GOCE卫星监测的中国区域重力异常

介绍了利用最新一代重力卫星GOCE(Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer)重力场模型数据计算重力异常的原理和方法,采用最新发布的GOCE重力场模型数据(2009年10月-2010年7月)计算了中国区域(70°～130°E,15°～55°N)的重力异常,为了进一步分析重力异常与区域地质构造及地震活动性的对应关系,将计算结果与中国区域地形、地震活动区域等资料进行了对比分析,结果表明利用GOCE重力场模型数据计算的重力异常能够较好的反映区域地质构造分布特征,而且强震震中通常位于重力异常变化剧烈的高梯度带上.     

重力异常分离的相关法

本文研究重力异常分离的相关法,它由测点坐标的多项式方程构建区域异常,由观测异常减去区域异常计算剩余异常,根据最大化已知测点的目标密度分界面深度与剩余异常的互相关原则来分离重力异常.互相关的最大化目标可写为最小二乘方程,并利用线性或非线性优化算法迭代求解出构建区域异常的多项式系数,进而可计算出全区的区域异常和目标密度分界面的剩余异常,实现重力异常分离.理论重力异常试验结果表明,相关法直接有效地利用了已知测点的目标密度分界面深度信息,分离效果良好、反映实际地质情况.     

青藏高原东缘重力导纳模型均衡异常时空特征

青藏高原东缘地处南北地震带,在卫星自由空气重力异常图上对应明显的正负异常梯级带变化特征,沿着异常梯级带分布多条深大断裂,属于构造单元的边界区域.本文利用重力导纳分析方法,计算了该区重力导纳模型均衡异常背景场;通过与Airy模型和弹性板模型的均衡重力异常特征对比,结合地震活动性分布特点,评价均衡重力异常计算结果和选择计算...     

国内外重力异常编图进展及重力异常计算方法改进

论述了国内外重力异常图,特别是海陆联编重力异常图的编制方法、图面表达以及重力异常计算.介绍了中国地质调查局组织编制的几个层次的地质地球物理系列图中的重力异常图.对我国重力调查规范提出了改进建议.国际上逐渐采用GRS80椭球体作为重力测量和计算的水平及垂直基准,有利于重力数据库的管理和不同来源重力数据间的换算及融合使用.北美重力数据库新标准规定了海区布格改正具体参数和计算方法.我国区域重力调查规范的改进应跟进国际发展动态,研究使用全球通用的参考椭球体作为水平和垂直基准.现行的海洋重力调查规范过于简单,除需增补重要技术规定外,还应对海区布格重力异常计算方法进行研究,特别应对海陆联编重力图的编制方法进行规范.     

黄海及邻区莫霍面起伏特征

针对地壳构造形成的动力学机制,在广泛收集区域地质、地质构造和地球物理等资料的基础上,着重对重力数据进行了数字化、坐标、重力公式、投影方式和比例尺的统一化处理,进而进行了网格化处理.为将区域异常和局部异常分离开来,以便以对深部构造的系统研究,笔者选取趋势分析法分别对研究区内预处理后的布格重力异常数据(Δg)进行了三维多项式迭代拟合计算,得到了区域布格重力异常二阶、五阶、十阶趋势分析结果.继而,利用二级近似公式迭代法对布格重力异常五阶趋势分析区域异常数据进行了三维运算处理,得到了黄海及周边地区的莫霍面埋深值.分析了黄海及邻区莫霍面起伏特征,并进行了深部构造区划,探讨了深部断裂构造与莫霍面起伏间的成因联系,为深部构造和活动断裂演化的地球动力学研究提供了依据.     

区域重力异常和上地幔小尺度对流相关方程及对流拖曳力场

建立了区域重力均衡异常的物理模型，假定区域重力均衡异常源于上地幔密度分布横向不均匀以及由上地幔小尺度对流产生的边界形变．导出了区域重力均衡异常和上地幔小尺度对流之间的相关方程，讨论了该方程在地球动力学研究中的应用．应用几种模型计算上地幔小尺度对流产生的作用于岩石层底部的拖曳力场．结果表明，将这一相关方程用于利用区域重力均衡异常研究地壳及上地幔应力状态，将有广阔的前景．     

中国大陆高精度绝对重力观测数据分析和异常计算

高精度重力异常模型是研究地球内部结构的基础地球物理数据.本文依据中国大陆构造环境监测网络项目的 100个高精度绝对重力基准站数据,首先,分别与EGM2008模型和GGMplus模型进行对比,得到了模型之间的差异性特征统计参数;其次,我们对与绝对重力同点位测量的垂直梯度数据,进行统计分析,结果表明重力垂直梯度变化的标准差高达537.2E.通过提取Crust1.0地壳结构模型参数,计算得到了Moho界面起伏引起的垂直梯度变化,分析认为地表垂直梯度的变化主要与地形和浅部密度异常体相关.最后,基于重力场模型和观测数据的统计结果,针对经典重力异常计算公式中的一些流程提出了优化建议.本文结果对于使用区域重力异常模型,研究地壳结构和提高长剖面、小比例尺重力探查项目中的异常计算精度具有重要意义.     

基于Delaunay剖分的二维非规则重力建模及重力计算

针对计算截面为任意形状的非均匀密度二度体的重力问题，提出了二维情况下的非规则重力建模方法，即利用二维Delaunay剖分方法，将其截面分割为若干三角形，将该二度体分解成为若干三角棱柱的组合；通过求取变密度的三角棱柱体的重力异常，并将其累加，最后得出了截面为任意形状的水平无限延伸的二度体的重力计算公式.以千米桥油田的一条实测重力剖面为例，用该方法进行了反演计算，并将反演结果与常规方法做了分析比较，进行了相应的分析和讨论.     

东北地区重力均衡异常特征的初步研究

本文利用地面实测重力资料和地形高程资料,采用普拉特-海福特(Pratt-ttayford)重力均衡理论模型,取1°×1°方格网,通过使用现成改正表格查取改正值与个别计算点用理论公式计算作校核的方法,计算了我国东北地区75个计算点的均衡重力异常值;并对局部第四系覆盖较厚地区作了第四系密度改正;在此基础上,构制了我国东北N39°—49°,E121°—131°大部分地区的均衡重力异常图;结合区域布格重力异常和区域空间重力异常特征以及莫霍界面的起伏特点作了对比分析和讨论     

中国海陆及邻域布格重力异常编图研究

收集、整理了中国海陆及周边22个国家陆地实测重力资料和海域卫星测高重力资料,建立了覆盖2672万平方千米的重力异常数据集.研究解决了高精度海洋卫星测高重力数据与陆地实测重力数据的海陆异常联编、不同来源和背景重力数据之间的调平以及大区域重力异常编图表达等技术问题.采用当代规范、先进的数据拼接与编图技术编制了中国海陆及邻域1500万布格重力异常图,并进一步结合区域地质构造认识,划分了38个重力异常区.     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.