大跨空间钢网架结构静力和动力性能实验研究

大跨结构静力与动力性能与结构能否安全服役密切相关。文章对某大跨钢网架结构进行了静载试验,并测试了各级堆载条件下网架竖向振动频率。试验中选择在其中一跨的接近中心处(挠度最大点)进行静载和动载试验。采用吊篮法在网架挠度最大点分别施加10kN和20kN配重,得到了加载处的竖向刚度;振动测试表明,该网架在脉动激励下振动卓越频率不明显,在冲击激励下可以得到较好的自由振动波形,并且卓越频率明显。振动测试数据分析中,考虑了各测点的相位关系,分别得到了无配重、10kN配重和20kN配重下钢网架竖向一阶振动频率,可用于设计阶段采用的分析结果的校核。     

冲击载荷下锚杆-围岩结构冲击失效机制的数值分析

针对冲击地压造成大量锚杆支护结构破坏问题,采用动力数值计算方法,研究冲击载荷作用下锚杆-围岩的动力耦合作用与破坏机制。结果表明:(1)冲击载荷作用下锚杆与围岩振动存在明显的"时差效应",导致锚杆与围岩非同步振动,致使锚固剂承受动态剪切作用。随着锚固长度的增加锚杆与围岩的振动呈同步趋势,削弱了振动"时差效应"引起的锚固剂剪切作用,有效避免锚杆的脱粘滑移失效;(2)随着冲击速度的增大,"时差效应"导致锚杆锚固剂承受动态剪切作用被覆盖,锚杆的破坏失效模式由脱粘或杆体屈服断裂转变为锚杆与围岩统一破坏模式;(3)当冲击载荷频率接近锚固围岩体固有频率时,冲击载荷引起锚杆与围岩共振,锚杆与围岩同步振动速度幅值显著增大,可在相对较低的冲击速度下造成锚杆与围岩整体失效。远离锚固围岩体的固有频率对锚杆-围岩动力相互作用影响较小。     

地震波类型对砂土震陷影响的数值模拟分析

地震波是一种随机的、不规则作用的动荷载脉冲,可分为振动型和冲击型。不同类型的地震波会对砂土液化和变形等产生重要影响,而传统的砂土震陷计算方法往往忽视这种因素,只考虑最大加速度幅值。通过编写UMAT子程序,在非线性有限元软件ABAQUS中开发亚塑性砂土边界面模型,对不同地震波类型下不同相对密度的砂土进行动单剪试验模拟,得到一系列砂土剪应变及竖向应变的时程曲线,并与室内试验结果进行对比分析。研究表明:在同一工况下,同类型的地震波引起的砂土竖向应变相近,不同类型引起的竖向应变差异明显;振动型地震波比冲击型引起的竖向应变更大。     

在冲击振动下烟囱模型裂缝出现位置的实验研究

本文介绍在振动台上的烟囱模型经受横向冲击后产生多道裂缝、再现地震震害现象的试验。文中给出了裂缝位置与振动台自振周期的关系以及最高裂缝的高度与烟囱和台面两者的基本周期之比的关系。 实验结果表明,在冲击振动下烟囱模型一般产生2—4条裂缝,它们是自上而下逐步出现的;在多次冲击作用下,烟囱裂而不倒;只有在更大冲击的作用下,烟囱才出现“掉头”现象,碎块散落在烟囱四周。这与震害现象极为相似。实验证明水平地震力完全可以解释烟囱的震害现象。     

关于烟囱的地震反应

本文就烟囱的地震反应讨论了竖向振动与水平振动的相对重要性。首先,作者分析了烟囱的震害现象,认为水平振动也可以产生多道水平裂缝和扭转变位。然后,从地震动的水平与竖向的卓越周期及其与烟囱自振周期之间的关系,以及水平与竖向地震动加速度最大值之比这两个方面,着重说明烟囱的地震反应在竖向是以结构的竖向第一振型为主,水平向则以结构的水平向高振型为主;而且,在一般情况下水平振动对烟囱的危险性更大,只有在地震动卓越周期很短、而且竖向分量又持别大时,竖向反应才有可能接近水平向反应。最后,又从房屋的强震观测结果说明了这一点。     

框架结构水平和竖向地震耦合作用时程分析

一般情况下,地震波分量中的水平分量和竖向分量是造成框架结构破坏的重要因素。本文中以框架结构为研究对象,将空间框架结构简化为平面框架结构,基于平面杆系模型并忽略平面框架体系的水平杆件——梁的轴向变形,建立体系水平和竖向耦合振动的运动微分方程,并对结构进行了水平和竖向地震波耦合激励下的弹性动力时程计算。与体系单维输入竖向地震波之弹性动力响应进行对比后,发现耦合激励下框架边柱竖向响应变大而中柱竖向响应变小,在结构抗震设计中宜适当考虑地震的耦合影响。     

施甸5.9级地震震害与竖向地震力作用

通过对施甸5．9级地震震害现象的机理分析，清晰地发现竖向地震作用起重要破坏作用，与获取的强地面运动峰值加速度竖向值相吻合。映证了在历次地震中许多地震工作常发现极震区竖向地震力起重要破坏作用的原因。     

烟囱破坏现象的模型试验研究

对于烟囱在地震作用下的破坏现象的解释,目前存在着两种看法:一种认为大多数烟囱在地震作用下的破坏,主要是水平地震引起的,只在震中区竖向地震力有较大的影响;而另一种则认为水平地震虽然对烟囱破坏有一定影响,但烟囱破坏的主要原因是竖向地震力。持后一种观点的人,断言烟囱在地震时出现的多道裂缝,只能用竖向地震力来解释,而水平地震力不可能使烟囱出现多道裂缝和裂而不倒的现象,同时认为用水平地震力也很难解释烟囱上端出现裂缝这一事实。 基于上述原因,本文进行了烟囱模型的破坏现象的试验研究。结果表明,水平地震力同样可造成烟囱的多道裂缝和上部裂缝。     

砖烟囱地震破坏分析

本文研究了无筋砖烟囱的地震破坏形式,并进行了反应的数值分折,特别着重水平与竖向振动的相对重要性。文中假定地震应力与自重应力综合后的最大拉应力一旦达到或超过容许拉应力,烟囱的整个截面即裂开。在选择几个合理的地震动加速度过程之后,计算了一些典型的无筋砖烟囱的地震反应;在计算中,当某一截面断裂后,即考虑断了的烟囱上部为刚体,继续计算到地震终了,再发生第二道裂缝,或上部倾倒时为止。根据这些计算,得到的结论是:在一般情况下,水平振动是无筋砖烟囱破坏的主要原因,只是在特殊情况,竖向振动才可能起同等重要的作用。     

地震动作用下刚体扭转效应的振动台模拟试验

2008年汶川地震中江油市太白公园曲径桥上的石雕发生转动破坏现象,本文对这一转动现象进行了振动台模拟试验。模拟试验结果表明:① 在振动台三向加载1.5倍的汶川地震江油台记录的平动加速度后,模型的转动情况与实际观测的石雕转动情况比较一致;② 石雕的转动与石雕的非对称性、地震动输入角度和地震动的竖向作用有关;③ 加载竖向地震动作用后,石雕模型会发生摇摆现象,说明竖向地震动是造成模型扭转现象的重要原因,这也说明在分析相似震害现象时竖向地震动作用不可忽视。      

Stochastically simulated blast-induced ground motion effects on nonlinear response of an industrial masonry chimney

This paper presents the dynamic response analysis of industrial masonry chimney subjected to artificially generated surface blast induced ground shock by using a three-dimensional finite element model. The effects of surface blast-induced ground shocks on nearby structures depend on the distance between the explosion centre and the structure, and charge weight. Blast-induced ground motions can be represented by power spectral density function and applied to each support point of the 3D finite element model of the industrial masonry system. In this study, a parametric study is mainly conducted to estimate the effect of the blast-induced ground motions on the nonlinear response of a chimney type masonry structure. Therefore, the analysis was carried out for different values of the charge weights and distances from the charge center. The initial crack and propagation of the crack pattern at the base of the chimney were evaluated. Moreover, the maximum stresses and displacements through the height of the chimney were investigated. The results of the study underline that blast-induced ground motions effects should be considered to perform the non-linear dynamic analysis of masonry type chimney structures more accurately.     

Ambient noise energy bursts observation and modeling: Trapping of harmonic structure-soil induced–waves in a topmost sedimentary layer

We study the nature of energy bursts that appeared in the frequency range 3–5 Hz in ambient seismic noise recorded in the Grenoble basin (French Alps) during a seismological array experiment. A close agreement is found between the identified azimuths of such noise bursts with the location of an industrial chimney. In-situ measurements of the chimney dynamic characteristics show a coincidence between the frequency of the first harmonic mode of the chimney and the fundamental frequency of a thin surficial layer that overlay the deep sediment fill. The interaction between the chimney and the surficial layer is then numerically simulated using simple impedance models and two soil profiles. Simulations exhibit a satisfactory agreement with observations and suggest that energy bursts result of inertial structure-soil interaction favored by resonance effects between the first harmonic mode of the structure and the fundamental frequency of the topmost layer.     

Soil-structure interaction effects on the seismic response of tall chimneys

The effects of soil-structure interaction on the seismic response of tall (>100m) steel and reinforced concrete chimneys are described. Detailed models of a 130m high steel chimney and a 150m high reinforced concrete chimney are used as structural models. The foundations are represented as rigid blocks resting on a uniform viscoelastic soil model. Perfect bonding between the foundation and the soil is assumed. Parametric studies of the interaction effects on the magnitude and distribution of bending moments and shear forces include four soil rigidities and two seismic excitations characterized by very different frequency contents. The results obtained indicate strong interaction effects for intermediate and soft soils (V_s500 m/sec). The extent of the interaction effects are highly dependent on the characteristics of the seismic excitation.     

The numerical and empirical evaluation of chimneys considering soil structure interaction and high-temperature effects

During the past strong ground motions, chimneys constructed according to international standards are representative of similar structures at industrial areas throughout the world, including those collapsed or moderately damaged in earthquake-prone regions. This is due to the specialty of structural characteristics and the special loads acting on the structure such as earthquakes, wind and differences in the level of temperature, etc. In this context, the researchers and designers should focus on the dynamic behavior of chimneys especially under high temperature and seismic effects. For this purpose, the main focus of this study is to evaluate the dynamic response of a chimney under the above-mentioned effects considering soil-structure interaction (SSI). A 52 m steel chimney in Yeşilyurt township of Samsun City in Turkey was studied. The in-situ model testing and numerical models were compared. Before the commissioning of the chimney, a series of tests was realized to define its dynamic characteristics in case of no-heat and after the fabric got to work, the same tests were repeated for the same sensor locations to understand the heat effect on the dynamic response of the chimney. The ambient vibration tests are proven to be fast and practical procedures to identify the dynamic characteristics of those structures. The dynamic testing of the towers promises a widespread use, as the identification of seismic vulnerability of such structures becomes increasingly important. The data presented in this study are considered to be useful for the researchers and engineers, for whom the temperature and SSI effects on steel chimneys are a concern. Using the modal analysis techniques, presented finite element simulation for the soil/pile foundation-chimney interaction system is verified. The results of modal analyses using numerical solutions are shown to have acceptable accuracy compared with results obtained by in-situ test. The present study also aims to provide designers with material examples about the influence of these on the seismic performance of steel chimneys by means of reflecting the changes in the dynamic behavior.     

Vibration analysis of damaged and undamaged steel structure systems: cantilever column and frame

This paper presents the experimental and numerical studies conducted on a steel column and a steel frame structure using free vibration analysis. The effects of damages on structures were investigated, which were simulated by introducing multiple cracks at different locations in the experimental and numerical models. The acceleration responses of the test models, were recorded through an accelerometer, and were used to calibrate the numerical models developed in finite element based software. Modal frequencies of damaged and undamaged structures were compared and analyzed, to derive relationships for damaged and undamaged structures' frequencies in terms of crack depth. It was found that, due to the presence of cracks, the mechanical properties of a structure changes, whereby, the modal frequencies decrease. An approximately linear trend was observed for the frequency decrease with the increase in crack depth, which was also confirmed by the numerical models. The derived relationships were extended to further develop a mechanics-based damage scale for steel structures, to help facilitate structural health monitoring and screening of vulnerable structures.     

Effect of crack aperture on P-wave velocity and dispersion

We experimentally studied the effect of crack aperture on P-wave velocity, amplitude, anisotropy and dispersion. Experimental models were constructed based on Hudson’s theory. Six crack models were embedded with equal-radius penny-shaped crack inclusions in each layer. The P-wave velocity and amplitude were measured parallel and perpendicular to the layers of cracks at frequencies of 0.1 MHz to 1 MHz. The experiments show that as the crack aperture increases from 0.1 mm to 0.34 mm, the amplitude of the P-waves parallel to the crack layers decreases linearly with increasing frequency and the P-wave velocity dispersion varies from 1.5% to 2.1%, whereas the amplitude of the P-wave perpendicular to the crack layers decreases quadratically with increasing frequency and the velocity dispersion varies from 1.9% to 4.7%. The variation in the velocity dispersion parallel and perpendicular to the cracks intensifies the anisotropy dispersion of the P-waves in the crack models (6.7% to 83%). The P-wave dispersion strongly depends on the scattering characteristics of the crack apertures.     

Development of dynamic slip model for a shear crack

<正>The objective of this paper is to develop a dynamic slip model for a shear crack under constant stress drop.This crack problem is formulated by a traction boundary integral equation(BIE) in the frequency domain and then solved by the hyper-singular boundary element method as well as the regularization technique proposed in this paper.Based on the spectral integral form of the kernel function,the unbounded term can be isolated and extracted from the hyper-singular kernel function by using the method of subtracted and added back in wave number domain.Finally,based on the inverse transformation from the frequency domain to the time domain,the time histories of crack opening displacement under constant stress drop can be determined.Three rupture models(simultaneous rupture model,symmetric bilaterally-propagating model and unilaterally propagating model) with specified time histories of stress drop are considered in this paper.Even though these three models will cause the same final slip shapes because of the same constant stress drop,the associated slip time functions differ significantly from each other during the rupture process.     

Tests on low‐ductility RC frames under high‐ and low‐frequency excitations

The response of low‐ductility reinforced concrete (RC) frames, designed typically for a non‐seismic region, subjected to two frequencies of base excitations is studied. Five half‐scaled, two‐bay, two‐storey, RC frames, each approximately 5 m wide by 3.3 m high, were subjected to both horizontal and/or vertical base excitations with a frequency of 40 Hz as well as a lower frequency of about 4 Hz (close to the fundamental frequency) using a shake table. The imposed acceleration amplitude ranged from 0.2 to 1.2g. The test results showed that the response characteristics of the structures differed under high‐ and low‐frequency excitations. The frames were able to sustain high‐frequency excitations without damage but were inadequate for low‐frequency excitations, even though the frames exhibited some ductility. Linear‐elastic time‐history analysis can predict reasonably well the structural response under high‐frequency excitations. As the frames were not designed for seismic loads, the reinforcement detailing may not have been adequate, based on the crack pattern observed. The effect of vertical excitation can cause significant additional forces in the columns and moment reversals in the beams. The ‘strong‐column, weak‐beam’ approach for lateral load RC frame design is supported by experimental observations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Shaking table 2‐D models of a concrete gravity dam

One of the most famous and studied cases of dams subjected to earthquake loading is the Koyna Dam in India. In this study, a two‐dimensional model of Koyna Dam at 1/50 scale was used on a shake table to simulate effects and serve as data for non‐linear computer model calibration. A new concrete mix was designed for the non‐linear similitude modelling. This new mix provided the correct kinematic failure of concrete at scale. Two models were tested to failure: one with an initial shrinkage crack and one monolith. Reservoir effects were not modelled. The results of both models are discussed and compared. The ability to model non‐linear effects is discussed. Published in 2000 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地震动态空区法与中、强震预报

本文在组合模式和立交模式的基础上提出了预报中、强地震的动态空区法，应用该法对我国大震进行了回顾性检验。结果表明，这一方法比单空区确定地震危险区有重要改进。文中还讨论了由动态空区出现的频次增多、地震共轭条带以及中小地震活动性加剧等判定震源断层的致锁和解锁时间，由此预测未来主震的震级和发震时间。