腾冲新生代火山分布特征

通过实地考察和资料对比,综合前人研究成果。最终得出腾冲地区新生代火山有６８座,并给出各个火山主要分布特征。同时根据火山喷发类型、岩性、时代、地域等相关性,腾冲火山区新生代火山划分为７个火山群;１．鸦乌山－－大黑山火山群;２．大团山－－黑龙湾火山群;３．马站火山群;４．打鹰山－－马鞍山火山群;５．余家大山－大六冲火山群;６来凤山－三益村火山群;．７大呼山－－照壁山火山群。腾冲新生代火山分布肯有数量多     

大兴安岭第四纪火山地质与地球化学研究

前言 中国东部中一新生代以来火山活动频繁,造就了绵延5000公里、宽达数百公里的陆相火山岩带,新生代玄武岩主要沿中国东部大陆边缘一系列北东向、北北东向的裂谷和断陷盆地分布,东北火山岩区位于其北端,是我国重要的新生代火山分布区。20世纪80年代以来,我国在中国东部火山岩年代学和岩石地球化学研究方面取得丰硕成果,但迄今为止,大兴安岭地区因森林覆盖,交通不便,其中隐藏的新生代火山（主要是第四纪火山）鲜为人知,     

黑龙江省新生代火山岩构造环境与地震活动

黑龙江省是中国新生代火山岩广泛分布的地区之一。通过对该省新生代火山岩构造环境的分析指出，本省西部火山岩区为大陆板内裂谷环境，地慢上隆、底辟是裂谷形成火山与地震活动的主要原因，而东部火山岩区火山与地震活动的动力则主要来自西太平洋板块对欧亚板块的俯冲作用。     

核工程选址中的火山调查与评价——以吉林省为例

火山活动是核电厂选址中无法回避的重要课题。吉林省新生代以来火山活动极为强烈,特别是第四纪和现代火山活动更为突出,据吉林省火山分布与喷发活动特点,分析了火山与地震活动、火山与构造活动、火山与深部环境的关系,以及火山类型与性质、火山危险性预测和灾害评估。在上述讨论的基础上,提出了在核电厂选址工作中有关火山调查和评价方法的建议     

浙江三界,谷来地区1／5万区域地质调查工作的主要进展

三界谷来地区主要出露中,新生代火山岩,进行１／５万区域地质调查时,采用火山活动旋回－火山构造－火山地层－岩相、岩性一体化思路,按照同旋回火 山机构或火山喷发区为单元,确定岩石地层单位和填图单位。火山岩划分为九种岩相类型,建立了两个岩相模式和一个三相一体成因模式。     

三维电性结构揭示的中国东北地区新生代火山深部起源

利用上地幔尺度的三维电性结构探讨了中国东北地区新生代火山的深部起源及彼此间联系.文章在该地区采集并获得了高质量的长周期大地电磁全阻抗张量数据,并采用高斯-牛顿法进行三维反演,得到了电阻率模型.该电阻率模型显示,中国东北地区高阻岩石圈内,存在多个局部低阻异常,它们在空间上和该区新生代火山对应;在上地幔深部,环松辽盆地分布三个低阻异常;软流圈中存在着脉状低阻异常,联系着岩石圈内和上地幔深部的低阻异常.岩石物理分析表明,这些低阻异常由流体熔融物质引起.俯冲到中国东北地区地幔转换带中的西太平洋板块发生持续脱水作用,模型则进一步揭示,这些水向上迁移到松辽盆地下方的转换带顶部并引起上地幔底部的部分熔融,在浮力作用下形成热物质上升流,融透软流圈后底辟于干枯岩石圈底部,最后刺穿较为薄弱或者活化的缝合带等构造边界,排出地表形成包括长白山火山、哈拉哈火山等整个中国东北地区新生代大规模火山事件.因此认为,中国东北地区的新生代火山"本是同根生",它们均起源于上地幔深部的环状低阻异常.     

新疆阿什库勒火山群野外地质科学考察

2011年5月4日至5月30日,由中国地震局地质研究所和新疆维吾尔自治区地震局组成的科考队,完成了2010年度地震行业专项“新疆于田7.3级地震与阿什库勒火山综合科学考察”的野外综合科学考察.火山地质组通过对阿什库勒火山群的野外地质、地貌实地考察,初步查明了阿什库勒盆地新生代火山类型、数量、结构参数和火山活动历史,并且...     

依兰—伊通裂谷火山活动与地震活动

沿着衣兰－伊通裂谷发育有新生代的火山喷发带和现代的地震活动带。本文论述了该裂谷及其火山与地震活动特征，并讨论了地震与火山贩关系，认为该裂谷的某些地震发生可能与深部岩浆活动有关。     

华南沿海的新生代火山

华南沿海地区,继晚侏罗世大规模火山活动之后,在新生代又发生了一系列中、基性火山岩啧溢。它们始于古新世,延续至全新世,尤以第四纪的火山喷发规模最大。本文以文献资料为基础,初步探讨本区新生代火山活动的某些特点。     

依兰－伊通裂谷火山活动与地震活动

依兰－伊通裂谷火山活动与地震活动陈洪洲，任锦章，徐亚勤（黑龙江省地震局哈尔滨１５０００８）摘要沿着依兰－伊通裂谷发育有新生代的火山喷发带和现代的地震活动带。本文论述了该裂谷及其火山与地震活动特征，并讨论了地震与火山的关系，认为该裂谷的某些地震发生可能...     

Morphology and mechanism of eruption of postglacial shield volcanoes in Iceland

Postglacial Icelandic shield volcanoes were formed in monogenetic eruptions mainly in the early Holocene epoch. Shield volcanoes vary in their cone morphology and in the areal extent of the associated lava flows. This paper presents the results of a study of 24 olivine tholeiite and 7 picrite basaltic shield volcanoes. For the olivine tholeiitic shields the median slope is 2.7°, the median height 60 m, the median diameter 3.6 km, the median aspect ratio (height against diameter) 0.019, and the median cone volume 0.2 km³. The picritic shield volcanoes are considerably steeper and smaller. A shield-volcano cone forms from successive lava lake overflows which are of shelly-type pahoehoe. A widespread apron surrounding the cone forms from tube-fed P-type pahoehoe. The slopes of the cones have (a) a planar or slightly convex form, (b) a concave form, or (c) a convex-concave form. A successive stage of a shield volcano is determined on the basis of cone morphology and lava assemblages. A shield-producing eruption has alternating episodes of lava lake overflows and tube-fed delivery to the distal parts of the flow field. In the late stages of eruption, the cone volume increases in response to the increased amount of rootless outpouring on the cone flanks. Normally, only a small percentage of the total erupted volume of a shield volcano, sometimes as little as 1–3%, is in the shield volcano cone itself, the main volume being in the apron of the shield.     

中国大陆火山监测研究进展

在过去几年里，长白山天池火山观测到了明显的地震活动增加、地表抬升和膨胀以及多种流体化学异常。地震学研究和形变模拟表明，长白山天池火山近年来的活动可能是由其下方的岩浆活动引起的。1993年以来，腾冲火山出现强烈的水热活动。地球化学参数的变化表明，气体源区的深度逐渐增加。火山区存在的震群活动、部分台站观测到的S波阴影区以及地表的缓慢抬升等，指示火山区存在一个岩浆系统。监测研究结果表明，目前我国大陆其他火山的活动性较弱。     

Geology and eruptive history of Unzen volcano, Shimabara Peninsula, Kyushu, SW Japan

During the past 500 thousand years, Unzen volcano, an active composite volcano in the Southwest Japan Arc, has erupted lavas and pyroclastic materials of andesite to dacite composition and has developed a volcanotectonic graben. The volcano can be divided into the Older and the Younger Unzen volcanoes. The exposed rocks of the Older Unzen volcano are composed of thick lava flows and pyroclastic deposits dated around 200–300 ka. Drill cores recovered from the basal part of the Older Unzen volcano are dated at 400–500 ka. The volcanic rocks of the Older Unzen exceed 120 km³ in volume. The Younger Unzen volcano is composed of lava domes and pyroclastic deposits, mostly younger than 100 ka. This younger volcanic edifice comprises Nodake, Myokendake, Fugendake, and Mayuyama volcanoes. Nodake, Myokendake and Fugendake volcanoes are 100–70 ka, 30–20 ka, and <20 ka, respectively. Mayuyama volcano formed huge lava domes on the eastern flank of the Unzen composite volcano about 4000 years ago. Total eruptive volume of the Younger Unzen volcano is about 8 km³, and the eruptive production rate is one order of magnitude smaller than that of the Older Unzen volcano.     

Volcanic Debris-avalanche Deposits of the Laoheishan Volcano and Huoshaoshan Volcano in Wudalianchi

Large amounts of volcanic debris-avalanche deposits, which take the shape of hummocks, are distributed around the peripheries of the Laoheishan volcano and Huoshaoshan volcano in Wudalianchi World Geopark. In earlier times, they were called "satellite volcanoes", namely, freestanding volcanoes. This paper points out that these deposits actually came from the collapse of the cones of these two volcanoes. When the lava flow spilled out at the base of the slope of the cones, the slope broke up and collapsed under the action of gravity. Later, ravines were formed on the slope. Caved slope clastics, accompanying lava flow, accumulated at the rims of the volcano cones. Although some accumulations may form very large cones, they are not volcanoes, but deposits of volcanic debris avalanches.     

Cladistic analysis applied to the classification of volcanoes

Cladistics is a systematic method of classification that groups entities on the basis of sharing similar characteristics in the most parsimonious manner. Here cladistics is applied to the classification of volcanoes using a dataset of 59 Quaternary volcanoes and 129 volcanic edifices of the Tohoku region, Northeast Japan. Volcano and edifice characteristics recorded in the database include attributes of volcano size, chemical composition, dominant eruptive products, volcano morphology, dominant landforms, volcano age and eruptive history. Without characteristics related to time the volcanic edifices divide into two groups, with characters related to volcano size, dominant composition and edifice morphology being the most diagnostic. Analysis including time based characteristics yields four groups with a good correlation between these groups and the two groups from the analysis without time for 108 out of 129 volcanic edifices. Thus when characters are slightly changed the volcanoes still form similar groupings. Analysis of the volcanoes both with and without time yields three groups based on compositional, eruptive products and morphological characters. Spatial clusters of volcanic centres have been recognised in the Tohoku region by Tamura et al. (Earth Planet Sci Lett 197:105–106, 2002). The groups identified by cladistic analysis are distributed unevenly between the clusters, indicating a tendency for individual clusters to form similar kinds of volcanoes with distinctive but coherent styles of volcanism. Uneven distribution of volcano types between clusters can be explained by variations in dominant magma compositions through time, which are reflected in eruption products and volcanic landforms. Cladistic analysis can be a useful tool for elucidating dynamic igneous processes that could be applied to other regions and globally. Our exploratory study indicates that cladistics has promise as a method for classifying volcanoes and potentially elucidating dynamic and evolutionary volcanic processes. Cladistics may also have utility in hazards assessment where spatial distributions and robust definitions of a volcano are important, as in locating sensitive facilities such as nuclear reactors and repositories.     

The pattern of circumferential and radial eruptive fissures on the volcanoes of Fernandina and Isabela islands,Galapagos

Maps of the eruptive vents on the active shield volcanoes of Fernandina and Isabela islands, Galapagos, made from aerial photographs, display a distinctive pattern that consists of circumferential eruptive fissures around the summit calderas and radial fissures lower on the flanks. On some volcano flanks either circumferential or radial eruptions have been dominant in recent time. The location of circumferential vents outside the calderas is independent of caldera-related normal faults. The eruptive fissures are the surface expression of dike emplacement, and the dike orientations are interpreted to be controlled by the state of stress in the volcano. Very few subaerial volcanoes display a pattern of fissures similar to that of the Galapagos volcanoes. Some seamounts and shield volcanoes on Mars morphologically resemble the Galapagos volcanoes, but more specific evidence is needed to determine if they also share common structure and eruptive style.     

2016年全球火山活动综述

通过对2016年全球活动火山监测信息的统计,2016年共有96座火山记录到喷发活动,主要分布在环太平洋俯冲带及印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞边界上。火山预警等级共有4个,可以标识火山的危险程度,本文根据火山每个预警等级在全年52次监测信息报道中的出现次数,将96座活动火山按危险程度划为4类,并对每类的火山活动作出了详细描述。2016年的火山喷发也造成了人员伤亡和财产损失,印度尼西亚是受火山灾害影响最严重的国家。此外,根据火山灰柱海拔高度的整理及近年活动火山数量的调查,推测2016年的火山活动仅会使火山附近区域的天气受到影响,应不会引起全球性的气候异常。      

黑龙江省莲花山第四纪火山

本文论述了黑龙江省莲花山火山的火山景观、喷发时代、岩石学和岩石化学、构造和经济地质。根据莲花山火山石龙岩同位素测年和第四纪地层层序资料,其喷发时代属早更新世。新取得的岩石的稀土元素、微量元素、幔源包体和巨晶资料表明其岩性和五大连池相似,又略有差别。作者认为莲花山和尖山为五大连池火山往-西南的延伸。广义的五大连池火山群包括五大连池、莲花山和尖山,共21座火山锥。     

Post miocene volcanoes on Bougainville Island,territory of Papua and New Guinea

Seventeen post-Miocene strato volcanoes have been identified on Bougainville, the largest island of the Solomon Group. From north-west to south-east, these are the Tore, Balbi, Numa Numa, Billy Mitchell, Bagana, Reini, and Bakanovi volcanoes and the Takuan and Toroka groups of volcanoes: the Taroka group includes Loloru volcano. In addition there are several other post-Miocene volcanoes in northern Bougainville which have not been accurately delineated. Only three of the volcanoes are active or potentially active; these are Bagana, the most active volcano in the Territory of New Guinea, and the dormant Balbi and Loloru volcanoes. The volcanoes are built up of lavas and pyroclastic deposits mostly of andesitic composition, although some dacitic rocks are also present. Modal and chemical analyses show that these rocks belong to the calc-alkaline suite characteristic of orogesic regions.     

中国火山危险性等级与活动性分类

介绍了中国大陆全新世活动火山喷发危险性的评价与活动性分类。火山喷发危险性评价是进行火山活动性分类的基础,参照国外火山活动度水平与火山警报等级,根据火山动力背景特征与火山前兆异常特征确定了中国火山喷发危险性评价等级,它们是安全、注意、警惕、警报、危险、灾害、灾难等7级。根据火山活动的危险性,将中国火山的活动性分为4类:1)处于活动状态的火山——长白山天池火山,已经进入扰动期;2)有活动迹象的火山——腾冲火山,仍然处于平静状态,存在潜在的喷发危险;3)有潜在活动可能的火山,包括五大连池、镜泊湖与海口火山,各种地球物理、地球化学观察都处于背景值范围;4)活动性不明的火山