究.

通过对坚固体孕震模型应变能密度场动态变化的模拟研究,对地震孕育过程、初始破裂、始裂条件和破裂的传播方向等问题取得了进一步的认识．结果表明:孕震过程初期,软弱体部位应变能密度水平很高,但在孕震过程后期,其应变能密度增量水平变小,坚固体及其与直立断层交汇部位的应变能密度增量迅速变大,成为应变能密度增量最大的地方,从而使弹性模量比较大的坚固体与直立断层交汇处成为最先破裂发震的部位．破裂在直立断层端部的坚固体内沿着与断层成近于直交的方向传播,这样,理论上确定的破裂方向与实际计算的破裂方向得到了很好的统一．      

中国大陆现今地应力场黏弹性球壳数值模拟综合研究

中国大陆现今实测地应力场的状态与板块构造环境、活动断裂带分布、地形地貌以及地壳结构呈现一定相关性. 在中国大陆西缘,印度洋板块与欧亚板块陆发生陆碰撞,在中国大陆东缘,菲律宾海板块、太平洋板块俯冲到欧亚板块之下. 中国大陆内部被大型活动断裂带分割为多个块体,各个块体的地壳结构和厚度呈不均匀分布,地形地貌起伏具有很大的差异. 笔者以中国大陆块体模型为基础,把板块构造作用和重力势作为主要影响地应力状态的两个主要要素,在现今活动构造、GPS和实测地应力等成果的约束下,利用线性黏弹体球壳有限元模拟分析了中国大陆现今地应力场的分布特征和控制因素. 结果表明: (1)构造应力场总体上呈现出西部挤压,东部拉张的特征,印度板块与欧亚板块的持续碰撞形成了青藏高原及其周缘的挤压性质的构造应力场,而东部菲律宾板块与太平洋板块的俯冲形成了黄海、东海和环渤海区域的拉张性质的构造应力场,中间为拉张环境和挤压环境的过渡,最大主应力的方向受到板块构造环境和活动构造分布的控制;(2)重力的影响主要体现在地形梯度大和地壳厚度结构变化大的地壳浅部区域,在藏南、滇西北局部地区的地壳浅部由于受到重力势控制,呈现为张性应力场,在塔里木地区由于重力势引起的应力场与构造应力场同为挤压性质,因此该区的挤压强度得以增加;(3)中国大陆浅部地应力场的状态主要受到区域板块构造环境、块体边界活动构造带的展布和地形的控制,总体上以南北构造带为界,西部以较强的压性构造环境为主,东部为较弱的压性构造环境,藏南和滇西北局部地区存在有张性构造环境;构造应力对地应力的贡献比重随着深度增加而增加;(4)采用黏弹性模型的构造应力场模拟结果比完全弹性模型的模拟结果能够更好地与实测地应力场相吻合,利用完全弹性模型分析由地震等诱发的地应力瞬时变化是有效的;(5)青藏高原东南缘最大主应力方向发生了较大的偏转,其主要控制因素有:印度板块持续的碰撞、中下地壳对上地壳拖曳以及印度板块通过实皆断裂对欧亚板块的剪切拉伸作用. 中国大陆现今地应力场是整个地壳岩石黏弹特性长期演化和断裂活动的结果,是地应力场动态演化过程中在现今时间点上的状态,受到板块构造环境、大陆内部活动断裂分布、地形地貌和地壳结构等因素不同程度的控制,模拟结果为中国大陆地应力场提供了一个定量的参考模型.     

A modeling study on the controlling factors of seismic source distribution and their strength index——Practical analyses of the seismic environmental factors of the Honghe fault

IntroductionThe tectono-physical background and dynamic environmental features of strong earthquakes have long been studied from different viewpoints by seismologists both in domestic and abroad. Many controlling factors include the crust structure, lithological environment, tectonic conditions, the stress state, heat flow distribution and hydrodynamic effects at depth, etc. Some of the studies have established a foundation for researching and recognizing the spatial distribution of potential …     

Upper crustal anisotropy observed around the Longmenshan fault in the 2013 MS7.0 Lushan earthquake region

Based on the shear wave splitting analysis of the seismic recordings at 17 temporary stations and three permanent stations, we measured the shear wave splitting parameters (i.e., the polarization direction of fast shear wave and the time delay of slow wave) to perform a systematic analysis of the crustal seismic anisotropy around the Longmenshan fault in the 2013 M_S7.0 Lushan earthquake region. We observed apparent spatio-temporal characteristics in the shear wave splitting parameters. The spatial distribution of fast polarization directions showed a clear partitioning in the characteristics from northwest to southeast in the focal region, which changed from NW-SE to NE-SW. In the northwest of the focal region, the fast polarization direction was oriented to NW-SE, which was parallel to the maximum horizontal compressive stress direction. However, the NE-SW fast polarization direction in the southeast of the focal region was parallel to the Longmenshan fault strike. For station BAX on the Central fault in the middle of the focal region, the distribution of fast polarization directions showed a bimodal pattern, with one dominant in the NE-SW direction and the other in the NW-SE direction. With regard to the temporal variation, the time delays were large in the initial stage after the mainshock but then gradually decreased over time and tended to be stable in the later period. This indicated that stress in the focal region increased to a maximum when the main shock occurred, with the stress release caused by the mainshock and aftershock activity, and the stress gradually decreased after a period of time. The scatter of fast polarization directions was large after the main shock, but over time the scatter gradually decreased, indicating that the Lushan earthquake caused a large perturbation in the local stress field. As the stress gradually decreased and was adjusted by the aftershock activity, the perturbation gradually weakened.