考虑土与结构相互作用效应的结构减震控制大型振型台模型试验研究

本文设计并完成了考虑土与结构相互作用的结构减震控制大型振动台模型试验，通过对四种结构形式的对比试验。探讨了土与结构相互作用（SSI）效应对结构地震反应的影响以及调谐质量阻尼器（TMD）在刚性和柔性地基条件下对主体结构的减震效应。通过比较同一地震动作用下主体结构在刚性和柔性两种地基条件下的地震反应，可知：SS效应具有降低和提高结构减震控制效果的双重作用，其综合效果与输入地震动的频谱特性，加速度峰值大小有关。由于SSI效应在结构地震反应中发挥着双重的作用，因而使得基于刚性地基假定了设计的TMD减震控制系统在柔性地基条件下的控制效果不太理想，甚至会出现负面效应。本文还探讨了在生地基条件下影响减震控制效果的一些因素。     

考虑土与结构相互作用效应的结构减震控制大型振动台模型试验研究

本文设计并完成了考虑土与结构相互作用的结构减震控制大型振动台模型试验。通过对四种结构形式的对比试验，探讨了土与结构相互作用（ＳＳＩ）效应对结构地震反应的影响以及调谐质量阻尼器（ＴＭＤ）在刚性和柔性地基条件下对主体结构的减震效应。通过比较同一地震动作用下主体结构在刚性和柔性两种地基条件下的地震反应，可知：ＳＳＩ效应具有降低和提高结构减震控制效果的双重作用，其综合效果与输入地震动的频谱特性、加速度峰值大小有关。由于ＳＳＩ效应在结构地震反应中发挥着双重的作用，因而使得基于刚性地基假定下设计的ＴＭＤ减震控制系统在柔性地基条件下的控制效果不太理想，甚至会出现负面效应。本文还探讨了在柔性地基条件下影响结构减震控制效果的一些因素。     

土与结构动力相互作用体系振动台模型试验研究

设计并完成了土与结构动力相互作用体系的大型振动台模型试验，通过将同种加载条件下的刚性地基和柔性地基上结构地震反应进行对比，分析了SSI效应对一幢十层框架结构地震反应的影响。由试验结果可知：在SSI效应作用下，基底输入地震动的强度和频谱特性发生了显著的变化；由于SSI效应的作用，刚性地基和柔性地基上的结构地震反应存在较大差别，且在一定条件下，SSI效应对结构地震反应能起到减震作用。     

考虑土-结构动力相互作用的TMD结构减震控制

本文分析了TMD(Tuned mass damper)在刚性地基和柔性地基情况下的减震控制机理,以某6层钢筋混凝土框架结构为研究对象,分别考虑了土-结构动力相互作用对无TMD控制结构的影响,场地条件对TMD减震控制性能的影响和土-结构动力相互作用对TMD减震控制性能的影响。通过分析得出TMD控制系统的减震效果除了与输入地震动特性有关外,还与场地条件、上部结构和基础的动力特性等因素有关。如果土-结构动力相互作用体系的自振周期远离输入地震动的卓越周期,则相互作用体系的地震响应较小。地基土越软,框架建筑结构层间相对位移地震响应也就越小。如果考虑土-结构动力相互作用效应的影响设计TMD调频系统的自振周期,则TMD的控制效果会有一定程度的提高。     

基于Simulink的桩-土-结构相互作用反应谱分析

在Simulink环境下对桩-土-结构相互作用系统进行了仿真计算分析,并利用反应谱理论研究了SSI效应对上部结构动力响应的影响.采用集中参数模型考虑桩-土对上部结构的影响,上部结构简化为单质点模型,给出了桩-土-结构系统的状态方程,根据模型状态方程在Simulink环境下建立系统的仿真模型,得到了不同场地条件下SSI效应对上部结构加速度谱与位移谱的影响规律.计算结果表明:位移谱基本保持着“刚性假定＜Ⅰ类场地＜Ⅱ类场地＜Ⅲ、Ⅳ类场地”的规律;加速度谱受场地影响的规律不太明显,但在场地较软、桩基刚度较大时,加速度比刚性假定下的要小,而在其他情况下,加速度则比刚性假定下的要大.     

考虑SSI效应的层间隔震结构自振特性及随机响应分析

基于水平摇摆阻尼系统模型,建立土-层间隔震结构简化分析模型,将地基土等效到上部结构,推导得到简化模型动力特性参数表达式,并通过对结构周期比及振型参与位移进行分析,讨论质量比及土体剪切波速对层间隔震结构自振特性的影响规律。利用虚拟激励法及均匀调制非平稳随机响应分析方法,分别从时域和频域角度分析不同场地条件下SSI效应对层间隔震结构的振动响应影响。结果表明：在刚性地基下,结构质量比对结构周期比及振型参与位移的影响较小,SSI效应放大了各子结构响应,尤其对下部子结构响应影响最大,各子结构在场地土差异下变化明显,软土场地下各子结构响应变大。     

带刚性伸臂减震层高层结构抗震效果分析

带刚性伸臂减震层高层结构的抗震性能较好,但其相关研究却比较少。本文通过推导黏滞阻尼器的单周简谐振动耗能能力公式,得到黏滞阻尼器在高层建筑中合适的参数设置范围。假定总阻尼系数和单个阻尼器的其他参数不变,比较设置1~4道刚性伸臂减震层时结构的性能差异,可知多道减震层结构单个指标虽不是最好,但综合性能更好。假定单个阻尼器其他参数不变时,通过变化结构总阻尼系数,得知带刚性伸臂减震层高层结构附设阻尼器存在最优总阻尼系数(即最优附加阻尼比),通过对相应内力和位移规律的总结,得到结构合理总阻尼系数的选取规则。由此可知,附加阻尼比大小而非减震层数量才是决定此类减震结构抗震性能的关键。     

偏心结构减震设计中粘弹性阻尼器的优化布置

偏心结构在地震作用下的扭转效应过大会导致结构抗震性能的退化,加速结构的破坏。为有效控制偏心结构在地震作用下的平扭耦联反应,根据粘弹性阻尼结构的性能与特点,采用3种不同的控制函数对偏心结构进行了阻尼器的优化布置,并以一个6层的偏心结构为例,比较了不同控制函数下结构的减震效果。结果表明,3种不同的目标控制函数均可有效控制偏心结构的平扭耦联效应,减小结构的扭转反应,所得结果可为实际工程粘弹性阻尼器的优化布置提供有益参考。     

设有粘弹性阻尼器的结构体系的受力分析

探讨了安装有粘弹性阻尼器的结构体系在地震荷载作用下,其结构刚度,结构阻尼,阻尼器刚度和阻尼器经对体系层间剪力分配的影响,给出了大阻尼结构体系在进行结构抗震设计时层间剪力的分配原则,分析了粘弹性阻尼材料在地震荷载作用下,由于吸收地震能量而导致的温度升高对结构减震效果的影响。     

软弱场地上考虑SSI效应的隔震结构水平向减震系数研究

依据建筑抗震设计规范反应谱曲线,同时考虑SSI效应对隔震结构及非隔震结构水平地震作用的影响,建立了软弱场地上考虑SSI效应的隔震结构水平向减震系数的简化算法。在此基础上给出了软弱场地上考虑SSI效应的隔震结构计算流程,深入研究了考虑SSI效应的隔震结构水平向减震系数在不同影响参数下的变化规律。通过参数研究发现:软弱场地条件下多层隔震结构考虑SSI效应的的水平向减震系数随波速参数、周期比和高宽比的增大而增大,相应的隔震效果越差;而软弱场地条件下高层隔震结构在达到一定的周期比时,考虑SSI效应的水平向减震系数随波速参数的增大而增大,但增幅较小,考虑SSI效应的水平向减震系数随高宽比的增大而减小。研究表明:软弱场地条件下隔震结构经过合理的设计,水平向减震系数可达到预期值,隔震结构能取得较理想的隔震效果。     

A method of calculating the non‐linear seismic response of a building braced with viscoelastic dampers

Buildings are continually subject to dynamic loads, such as wind load, seismic ground motion, and even the load from internal utility machines. The recent trend of constructing more flexible high‐rise buildings underscores the importance of including viscoelastic dampers in building designs. Viscoelastic dampers are used to control the dynamic response of a building. If the seismic design is based only on the linear response spectrum, considerable error may occur when calculating the seismic response of a building; rubber viscoelastic dampers show non‐linear hysteretic damping that is quite different from viscous damping. This study generated a non‐linear response spectrum using a non‐linear oscillator model to simulate a building with viscoelastic dampers installed. The parameters used in the non‐linear damper model were obtained experimentally from dynamic loading tests. The results show that viscoelastic dampers effectively reduce the seismic displacement response of a structure, but transmit more seismic force to the structure, which essentially increases its seismic acceleration response. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Probabilistic estimation of inelastic displacement demands in soil–structure interaction systems on cohesive soils

Inelastic displacement ratios (IDRs) of nonlinear soil–structure interaction (SSI) systems located at sites with cohesive soils are investigated in this study. To capture the effects of inelastic cyclic behavior of the supporting soil, the Beam on Nonlinear Winkler Foundation (BNWF) model is used. The superstructure is modeled using an inelastic single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system model. Nonlinear SSI systems representing various combinations of unconfined compressive strengths and shear wave velocities are considered in the analysis. A set of strong ground motions recorded at sites with soft to stiff soils is used for considering the record-to-record variability of IDRs. It is observed that IDRs for nonlinear SSI systems are sensitive to the strength and the stiffness properties of both the soil and the structure. For the case of SSI systems on the top of cohesive soils, the compressive strength of the soil has a significant impact on the IDRs, which cannot be captured by considering only the shear wave velocity of the soil. Based on the results of nonlinear time-history analysis, a new equation is proposed for estimating the mean and the dispersion of IDRs of SSI systems depending on the characteristic properties of the supporting soil, dimensions of the foundation, and properties of the superstructure. A probabilistic framework is presented for the performance-based seismic design of SSI systems located at sites with cohesive soils.     

Effects of soil-structure interaction on seismic response of PC cable-stayed bridge

This paper attempts to assess the effects of dynamic soil-structure interaction (SSI) on the seismic behavior of a PC cable-stayed bridge placed on a moderately deep soil stratum overlying rigid bedrock, and to evaluate the applicability of a simple mass-spring model in evaluating SSI. Parametric analysis is performed to investigate the significance of SSI under various stiffness, foundation depth conditions using finite element methods. The applicability of a mass-spring model is discussed by comparison with FEM. The results of analysis reveal the influence of SSI on the seismic behavior of bridge-soil system, and recommendations for aseismic design are provided. The mass-spring model proves to be promising for representing the seismic behavior of the bridge-soil system, and the mechanism is interpreted in detail.     

极限安全地震动下考虑土-结构相互作用的核电站安全壳响应分析

根据黏弹性人工边界的基本原理,结合有限元分析软件ABAQUS和MATLAB辅助程序,在地基有限区域上添加黏弹性人工边界并实现极限安全地震动的输入。基于ABAQUS软件平台,对CPR1000安全壳构建了土-结构相互作用体系的数值模拟模型,分析其在极限地震动下的动力响应,并将计算结果与考虑刚性基础的安全壳结构响应数据进行对比。结果表明:核电站CPR1000安全壳结构在极限安全地震动下仍能保持良好的密闭性。考虑土-结构相互作用后分析所得安全壳结构受到的应力、加速度峰值和相对位移均有所增大,使用刚性地基模型要偏于危险。     

考虑SSI效应储油罐的子结构实验方法与数值模拟

提出了应用振动台子结构试验方法来研究考虑土-结构相互作用（SSI）效应储罐的抗震性能,该方法将土体简化为双自由度八参量集总参数模型进行模拟,储罐作为试验子结构应用振动台加载,两部分联机完成振动台子结构试验。该方法能完成大比例尺储罐试验,具有传统试验方法难以比拟的优势。然后,通过数值模拟分析了SSI效应对储罐动力响应的影响。分别研究了不同储液高度和不同地基刚度对储罐位移和加速度响应的影响。研究结果表明：考虑SSI效应时,罐体位移响应和加速度响应均有所减小,土质越软,效果越明显;随着储液高度的增高,位移、加速度反应呈现减小趋势。     

带耗能腋撑竖向不规则短肢剪力墙结构减震性能分析

在不影响建筑使用空间前提下,提出在抗侧构件不连续处设置耗能腋撑以改善竖向不规则结构抗震性能。以底部大空间短肢剪力墙结构为研究对象,利用大型通用有限元程序ETABS研究耗能器类型与场地土对耗能腋撑工作性能和竖向不规则结构受力性能的影响。研究表明,黏滞型耗能腋撑对文中分析模型各楼层地震反应有较好的控制效果,对转换层处层间位移角与层剪力最大值减幅最大,分别为40.14%和15.66%,对顶层加速度与基底剪力峰值的最大减幅分别为16.06%和23.57%,黏滞型耗能腋撑最大能耗散输入结构能量的42%,而黏弹型耗能腋撑对结构的控制效果不理想;当地震震级较大、震中距较小时,耗能腋撑对坚硬与软弱场地土的模型结构控制作用相差不大,减震位移比在转换层处达到最小值0.76;随着震级减小或震中距增大,耗能腋撑对该模型结构的控制作用随场地土变硬而逐渐增强,其减震位移比介于0.68～0.74之间。     

Simplified analysis of frame structures with viscoelastic dampers considering the effect of soil-structure interaction

In this study, simplified numerical models are developed to analyze the soil-structure interaction (SSI) effect on frame structures equipped with viscoelastic dampers (VEDs) based on pile group foundation. First, a single degree-of-freedom (SDOF) oscillator is successfully utilized to replace the SDOF energy dissipated structure considering the SSI effect. The equivalent period and damping ratio of the system are obtained through analogical analysis using the frequency transfer function with adoption of the modal strain energy (MSE) technique. A parametric analysis is carried out to study the SSI effect on the performance of VEDs. Then the equilibrium equations of the multi degree-of-freedom (MDOF) structure with VEDs considering SSI effect are established in the frequency domain. Based on the assumption that the superstructure of the coupled system possesses the classical normal mode, the MDOF superstructure is decoupled to a set of individual SDOF systems resting on a rigid foundation with adoption of the MSE technique through formula derivation. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed methods have the advantage of reducing computational cost, however, retaining the satisfactory accuracy. The numerical method proposed herein can provide a fast evaluation of the efficiency of VEDs considering the SSI effect.     

Preseismic Creep Strains Revealed by Ground Tilt Measurements in Central Italy on the Occasion of the 1997 Umbria-Marche Apennines Earthquake Sequence

-- Daily averaged tilt component data from four sites of the Central Apennines (Italy) revealed intermediate-term tilts of a few months as possible precursors of the seismic sequence occurred in the Umbria-Marche region during 1997. A change was also observed in the secular tectonic trend recorded at one site and referred to the same seismic sequence. The observed intermediate-term preseismic tilts are considered as the manifestation of aseismic creep episodes in the fault materials close to the tilt sites. The mechanism refers to a strain field slowly propagating from the dilatancy (focal) area to the tiltmeters, through rigid crustal blocks separated by weak transition zones with viscoelastic rheology. This propagation is thought to be the cause of the local aseismic fault slip recorded by tiltmeters. In one case such creep strains revealed to have larger amplitude and higher frequency content than those accepted for fault materials, and this was attributed to an amplified response of the heterogeneous ground surface at the site. The existence of a propagating strain field is confirmed by the different onset time delays in the preseismic tilt signals recorded at different distances from the same earthquake. In particular, the onset time delays observed at each tilt site appear to increase with increasing distance of such site from the epicentral area. At greatest distances, where the preseismic strain becomes negligible, the characteristic intermediate-term ground tilts vanish completely.     

附加黏弹性阻尼与金属阻尼耗能的自复位墙结构抗震性能对比分析

相对传统结构,自复位墙结构在地震作用下具有更大的变形能力且几乎无残余位移,但其耗能能力较弱,需采用附加阻尼来增加整体耗能.目前,金属阻尼器已广泛用于自复位墙结构,其可显著减小结构大震下的地震响应,但小震下的位移和加速度减震效果不佳.因此,将小变形下即可耗能的黏弹性阻尼器应用于自复位墙结构中.设计一幢10层自复位墙结构,分别采用黏弹性阻尼器和 U 型金属阻尼器作为附加耗能构件,通过弹塑性时程分析对比采用两种耗能机制的结构地震响应.结果表明,黏弹性阻尼器可显著减小自复位墙结构在小震下的位移和加速度响应;U 型金属阻尼器在中震下开始耗能,在大震和巨震下,其减震效果会超越黏弹性阻尼器.因此,为进一步优化自复位墙结构在不同水准地震作用下的抗震性能,建议结合阻尼器的特点进行合理设计.