闭合裂纹面相互作用的实验研究

为了研究地震过程中断层面的相互作用,设计了四类裂纹面状况不同的断裂力学实验。实验结果表明,裂纹面的状况对于含裂纹材料的σ_c(2^1/2)值有强烈的影响,并利用断裂力学的原理对结果进行了分析。 实验中解决了如下技术关键: 1.可用三点弯曲、局部受拉、单面启裂、双面贯穿的方法,在脆性材料板状试件（玻璃板、岩石板）以及有机玻璃板中预制中心穿透裂纹。 2.在裂纹端部预计裂纹扩展的区域内粘贴电阻应变片,用以判断并测量裂纹初始扩展及其相应的破坏应力σ_c的方法。     

1970年1月5日云南通海地震的震源特征

本文根据长周期地震仪记录的P波资料,研究了通海地震（M_s=7.7）的震源参数和破裂过程。该地震沿着北西西走向的曲江断裂扩展,为非对称的双侧破裂,北西侧为24公里,东南侧为32公里,平均破裂速度为2.3公里/秒;地震矩为4.34×10²⁶达因·厘米,应力降为21巴;地震前后存在无震滑动;余震除沿主破裂面分布外,还大量集中于主破裂面的东南端的扩展分支上,并与主破裂面偏离80°左右。     

具有孔边裂纹的岩石厚壁筒试件的破裂特征

用五种应力途径对由五种岩石制备的孔边有予裂纹的厚壁筒试件进行实验,研究上述条件下岩石的破裂特征。结果表明:对含径向并贯穿轴向裂纹的试件,其破裂沿裂纹方向,为典型的张开型破裂;含与定直径成45°角并贯穿轴向裂纹的试件,破裂亦呈张开型,其裂面始于裂纹前缘,但却折转约45°角与定直径近于平行;中心含与轴向成45°角的椭圆裂纹试件的破裂,仍沿裂纹面方向,为张开型与滑开型的复合破裂。     

裂纹系微破裂集结和动态扩展的实验研究

研究了裂纹系的动态破裂,重点考察了裂纹系相互作用.选用大理石、玻璃为实验材料,将其加工成薄板状,并在板内预制各种不同形态的裂纹系,在单轴压下用可见光透视观察裂纹系动态相互作用的破裂过程.实验中发现,岩石的动态破裂过程和玻璃有很大差别,岩石的裂纹系动态相互作用后期是通过微破裂演化来实现的,而在玻璃中观察不到.裂纹系的不均匀应力场分布是破裂演化的初始原因.通过实验,给出大理石材料中各种不同形态裂纹系的动态破裂演化的全场过程图像,直观地揭示了含裂纹系岩石变形破坏的实质.实验显示了不同几何形态的裂纹系的破裂发育过程有明显区别.在微破裂集结时,周围的破裂部分闭合.因此,用二维模型描述的微破裂图像和实际有很大出入.为了消除这个差距,必须研究三维破裂.本文的实验结果表明,裂纹(断层)不能起到阻碍破裂扩展的作月;裂纹(断层)作为障碍体,和预存裂纹之间存在强烈的相互作用,使得样品的强度降低几乎一个量级.讨论了上述结论对于认识地震(包括矿震)断层行为的意义.     

断层三维扩展过程的实验研究

实验研究三维断层的形成和扩展对于理解实际断层作用过程具有重要意义．在双轴压缩条件下开展了断层三维扩展过程的实验研究,利用多通道数字化高密度应变观测和基于可见光图像分析的数字散斑相关测量技术对岩石样品应变场的详细结构进行了动态观测和分析,同时利用多通道声发射全波形三维定位系统对样品内部微破裂的发育过程进行了观测．实验结果表明,断层在三维空间的扩展模式与二维明显不同,表现出更复杂的空间展布形态和变形机制．断层的三维扩展过程可以划分为3个基本阶段：第一裂纹扩展阶段——翼裂纹扩展阶段、转换阶段——花瓣裂纹活动阶段和第二裂纹扩展阶段——贝壳断面形成阶段．不同阶段具有不同的主导裂纹扩展方式,并对应不同的变形场和微破裂分布．其中,花瓣裂纹活动阶段在三维断层的发育过程中至关紧要,它是从表面似二维扩展向三维扩展转换的关键,也是三维断层扩展区别于二维断层的核心所在。     

双轴压缩下组合裂纹的动态扩张实验研究

本文运用动态光弹性技术，实验研究了几种与地震孕育构造背景相近的组合裂纹在双轴压缩下的扩展规律，对裂纹扩展路径、稳定性作了分析，并与单轴压缩情况进行了对比，同时还研究了摩擦力对裂纹扩展的影响。通过上述研究，得出了压剪应力场中裂纹稳定扩展等结论。     

唐山地震序列的构造过程

本文采用地质构造、地震活动图象、震源机制资料综合分析方法,对唐山地震序列主要的构造过程进行研究。其结果表明,唐山地震序列是一个由多条断裂参加并逐次活动的复杂构造过程。先后显示活动的断裂及其错动性质是:唐山断裂带右旋剪切、蓟运河断裂左旋剪切、滦县—乐亭断裂右旋剪切、卢龙断裂右旋剪切。北西向蓟运河断裂与唐山断裂带构成一对共轭剪切构造。沿唐山断裂带的主震破裂面由初始阶段的北北东向北东—北东东和南西方向扩展,形成不对称的“S”形曲面。与现代地壳应力场最大剪切应力方向不完全一致的先存断裂的活动和地震破裂面转向扩展,是序列震源机制解P、T轴取向离散的主要原因之一。     

在围压条件下切口岩石破裂过程的实验研究

本文根据地震的断层说观点在室温、围压600—1,200巴条件下研究了具切口的花岗闪长岩、辉长岩和大理岩试件的破裂发展过程。在连续增加的差应力作用下观测到:切口内部充填的软弱夹层首先发生剪切变形和破裂,接着在切口端部一侧扩展张性裂纹,然后在切口前缘方向扩展剪切裂纹,最后发生贯通试件的剪切和张裂-剪切主破坏。张裂纹扩展长度受到围压的强烈抑制。岩石的切口结构和岩性变化对破裂迹线的空间展布和主破坏机制有重要影响。讨论了实验结果在断层扩展型地震的形成过程及其在预报预测方面的意义     

利用视震源时间函数反演尼泊尔M_S8.1地震破裂过程

以2015年4月26日MS7.1余震为经验格林函数事件,利用全国和全球的宽频带记录提取了2015年4月25日尼泊尔MS8.1地震的P波视震源时间函数和Rayleigh波视震源时间函数,并通过联合反演这些视震源时间函数获得了这次地震的时空破裂过程图像.无论是P波视震源时间函数还是Rayleigh波视震源时间函数都呈现出很强的方位依赖性,表明震源断层具有相当的尺度且破裂朝东南方向扩展.时空破裂过程图像清楚地证实了这一特征,并更清晰地显示,破裂几乎是纯粹的单侧破裂,从破裂起始点开始,沿断层面向东南方向扩展~100km,同时沿断层面向深部扩展~80km,形成~125°的破裂优势方向和~5.8m的最大位错.地震的破裂时间历史相对简单,呈非间断性扩展,持续时间约50s.     

用超小型压力机研究裂纹的稳态与非稳态扩展

本文利用显微镜观察记录了玻璃中预制小裂纹稳态与非稳态扩展的全过程。当对玻璃加载到初始压力P和压缩量u时,停止加载,并观察稳态扩展过程,测量破裂扩展的速度。根据测量结果,发现在预制裂纹稳态扩展时,扩展速度随着时间在增长,而初始压力P和压缩量u却保持不变。但是一旦非稳态扩展出现,初始压力P和压缩量u便突然下降。实验中的应力降和地震中的应力降在数量级上是相同的。最后我们讨论了稳态扩展过程中P和u不变的原因。我们认为:Griffith的破裂准则应用到破裂过程时不是十分完善的,需要作适当的修正。     

The study of barrier fracture in relation to earthquake and rockburst prediction

One of the simplest models of earthquakes and rockbursts was studied in laboratory conditions in which the fracture was initiated in a barrier between two preexisting faults. The treated models were built of concrete; during the construction of the models, the stress concentrators were inserted inside the models. This arrangement enabled the shear displacement to occur during uniaxial loading of the model. The tests were made on the series of models, the sizes of which were mutually varying more than one order. In the process of the barrier fracture propagation, the following were investigated: the time and space changes of local deformations as well as the acoustic emission, velocities and amplitudes of elastic waves, electrical conductivity and proper electro-induction. The process of barrier fracturing can be understood in three fundamental stages. In the course of the first stage, the density of small tensile cracks increases considerably, while the volume in which they exist is gradually enlarged. In the second stage, as the result, of these cracks coupling, longer shear cracks are created. During the coupling, due to the development of numerous regions of unstable deformation, the zones of nonequal rigidity arise in the treated medium, distributed within it in a mosaic-like pattern. In the third stage, the main fracture is prepared and formed with simultaneous unloading of the surrounding medium. The process of crack forming is gradually localized into a more narrow zone.The second and third stages of fracture forming are reflected in variations of all the above-mentioned physical parameters which are therefore identified as the precursors of the main fracture. By means of the series of precursors it is possible to find the reliable prediction of a barrier fracture.     

最小能量准则用于1995年河北沙城ML 4.1地震序列破裂性质的探讨

运用变分原理,我们得到了最小地震波辐射能量约束准则并用于研究震源的物理过程.通过研究1995年M_L4.1河北沙城地震序列主震和余震的动力学过程,可知主震和余震震源的动态破裂过程明显不同;M_L4.1主震的破裂速度与瑞利波速相近,约为剪切波速度的0.89倍;而28个余震的破裂速度远远小于剪切波速度,大约是剪切波速度的0.05到0.55倍.根据裂纹扩展模型,计算得到其余震的地震波辐射效率多在10％以下,这也说明了余震的地震效率较低.我们认为余震震源的动态破裂过程应与断层内部新生裂纹的扩展有关,而非简单的岩体间的相对滑动.余震震源的动态破裂传播与破裂能占主导地位的小地震有关.这些小震所带来的破裂能也导致了断层的进一步扩展.在对该地震序列的研究中,我们发现主震与余震的震源破裂过程在能量分配上有着本质的区别.因此当地震断层尺度相当小时,破裂能的贡献不能忽略,它的大小将显著地影响地震波辐射能的大小.     

最小能量准则用于1995年河北沙城ML 4.1地震序列破裂性质的探讨

运用变分原理,我们得到了最小地震波辐射能量约束准则并用于研究震源的物理过程.通过研究1995年ML4.1河北沙城地震序列主震和余震的动力学过程,可知主震和余震震源的动态破裂过程明显不同;ML4.1主震的破裂速度与瑞利波速相近,约为剪切波速度的0.89倍;而28个余震的破裂速度远远小于剪切波速度,大约是剪切波速度的0.05到0.55倍.根据裂纹扩展模型,计算得到其余震的地震波辐射效率多在10%以下,这也说明了余震的地震效率较低.我们认为余震震源的动态破裂过程应与断层内部新生裂纹的扩展有关,而非简单的岩体间的相对滑动.余震震源的动态破裂传播与破裂能占主导地位的小地震有关.这些小震所带来的破裂能也导致了断层的进一步扩展.在对该地震序列的研究中,我们发现主震与余震的震源破裂过程在能量分配上有着本质的区别.因此当地震断层尺度相当小时,破裂能的贡献不能忽略,它的大小将显著地影响地震波辐射能的大小.     

Earthquake rupture complexity due to dynamic nucleation and interaction of subsidiary faults

We numerically study the dynamic interaction of propagating cracks. It is assumed that propagating cracks can nucleate and drive subsidiary cracks because of shear strain enhancement near the propagating crack tips. The critical strain fracture criterion is assumed in the analysis. Intense interaction is expected to occur among the cracks. All the cracks are assumed to be parallel and antiplane strain deformation is assumed in the computation.In the interaction of two non-coplanar cracks, a strain shadow is formed in the neighborhood of each crack because of the strain release by the introduction of the crack. The growth of each crack is accelerated when the propagating tips of each crack are outside of the strain shadow of the other crack. In general, the crack tips enter the strain shadow, and the crack tips decelerate. The calculation shows that only one of the two cracks can continue to grow, and the other's growth is decelerated and arrested. If we can assume that the suite of cracks interact in a pairwise manner only, then this may suggest that only a limited number of cracks can continue to grow during the final stage of the rupture process. Hence the crack interaction causes complexity in dynamic earthquake faulting. The concepts of barrier and asperity have been employed by many researchers for the interpretation of complex seismic wave data. However, the physical realities of such concepts are obscure. Our calculations show that dynamic crack interactions can produce barriers and asperities in some cases; the crack tip deceleration or arrest due to the interactions among non-coplanar cracks can be interpreted as being due to a barrier. The dynamic coalescence among the coplanar cracks can be regarded as an asperity.Umeda found a localized area that strongly radiates high-frequency seismic waves in the epicentral areas of some large shallow earthquakes. He defined this as an earthquake bright spot. Our analysis implies that only a limited number of cracks continue to grow when many interactive cracks nucleate, and that all other cracks stop extending soon after nucleation. Hence, if the nucleation and termination of several cracks occur in a localized area, it will be observed seismologically as an earthquake bright spot. This is because it is theoretically known that the sudden termination of crack growth and dynamic crack coalescence efficiently emits high-frequency elastic waves.     

分析地震波估算地壳内的应力值

本文讨论了利用破裂力学理论说明地震破裂的过程, 认为地震本质上是岩石在应力作用下的低应力破裂现象.它是岩石中的裂纹不断稳态扩展、最后进入失稳扩展的结果.分析了在扩展过程中应力和位移的变化, 发现任何将要破裂的那一点的应力都要由初始应力0升高到屈服应力y 以后才破裂, 破裂后裂纹面上的点的应力降到0.在破裂前和破裂后的位移, 都可由弹性力学方程给出.在破裂的一瞬间破裂的端点产生的非弹性位移, 则不能由弹性力学方程给出.它可以由断裂力学中的裂纹滑开位移公式近似给出.根据位错模式由于计算弹性波辐射场的位错量 D(, t), 正是破裂瞬间产生的非弹性位移, 所以用弹性位移公式来计算地震位错量是错误的.我们采用了裂纹滑开位移公式来计算地震位错量, 从而导出了较合理的计算地震释放总能量的公式 ET=yDS(y 为屈服强度;D为平均位错;S 为断层面积)以及估算初始应力值0的公式:0 =[Dmax/L4y/(1-) ]1/2(L 为断层长度).用它们计算了一些地震的 Er 和0, 分别列于表1和表2.这些结果比以往的结果要更合理一些。 结果表明:(1)地震多数是在低应力作用下(即低初始应力)发生的(约100——200巴);(2)地震释放的总能量约比地震波能量大一个数量级.      

岩石裂纹附近的变形局部化与破坏——激光全息干涉法的应用

本文介绍了应用激光全息干涉法观测单轴压缩条件下裂纹附近的离面位移场和岩石的变形破坏过程。着重指出了裂纹构造活动与微裂隙丛集发育的变形局部化前兆在这种破坏过程中的相互关联,并就其所反映的震源物理本质进行了讨论。     

A two－dimensional earthquake fault modeling with fractal structure strength distribution

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The role of magma vapors in volcanic tremors and rapid eruptions

A fracture dynamics model in which an igneous intrusion of magma within a crack occurs is used to describe the psysical processes of magma transport. A symbiotic relationship exists between the crack and the fluid. The crack tip cannot accelerate faster than the fluid within it can flow in the channel provided by the crack, and the speed of the fluid is limited by its own viscosity. A volatile phase at the tip of the crack at lithostatic pressures will allow the crack to accelerate to high speeds, since the viscosity of a volatile is small. It is proposed that periods of quiescence in volcanic activities may not in fact be quiet, but only periods where the crack velocity (and therefore the magma transport rate) is slow. At rapid crack velocities, where there is sufficient kinetic energy for the generation of abundant acoustic radiation, the crack generates a detectable seismic signal. From this point of view, seismic methods always underestimate the size of cracks. The analyses here apply fracture dynamics to the Kilauea cruption of 1963.     

Phenomenology of seismic macrofracture formation

A phenomenological scheme is proposed for the formation of a seismic macrofracture in the crust through multiscale avalanche-like crack coalescence of the inverse cascade type. Relations connecting fractal dimensions of crack sets and the concentration criterion of coalescence of cracks that are required for the onset of multiscale fracture are obtained. It is shown that the enlargement of cracks from micro-to macroscales includes a relatively small number of hierarchical coalescence stages.     

裂纹间动态相互作用的实验观测与理论分析──以共线剪切裂纹归并为例

本文以共线剪切裂纹的归并为例,研究裂纹系的动态相互作用．实验结果表明：在张破裂的意义上,小间距共线剪切裂纹的内端部实际上是阻碍结构,通过迂回弯曲的张破裂归并．本文提出一种估计张破裂扩展途径的近似方法,利用张应力破裂判据找出了潜在的破裂扩展途径的第一近似,较好地模拟了共线裂纹的破裂途径,和现有的数值模拟方法比较,可以大大缩短机时,简化计算程序,保证精确度．本研究结出了岩石剪切破裂“隧道效应”（即破裂跳过障碍体,而障碍体本身不破坏）的机理,还给出了脆性介质在摩擦、磨损过程中碎屑产生的机理．