地表温度映震异常与植被覆盖度间的相关性

基于乌兰浩特地震台监测区域的遥感影像，使用最大似然分类算法对影像进行6种地表物的分类，采用辐射传输方程算法进行地表温度的定量反演，根据影像提取的植被覆盖度，总结研究区域地表温度异常、植被覆盖度与地震间的相关性。     

利用NOAA/AVHRR数据获取地表特征参数的方法研究

地表特征参数的正确与否直接影响到区域陆面蒸散量估算精度,因此在区域非均匀陆面蒸散研究中,地表特征参数的获取方法是一个值得探讨的问题．与传统的方法相比,卫星遥感技术在求取地表特征参数时有其独特的优势．NOAA气象卫星AVHRR资料以其时间分辨率高、覆盖面广、价格低廉等优点广泛应用于非均匀陆面蒸散研究和应用中．本文建立了NOAA／AVHRR计算地表特征参数的参数化模型,选取中国东北松嫩平原西部地区2000年7月8日的AVHRR资料,试算了研究区地表温度、地表发射率、地表反照率、NDVI等主要地表特征参数,并且参照2000年研究区土地利用数据对各参数的空间分布特征及合理性进行了分析。     

北京城市及周边热岛日变化及季节特征的卫星遥感研究与影响因子分析

以EOS-MODIS遥感信息反演的地表温度、土地覆盖类型、植被覆盖、地表蒸散,结合常规气象资料,并采用GIS空间分析技术和多元统计相关,对北京城市及周边2001年城市热岛(UHI)空间分布的季节规律和日变化及影响因子进行研究.分析北京地区的土地覆盖、地形高程、植被绿地状况、城市和郊区地表蒸散与热岛时空分布状况的关系.揭示出北京UHI主要特征为:(ⅰ)北京城市下垫面的高热容和密集建筑物的多次发射,加之北京特殊的三面环山地形特征,使得北京城区一年四季均存在明显的热岛分布,并以夏季最为明显,UHI与城市结构的轮廓相一致;北京城区与地势相对平坦的近郊区的地表温度差异在4~6℃左右,与地势较高的西北远郊区的地表温度差异在8~10℃左右;(ⅱ)北京地区日间和夜晚的UHI的季节分布和程度不同,以夜间UHI明显;夏季白天郊区地表比城区蒸散量大,潜热交换明显,反映出城市与郊区的温度差异显著;(ⅲ)地表覆盖类型对UHI的效应明显,北京地区植被绿地状况与UHI呈现明显反相关分布;夏季地表NDVI与下垫面的温度散点图的回归方程的负相关系数的平方R2达到0.6481,即植被覆盖好,则UHI不明显;揭示出植被绿地对降低UHI具有重要的作用.大范围的绿地建设能有效降低UHI.     

半空间异质隆起的出平面动力响应:地表运动

采用闭合解析解对水平地表圆形非匀质隆起出平面运动特征进行详细分析。结果表明：（1）隆起区域介质软硬程度对其出平面地表运动影响非常大，软质隆起表面的地表位移较匀质隆起情况有显著放大，地表运动波动效应明显增强，而硬质隆起则减弱地表运动；（2）软质隆起地表位移幅值最大反应和平均反应增大的程度一般来说至少不低于隆起区域波速降低的程度，很多情况是远大于波速降低的程度，但最大反应出现的位置和频段主要受入射波角度控制；（3）当波垂直传播时，地表位移放大出现在隆起顶部，频率随隆起区变软，明显向低频移动，可出现在很低频段内，且随隆起区变软放大更为显著；（4）当波掠入射时，地表最大位移出现在隆起后表面，地表运动仍然十分强烈，甚至比波垂直入射时隆起顶部反应还要大，但出现在较高频段内。     

长白山天池火山近期形变场演化过程分析

对长白山天池火山区2002～2005年的4期水准测量数据、2000～2005年6期GPS测量数据以及1999年以来的定点地倾斜观测数据进行了系统处理分析，结果表明：（1）2000年9月～2002年6月期间，长白山天池火山地表变形很小，基本上处于较为稳定的状态. 1993～1998年的InSAR观测资料也未发现明显的地表变形；（2）2002～2003年，长白山天池火山出现了明显的地表形变异常变化，其水平形变表现为以天池火山口为中心的放射状膨胀运动，垂直形变则表现为近火山口的快速隆起，显示天池火山下部可能有岩浆压力增大变化；（3）长白山天池火山2003年以来的形变速率有逐年迅速衰减的变化特征，其最大水平运动速率已由2002～2003年期间的38.3mm/a衰减到2004～2005年的15.8mm/a，最大垂直形变速率则由2002～2003年的46.0mm/a 衰减到2004～2005年的5.0mm/a.     

1974-2017年洪湖湿地自然保护区景观格局演变及驱动力分析

利用Landsat系列遥感影像数据（1974、1979、1984、1990、1996、2001、2006、2009、2014和2017年）解译得到的土地利用/土地覆盖变化（LUCC）结合研究区44年的气温、降水量、水位等气象水文数据，构建LUCC经验统计模型和计算景观格局指数，探讨1974-2017年洪湖国家级自然保护区景观格局变化的主要驱动因素.研究结果表明：土地利用强度指数由1974年的207增加到2017年的249.36，人类开发利用湖滨带的程度增强，到2017年约有30%的自然湿地转化为坑塘、农田和滩地及建设用地.不同地表覆盖类型的景观格局指数均发生了较大变化，2000年以后湖滨带逐渐形成了以养殖为主的低矮围景观.总体上景观趋于破碎化、连通性降低、稳定性变弱.洪湖湿地自然保护区土地利用强度指数与景观格局综合指数呈较显著的正相关，两者的相关系数为0.84，土地利用强度增加则景观更加破碎、斑块之间的连接程度减弱、区域的景观聚集度下降和景观异质性增加.总体而言，洪湖湿地自然保护区受人为干扰影响明显，开展封湖育草自然恢复与建立植被恢复示范区相结合，构建自湖滨至湖心的梯度变化完整的湿生植被-挺水植被-漂浮植被-浮叶植被-沉水植被的水生植物群落，退耕还草、退垸还湖、修复湖滨带植被，大幅度提高洪湖的自净能力，增加其水生植物多样性，实现湿地的有效修复，改善其结构和功能，维系洪湖湿地生态系统的平衡.     

基于FY-3B/MWRI数据的青藏高原地区地表发射率反演

以青藏高原地区为研究区域,利用FY-3B/MWRI(Microwave Radiation Imager)一级亮温数据和NCEP(the National Centers for Environmental Prediction) FNL(Final)全球业务分析资料,通过简化的微波辐射传输方程反演了晴空大气条件下的地表微波发射率.进而根据IGBP(International Geosphere-Biosphere Program)陆表覆盖分类数据,进一步分析了青藏高原地区微波地表发射率的频谱和空间分布特征,并分析了反演误差的来源.结果表明:青藏高原地区微波地表发射率的空间分布、频谱特征都与地表覆盖类型分布特征高度吻合,呈现出西北部地表发射率极化差异大,东南部极化异差小的分布特征.本研究中地表发射率的反演误差主要来自降水像元判别方案、再分析资料的时空匹配.还需要进一步研究定量误差,以期提高反演精度,进而建立长时间序列的地表发射率数据库,为青藏高原地球物理参数的遥感反演提供数据支持.     

中国当代土地利用对区域气候影响的数值模拟

使用RegCM3区域气候模式，嵌套欧洲数值预报中心(ECMWF)ERA40再分析资料，分别进行了中国区域在实际植被和理想植被分布情况下各15年时间长度（1987-2001）的积分试验，以研究我国土地利用状况对气候的影响。通过两个试验结果的对比，研究了我国土地利用状况对气候的影响。分析主要集中于气温、降水等的变化上，并对结果进行了统计显著性检验。结果表明，当代土地利用/植被覆盖变化加强了中国地区冬、夏季的季风环流，同时改变了地表能量平衡状况，从而对各气候要素产生重要影响。冬季，植被改变引起长江以南降水减少、气温降低，长江以北降水增加。夏季，植被改变显著影响了南方地区的气候，使得这里降水增多，黄淮、江淮气温降低，华南气温上升；同时引起中国北方降水减少，气温在西北部分植被退化地区升高。植被变化对日最低、最高气温的影响更大。总体来说，土地利用引起了年平均降水在南方增加、北方减少，年平均气温在南方显著降低。     

中国地表气温变化对土地利用/覆被类型的敏感性

利用观测气温与再分析气温的差值分析了近40年中国地表气温变化对土地利用/覆被类型的敏感性.结果表明：土地利用/覆被类型对地表气温变化具有稳定的、系统性的影响,在全球变暖背景下各类型的响应不同,以沙地、戈壁和裸岩石砾地为主的未利用地升温幅度最大,为0.21℃/10a;其次是草地、耕地和城乡、工矿、居民用地,分别为0.12,0.10,0.12℃/10a;林地升温趋势最弱,为0.06℃/10a.总体来看,沙地、戈壁等未利用地和人类活动较多的区域地表升温幅度大,植被覆盖状况好的区域升温趋势则较弱;同一一级类型下理化特性及生物过程相似的二级类型对地表气温的影响程度相近,土地利用/覆被类型的变化需要达到一定的强度,导致地表特性发生本质改变后才会对局地气温产生较明显的影响;同一土地利用/覆被类型下,中国东部人类活动强度大的区域升温更为明显.这一结果为众多土地利用/覆被变化对气候影响的数值模拟试验研究提供了观测事实的支持.在区域尺度上预测未来中国气候变化不仅要考虑温室气体增加的影响,还要考虑土地利用/覆被类型及其变化的影响.     

城市地表覆盖结构组分与热环境调控模型(EcoCity)研究——以北京城市为例

城市土地利用/覆盖变化及其生态环境效应是当前城镇化研究的热点问题,但是由于城市内部空间结构异质性刻画不足,以及与城市地表热环境之间定量关系认识不足,严重制约其在城市生态规划管理方面的应用能力.本研究耦合城市地理学"空间结构理论"和城市气候学"地表能量平衡原理",提出了城市地表结构与热环境调控新的理念,揭示了城市空间结构与地表热环境之间的互馈机制;并自主研发了地表覆盖结构组分与热环境调控模型(EcoCity),确定了城市地表热环境生态调控阈值.基于实验观测、遥感反演和气象资料等数据,揭示了城市内部生活空间、生产空间、服务空间和生态空间分布格局以及相应的城市不透水地表、绿地和水域等地表覆盖组分布局模式对城市热岛形成的地表辐射与热通量影响程度.结论表明,不同城市功能区之间热环境的差异与其地表覆盖组分关系密切,商业、住宅等高密度城市不透水地表区,会显著增加显热通量起到升温作用,而绿地、水域等生态功能区会显著增加潜热通量起到降温作用.我们也发现,不同功能区由于其绿地组分比例差异导致植被热耗散作用不同,而且存在一定的生态阈值,对于商业、交通道路和住宅等高密度城市不透水地表功能区,其城市绿化工程对于提升植被潜热耗散效率更加有效,导致单位植被盖度的降温效果更为显著.同时也表明,EcoCity模型为城市地表结构特征和地表热通量之间耦合作用机制的理解和时空特征分析提供了有效的支撑,而且对于特定规模城市热岛缓减以及不同功能区绿化控制指标和阈值的界定,提供了普适性通用的计算模型系统,从而科学有效的服务于城市生态规划与管理.     

Determination of bare surface soil moisture from combined temporal evolution of land surface temperature and net surface shortwave radiation

Land surface soil moisture (SSM) is an important variable for hydrological, ecological, and meteorological applications. A multi‐linear model has recently been proposed to determine the SSM content from the combined diurnal evolution of both land surface temperature (LST) and net surface shortwave radiation (NSSR) with the parameters TN (the LST mid‐morning rising rate divided by the NSSR rising rate during the same period) and t_d (the time of daily maximum temperature). However, in addition to the problem that all the coefficients of the multi‐linear model depend on the atmospheric conditions, the model also suffers from the problems of the nonlinearity of TN as a function of the SSM content and the uncertainty of determining the t_d from the diurnal evolution of the LST. To address these problems, a modified multi‐linear model was developed using the logarithm of TN and normalizing t_d by the mid‐morning temperature difference instead of using the TN and t_d. Except for the constant term, the coefficients of all other variables in the modified multi‐linear model proved to be independent of the atmospheric conditions. Using the relevant simulation data, results from the modified multi‐linear model show that the SSM content can be determined with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.030m³/m³, provided that the constant term is known or estimated day to day. The validation of the model was conducted using the field measurements at the Langfang site in 2008 in China. A higher correlation is achieved (coefficient of determination: R² = 0.624, RMSE = 0.107m³/m³) between the measured SSM content and the SSM content estimated using the modified multi‐linear model with the coefficients determined from the simulation data. Another experiment is also conducted to estimate the SSM content using the modified model with the constant term calibrated each day by one‐spot measurements at the site. The estimation result has a relatively larger error (RMSE = 0.125m³/m³). Additionally, the uncertainty of the determination of the coefficients is analysed using the field measurements, and the results indicate that the SSM content obtained using the modified model accurately characterizes the surface soil moisture condition. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

1850年西昌地震地表破裂带的考察研究

根据实地考察研究结果，1850年西昌地震地表形变带全长约90km。现存的地表破裂形迹有地震断层、地震裂缝、地震沟槽、地堑、地震陷坑、冲沟及山脊位错、崩塌滑坡等。最大左旋水平位错5．7m，垂直位错3．8m，形变带严格沿则木河断裂展布。该次地震的发震构造应为则木河断裂，震级M≥7.5级。     

一种地壳垂直形变新模型

研究了建立整个形变区域的形变速率曲面和形变加速率曲面，以及求这两种曲面的方法（基于多元逐步回归分析的间接法和直接法），建立了一个对整个形变区域形变的整体概念，据此，可得出形变区任何一个已知其平面位置的点在任一观测期内的形变量。     

Effect of surface stress on magneto-elastic surface waves in finitely conducting media

This paper deals with the investigation of the effect of surface stress and conductivity on the propagation of surface wave in isotropic, homogeneous, elastic media under the action of a primary magnetic field. Formulation of the general surface wave propagation problem has been made, and the corresponding frequency equation has been derived. Frequency equations for Rayleigh wave, surface shear wave and Stoneley wave have been deduced from that of general surface wave as special cases. The effects of surface stress and magnetic field on the wave velocities and attenuation factors of Rayleigh wave and surface shear wave are shown by numerical calculations and graphs. Some important wave velocity equations, as obtained by other authors, have been deduced as special cases from the wave velocity equation for Stoneley wave. It is found that the combined effect of surface stress and magnetic field modulates the wave velocity ratios and attenuation factors of Rayleigh wave and surface shear wave to a considerable extent.     

Dynamics of stormflow generation—A hillslope‐scale field study in east‐central Pennsylvania,USA

A 40 m × 20 m mowed, grass hillslope adjacent to a headwater stream within a 26‐ha watershed in east‐central Pennsylvania, USA, was instrumented to identify and map the extent and dynamics of surface saturation (areas with the water table at the surface) and surface runoff source areas. Rainfall, stream flow and surface runoff from the hillslope were recorded at 5‐min intervals from 11 August to 22 November 1998, and 13 April to 12 November 1999. The dynamics of the water table (0 to 45 cm depth from the soil surface) and the occurrence of surface runoff source areas across the hillslope were recorded using specially designed subsurface saturation and surface runoff sensors, respectively. Detailed data analyses for two rainfall events that occurred in August (57·7 mm in 150 min) and September (83·6 mm in 1265 min) 1999, illustrated the spatial and temporal dynamics of surface saturation and surface runoff source areas. Temporal data analyses showed the necessity to measure the hillslope dynamics at time intervals comparable to that of rainfall measurements. Both infiltration excess surface runoff (runoff caused when rainfall intensity exceeds soil infiltration capacity) and saturation excess surface runoff (runoff caused when soil moisture storage capacity is exceeded) source areas were recorded during these rainfall events. The August rainfall event was primarily an infiltration excess surface runoff event, whereas the September rainfall event produced both infiltration excess and saturation excess surface runoff. Occurrence and disappearance of infiltration excess surface runoff source areas during the rainfall events appeared scattered across the hillslope. Analysis of surface saturation and surface runoff data showed that not all surface saturation areas produced surface runoff that reached the stream. Emergence of subsurface flow to the surface during the post‐rainfall periods appeared to be a major flow process dominating the hillslope after the August rainfall event. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analytical solutions of one‐dimensional infiltration before and after ponding

This paper is a continuation of previous research, which obtained a convenient solution for arbitrary surface fluxes before ponding. By means of Fourier Transformation this has been extended to derive analytical solutions of a linearized Richards' equation for arbitrary input fluxes after surface saturation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effects of forest litter on snow energy budget in the Tianshan Mountains,China

Forest litter exerts an impact on the energy budget of snow surfaces, which lie beneath forest canopies. In this study, we measured shortwave and longwave radiation levels, as well as quantities of Asian spruce (Picea schrenkinan ) forest litter, over 3 snow study plots that representing an open environment, 20% forest canopy openness (20% FCO), and 80% forest canopy openness (80% FCO). The fractional litter coverage (lc ) was obtained through the binarization of digital photographs of forest litter. The effects of forest litter on snow surface albedo (α ), snow surface temperature (T _s ), upward shortwave and longwave radiation (K _↑ and L _↑), and sensible heat flux (H ) were then analyzed. According to our results, the energy budget over snow surface influenced by forest litter principally due to forest litter forcing α decrease and T _s increase. The effects of forest litter on the energy budget increased with time and lc . We found that forest litter exerted the most significant impact on K _↑ and L _↑ at daytime during the latter stages of the snowmelt period. The influence of forest litter on H was more apparent on windy days. The presence of forest litter increased gains in shortwave radiation and losses in longwave radiation and decreased gains in H . Compared to the simulated energy (K _↑ + L _↑ + H ) over a snow surface without litter, the calculated energy decreased by ?13.4 W/m² and increased by 9.0 W/m², respectively, at the 20% FCO and 80% FCO sites during the latter stages of the snowmelt period. Overall, forest litter facilitated snow surface energy gains at the 80% FCO site and impeded them at the 20% FCO site during the latter stages of the snowmelt period.     

Influence of advection on the characteristics of turbulence over uneven surface in the oasis and the Gobi Desert

Utilizing experimental data of the atmospheric surface layer in the Gobi Oasis of Jinta in a comparative study, we demonstrate that under the condition of unstable stratification, the normalization variances of temperature in the oasis and Gobi Desert meet 1/3(z/Λ)(z/Λ)while normalization variances of both humidity and CO2 in the oasis meet(z)sz\Λ-1/3;s s z Λ the normalization variance of temperature in the oasis is large due to disturbance by advection, whereas variance of CO2 in the Gobi Desert has certain degree of deviation relative to Monin-Obukhov(M-O) scaling, and humidity variance completely deviates from variance M-O scaling. The above result indicates that under the condition of advection, humidity variance meets the relationsm sA sB D and it is determined by relative magnitude of scalar variance of advection transport. Our study reveals that, if the scalar variance of humidity or CO2 transported by advection is much larger than local scalar variance, observation value of scalar variance will deviate from M-O scaling; when scalar variance of advection transport is close to or less than local scalar variance, the observation value of scalar variance approximately meets M-O scaling.     

Wet surface resistance of forest canopy in monsoon Asia: Implications for eddy‐covariance measurement of evapotranspiration

During the Asian monsoon period, intense precipitation commonly occurs for an extended period in accompaniment with a reduction in solar radiation. This suggests that wet surface evapotranspiration is an important contributor to the total evapotranspiration. Therefore, investigating evapotranspiration over a wet canopy surface is critical to achieve a better understanding of water and energy cycles in Asia. In this study, we estimated surface resistances under wet conditions in a mixed forest influenced by the East Asian monsoon system. We showed that the surface resistance had a non‐negligible magnitude of about 30 sm^?1 even under wet conditions. We also found that the ratio between the actual and potential evapotranspiration depended on the friction velocity regardless of the time of day. Our analyses suggest that this dependency is tightly related to the underestimation of turbulent fluxes by the eddy‐covariance system under wet surface conditions. Together, our findings suggest that the wet surface resistance, although small, should be considered in simulating evapotranspiration because the forest ecosystem is strongly coupled to the overlying atmosphere. This could significantly improve the shortcomings of evapotranspiration measurement and modeling in Asian forest canopies influenced by the monsoon system. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Direct scanning tunneling microscope (STM) observation of Cr(III) complexes on hematite (001) surfaces

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is used to observe, at the atomic scale, Cr(III) adsorbed to hematite (001) surfaces from aqueous solution. The Cr(III) adsorbates are relatively immobile, but estimated activation energies for surface self-diffusion are lower than those for water or hydroxyl substitution in aqueous Cr(III). Possible causes are effects of STM imaging (artifacts), high ligand-substitution rates for adsorbed species, or participation of substrate Fe (III) ligand exchange. STM imaging of suitable aqueous surface complexes is shown to be feasible, and constitutes a new way to study the relationships between microscopic and macroscopic chemical behavior of adsorbed species in aqueous systems.