1830年磁县7．5级地震震源区尾波衰减特征

利用磁县数字地震台记录到的近震波形资料,采用Aki尾波单次散射模型,计算1830年磁县7．5级大地震震源区50km范围内的尾波Qc值;经多地震拟合得出在尾波流逝时间为20s时,Qc=（70．2±29．3）f^（0.8054±0.1615）;40s,时Qc=（96．6±25．3）,f^（0.7772±0.1098）。结果表明,磁县震源区Q0值较低,震区地震波衰减比邢台、唐山震区快;η值表明Qc值对频率的依赖性弱于邢台和唐山震区。     

2010年广西凌云与凤山交界震群尾波Q值特征研究

2010年6月28日至8月初, 广西凌云与凤山交界地区出现一次罕见的震群活动。 利用震区附近8个近距离台站所记录的数字地震波形, 按照高信噪比和计算要求, 挑选出此次震群中74次M_L>1.5地震可用于计算地震尾波的共179条三分向波形记录, 采用Sato单次散射模型经滤波以及消除环境噪声后, 计算了地震尾波传播过程途经区的品质因子Q(f)值; 拟合Q(f)值与频率f之间的关系, 得到研究区Q(f)=(44.32±23.56)f^0.88±0.17; 并对震中区及其邻区地震尾波衰减的时间与空间特征进行了探讨。 通过分析震区及其附近尾波衰减参数与尾波采样体之间的关系, 认为该区域可能存在浅部高衰减层。 此次震群是在低应力水平条件下发生的, 震中区Q₀值较其他台站高, 其地震尾波衰减较慢, 介质非均匀性水平相对较低, 震中区为低衰减区域, 介质较为稳定。     

Coda waves: A review

The analysis and interpretation of coda waves have received increasing attention since the early seventies. In the past few years interest in this subject has spread worldwide, and the study of high-frequency seismic coda waves has become a very important seismological topic. As a conclusion of the studies accomplished in this time, coda waves are considered the result of scattering processes caused by heterogeneities acting on seismic waves.P andS waves play a particularly important role in this interaction. The process introduces an attenuation which, added to the intrinsic absorption, gives the observed apparent attenuation. Therefore, coda waves constitute a thumbprint left by the heterogeneities on the seismograms. Coda waves offer decisive information about the mechanism of how scattering and attenuation take place. This review describes coda waves in detail, and summarizes the work done in this subject to 1986. The relation between coda waves and attenuation in the context of research on seismic scattering problems is stressed. Particular attention has been given to the application of coda waves to estimate source and medium parameters. The state-of-the-art of the temporal variations of coda wave shape, and the possible use of these variations as an earthquake precursor also are presented. Care has been taken to introduce the statistical models used to deal with the heterogeneities responsible for scattering.     

Regional features of coda attenuation of aftershocks of Wuding, Yunnan earthquake in near field

IntroductionSeismic wave is an important information source to analyze and study seismic source and internal structure of the earth. Studies of wave on different frequency ranges can provide many features of seismic source and internal structure of the earth. In recent years in quantitative study of seismic wave seismologists at home and abroad have developed a wide study field on the coda. Especially seismologists have done a lot of work in coda geneses, mechanism and its attenuation to explo…     

云南武定地震余震近场尾波衰减的区域特征

根据地方震尾波散射理论，利用云南武定MS6.5主震后近场田心和云龙两个流动数字化台站记录的余震序列地震资料，以不同中心频率（1.5～20Ｈｚ）取样分频研究了近场尾波振幅衰减率（f ）的空间分布特征．结果表明，两个台站给出的尾波振幅衰减率（f ）存在明显的小区域范围非均匀性变化．位于主发震断层两侧的云龙台（东侧）和田心台（西侧）测得的尾波振幅衰减率（f ）值，当 f ＜6.0Ｈｚ时基本一致．相应的Qc（f ）值为66～120的低值；但在高频范围（f 6.0Ｈｚ），由于穿过主断层的近场尾波遭到断层破碎带强烈的吸收，因而云龙台测得的尾波振幅衰减率（f ）值，比不穿过主断层的田心台给出的（f ）降低30％，并讨论了产生近场尾波振幅衰减空间分布差异的原因．本文的研究结果还表明，波源因子A0（f）不仅与震源强度相关，也与频率犳相关，用1.5～20Ｈｚ求出的Ｓ波平均自由程犔在主断层东侧为30ｋｍ、西侧为40ｋｍ ，由此证实了地震波穿过主断层破碎带时有更强的散射．      

利用地震波参数辨析地震异常

通过对库尔勒、阳霞一线1987年11月至1988年12月S-P≤28秒的地震记录进行分析,发现:1988年5月26日库尔勒Ms5.2级地震前,该区P波初动一致性分析、振幅比、尾波持续时间比、尾波衰减系数、S波分裂等项测震学手段均出现不同程度的异常。这表明,利用地震波参数对重点地震监视区进行短、临动态跟踪,有可能成为解决地震预报问题的有效途径。     

龙岗火山区尾波Q值的初步研究

基于sato单次散射模型,利用2007年5月至2010年2月龙岗火山测震台网记录到的发生在火山区及邻近地区内的41次Mt.≥1.6地震的波形资料,计算了龙岗火山区的尾波Q值,得出尾波Q值与频率的关系为Q(f)=(42.65±7.53)f(0.845 9+0.164 2),具有以低Q值高η值为特征的火山构造活跃地区的尾波...     

华北地区Lg尾波衰减研究--Lg尾波Q的测量

利用1989～1998年间发生在中国华北地区ML≥3.0级的地震事件,华北遥测台网以及数字化台网记录到的信噪比较高的Lg尾波时间序列,经过滤波、消除背景噪声等预处理,采用单台记录叠加频谱比法,得到传播路径上Lg尾波Q0（Q=Q0fη, Q0是1Hz的Q值,η是Q值与频率相关系数）,进而获得该地区Q0和η的空间分布. 测量结果表明,华北地区地壳Lg尾波Q0值分布存在显著的横向不均匀性,这种不均匀性与该地区地壳的速度分布基本一致,表现为与该地区地表地质特征明显的一致性,即传播路径位于太行山隆起和燕山隆起区为高Q0值分布;传播路径位于冀中坳陷和黄骅坳陷等平原区表现为低Q0值;传播路径位于隆起区和坳陷区二者之间,其Q0值也介于二者之间,说明华北地区的地壳结构没有很大的阶跃式变化而使波导遭到破坏,Lg尾波Q0值基本上反映了地壳内介质滞弹性的固有衰减.     

澜沧江流域水电工程地区的尾波衰减

利用围绕澜沧江水利水电枢纽工程地区的8个地震台记录到的数字化波形资料，根据尾波散射理论，以不同的中心频率研究了该地区的尾波衰减。结果显示：研究区尾波的Q0值在46～80之间，平均值为63；田值在0．66～0．94之间，平均值为0．79。与云南其它地区相比，研究区的Q0值比构造活动强烈地区的要高，属于中等构造活动地区；与世界上其它地区相比，研究区的尾波衰减不同于构造地震活动相对较弱的地区，而与构造地震活动频繁、强烈的地区较为接近，因此判断澜沧江流域及周边地区未来有发生中强地震的可能。另外，地震波衰减与断层的破碎程度有明显的依赖关系，地震波经过断层破碎带时，被强烈散射和吸收，Q0值明显降低，而且，不但近场的地震波衰减具有这种性质，远场的地震波衰减也同样具有这种特性。     

On the generation and decay of the long-period coda energy of large earthquakes

Seismic coda wave is the tail portion of the earthquake record after main arrivals. Studies on the coda usually focus on high-frequency data within several hours after regional events and attribute them to the scattering effect of the heterogeneities inside the earth. Here, we use records of seven large earthquakes at globally distributed seismic stations to examine the decay of long-period (100 s to 300 s) coda in the time window of 10,000 s to 140,000 s after the origin time and fit it with a statistical model. The geometric spreading effect in the estimated initial energy and a location-independent equivalent attenuation coefficient indicate that the long-period coda energy is less affected by the heterogeneity-induced scattering effect than that of shorter-period coda. The coda energy can reach the earth's inner core and can be explained by a 1D earth model, making it more effective for constraining the global attenuation model. It also has the potential to determine the magnitudes of large earthquakes and to explore the interior of planetary bodies.     

广西龙滩水库库区地震尾波衰减特征

按照高信噪比和计算要求,从 2006—2013 年广西龙滩水库地震台网的10个子台记录到的龙滩库区近场数字地震波形中挑选出 3 822 条三分向记录,经滤波和消除环境噪声后,采用Sato单次散射模型,计算了地震波传播路径上的尾波Q （ f ）值,对Q （ f ）与频率f之间的关系进行了拟合,并在此基础上分析讨论了库区尾波衰减的时空特征. 结果显示,龙滩库区总体呈低Q₀值和依赖性指数η较高的特点,这两个参数值均低于浙江珊溪水库,与其地震活动程度高于后者的事实相一致。尾波Q值的空间分布显示,周围小震密集分布的台站和历史地震活跃地区的台站的Q₀值低于相对于周围小震分布稀疏的台站的Q₀值。库区尾波衰减参数与尾波采样体之间的关系显示,采样深度越深,尾波参数Q₀值越低,因此认为该区域可能存在深部高衰减层。衰减参数随时间的变化过程表明,蓄水后地震尾波衰减参数仍主要反映了库区原有地壳内部介质的非均匀性和地震波吸收特性,库区地壳介质特性无显著变化,但局部敏感点有所调整。      

上月壳中的散射引起月震尾波的数值模拟研究

在阿波罗月震记录中普遍存在着强烈持久的尾波信号,这样的波形特征无法用均匀分层月球模型解释.一个普遍被接受的解释是月震尾波由月球浅层结构对月震波的散射引起.我们采用基于交错网格的伪谱和有限差分混合方法模拟研究非均匀上月壳对月震波的散射效应,在此基础上解释月震尾波的形成机制,并估计出上月壳速度扰动的强度.我们发现,在均匀分层模型基础上,进一步考虑上月壳中的非均匀结构对月震波的散射效应,能有效地解释月震信号中强烈持久的尾波.我们认为月震尾波可能是由上月壳中的低波速、低衰减和散射这三个因素的共同作用所引起.采用不同的扰动标准差模拟上月壳的非均匀性,并比较模拟波形与真实月震图的相似程度,我们发现上月壳中速度扰动的标准差应该在3%到5%之间,很可能接近于3%.     

Coda wave analysis for distinguishing attenuation due to isotropic scattering from attenuation due to absorption

When the quality factorQ is taken into account in attenuation studies, it is necessary to know the relative losses of wave energy due to scattering and to anelastic absorption. The coda is the most important phenomenon now known which is related to elastic scattering of seismic waves. Utilizing coda, this study presents relationships which give theQ factors of the medium around the recording station and discriminate between attenuations arising from elastic scattering (under the assumption of isotropic scattering) and those arising from anelastic absorption. This work proposes a technique for separately determining the attenuation due to isotropic scattering and that due to absorption from the observed envelope of coda waves.     

浙江珊溪水库库区地震波衰减特征研究

2002—2007年发生的珊溪水库地震事件是少震、 弱震的浙江省区域显著的地震事件. 搜集182次M_L>2.0地震的近场台站数字地震波形, 使用这些波形高信噪比的尾波时间域信号, 根据计算尾波Q_c(f)值的Sato模型, 通过滤波及去除环境噪声, 计算了地震波传播路径上的尾波Q_c(f)值; 拟合Q_c(f)值与频率f之间的关系, 分析了水库区域地震波衰减的时空特征. 根据信噪比及计算要求, 从近场9个台站的记录中挑选出641条三分向记录, 计算尾波衰减参数, 得到尾波Q_c(f)与频率f的关系为: Q_c(f)=52.19±7.11f0.922 1±0.05. 结果表明, 本区域为低衰减区域. 震群活动使区域介质对高频率波衰减趋势性增大. 进一步对尾波衰减参数及尾波采样体之间的关系分析发现, 该区域存在深部高衰减层.      

阿图什6.9级地震前部分测震学参数异常特征及其预报情况

分析了１９９６年３月１９日新疆阿图什ＭＳ６．９地震前几种地震波参数的异常特征。该次地震前初动符号、振幅比、尾波衰减系数、尾波持续时间比均有不同程度的异常，地震活动空间图象、时序曲线也存在一定的异常。根据上述异常作者对该次地震作出了短临预报，预报三要素与实际地震相符。介绍了预报思路和方法，并对异常机理进行了初步分析     

利用尾波测定四川部分地区的介质品质因子

按照安艺敬一(Aki)提出的地震尾波理论,利用同一地震的多台记录,以同一地震有一确定的地震矩为基础建立方程,并以文献[8]所得出的品质因子数为基准,测定了四川部份地区地壳浅部的介质品质因子.结果表明,地震尾波的衰减存在着明显的方位依赖.根据1971年至1975年间几次地震所给出 Q 值来看,四川部份地区大致可以分为三个不同的 Q 值区,值得注意的是:低 Q 区内曾发生过7.1级强震.      

Coda Q c Attenuation and Source Parameter Analysis in Friuli (NE Italy) and its Vicinity

—?The digital data acquired by 16 short-period seismic stations of the Friuli-Venezia-Giulia seismic network for 56 earthquakes of magnitude 2.3–4.7 which occurred in and near NE Italy have been used to estimate the coda attenuation Q _c and seismic source parameters. The entire area under study has been divided into five smaller regions, following a criterion of homogeneity in the geological characteristics and the constrains imposed by the distribution of available events. Standard IASPEI routines for coda Q _c determination have been used for the analysis of attenuation in the different regions showing a marked anomaly in the values measured across the NE border between Friuli and Austria for Q ₀ value. A large variation exists in the coda attenuation Q _c for different regions, indicating the presence of great heterogeneities in the crust and upper mantle of the region. The mean value of Q _c (f) increases from 154–203 at 1.5?Hz to 1947–2907 at 48?Hz frequency band with large standard deviation estimates.¶Using the same earthquake data, the seismic-moment, M ₀, source radius, r and stress-drop, Δσ for 54 earthquakes have been estimated from P- and S-wave spectra using the Brune's seismic source model. The earthquakes with higher stress-drop (greater than 1?Kbar) occur at depths ranging from 8 to 14?km.     

Lateral variations of coda Q and attenuation of seismic waves in Southwest Anatolia

The seismic quality factor (Q _c) and the attenuation coefficient (δ) in the earth’s crust in southwest (SW) Anatolia are estimated by using the coda wave method based on the decrease of coda wave amplitude by time on the seismogram. The quality factor Q _o, the value of Q _c at 1 Hz, and its frequency dependency η are determined from this method depending on the attenuation properties of scattered coda waves. δ is determined from the observations of amplitude variations of seismic waves. In applying the coda wave method, firstly, a type curve representing the average pattern of the individual coda decay curves for 0.75, 1.5, 3.0, 6.0, 12.0, and 24.0 Hz values was estimated. Secondly, lateral variation of coda Q and the attenuation coefficients for three main tectonic patterns are estimated. The shape of the type curve is controlled by the scattering and attenuation in the crustal volume sampled by the coda waves. The Q _o and η values vary from 30 to 180 and from 0.55 to 1.25, respectively for SW Anatolia. In SW Anatolia, coda Q–f relation is described by and δ = 0.008 km⁻¹. These results are expected to help in understanding the degree of tectonic complexity of the crust in SW Anatolia.     

Estimation of frequency dependent coda wave attenuation structure at the vicinity of Cairo Metropolitan Area

Estimation of seismic wave attenuation in the shallow crust in terms of coda wave Q structure previously investigated in the vicinity of Cairo Metropolitan Area was improved using seismograms of local earthquakes recorded by the Egyptian National Seismic Network. The seismic wave attenuation was measured from the time decay of coda wave amplitudes on narrow bandpass filtered seismograms based on the single scattering theory. The frequency bands of interest are from 1.5 to 18 Hz. In general, the values obtained for various events recorded at El-Fayoum and Wadi Hagul stations are very similar for all frequency bands. A regional attenuation law Q _c = 85.66 f ^0.79 was obtained.     

腾冲火山区剪切波和尾波衰减初步研究

用云南腾冲火山地区观测的地震数字化记录进行了尾波和剪切波的衰减测量。用AkiandChouet和Sato单次散射模型获得 5 2秒和 18秒流逝时间尾波的品质因子分别为Qc (f) =5 7×f- 0 94和Qc (f) =2 6×f- 0 95 ,表明地壳上部和地壳上地幔的地震波衰减频率变化率一致。两者均未显示出活火山地区尾波衰减的异常特征。尾波掠过空间椭球的平均半轴 ,前者约为 80km ,大大超出了腾冲火山分布的地理范围 ,后者约为 30km ,在腾冲火山分布的地理范围之内。用尾波规一双台S波振幅比法进一步缩小所用地震波掠过的空间 ,最后获得了S波随频率的衰减有类似于前人报导的活火山地区尾波频率衰减的特征 :相对于低频 (1 5～ 6Hz) ,高频 (6～2 0Hz)的Q- 1s 变化很小。从地表位置看 ,腾冲最年青的全新世的马鞍山和老龟坡火山就在S波掠过范围内 ,打鹰山火山也在近旁。这一结果表明在这三座火山体之下存在低速高衰减体。火山或处于休眠状态 ,或在消亡过程之中。