智利三联点南部扩张洋脊俯冲区域岩石层热结构的数值模拟

智利三联点(CTJ)位于纳兹卡板块、南极洲板块与南美板块的交界处,由南极洲—纳兹卡板块之间的智利洋脊俯冲到智利海沟而形成.巴塔哥尼亚板片窗的发展是智利洋脊长期扩张俯冲的结果之一.随着纳兹卡板块的不断东向俯冲,纳兹卡板块范围逐渐变小,CTJ同时向北移动.本文采用数值模拟方法,建立了关于洋脊海沟碰撞的简单二维模型,来研究智利三联点南部扩张洋脊俯冲区域岩石层的热结构.模拟结果表明,洋脊的位置、板块相对汇聚速度及上覆大陆板块的存在均对俯冲区域海洋板块的温度结构有着很大影响,并且大陆板块下方海洋板块温度变化最大的位置距洋脊的水平距离与洋脊到板片窗范围的水平距离两者之间具有较好的一致性.同时,当存在两两板块间的相对汇聚时,洋脊右侧大陆板块下表面的温度升高,俯冲带内海洋板块温度接近于地幔温度.纳兹卡板块以7.8 cm·a~(-1)的速度急速俯冲于南美板块之下的过程中,同时伴随着智利洋脊的持续扩张俯冲,在智利三联点南部,南美板块之下纳兹卡板块的温度因而可以更快地达到地幔软流层的约1300℃温度,并最终消亡于地幔之中.     

南海东北部及其邻近地区的Pn波速度结构与各向异性

利用中国地震台网和ISC台站1980～2004年的地震数据，反演了南海东北部及其邻近地区的Pn波速度结构和各向异性.上地幔顶部的速度变化揭示出区域地质构造的深部特征：华南地区速度较高并且变化平缓，具有构造稳定地区的岩石层地幔特征；华南沿海尤其是滨海断裂带附近出现低速异常，表明该断裂可能穿过壳幔边界深达上地幔顶部.南海北部至台湾海峡较高的速度与华南地区类似，反映出大陆边缘和陆架地区的岩石层地幔性质；西沙海槽附近较高的速度不仅反映了华南大陆向南的延伸，而且与海槽裂谷拉张引起的地幔上拱有关，整个南海北部没有发现大规模地幔热流的活动痕迹.相比之下，南海东部次海盆的上地幔顶部存在明显的低速异常，对应于海底扩张中心的地幔上涌区，表明岩石层地幔强烈减薄甚至缺失；台湾东部－吕宋－菲律宾北部的低速异常与地震、火山活动以及岩浆作用紧密相关，揭示了西太平洋岛弧俯冲带的活动特征；南海东北部的洋－陆边界清晰，南海东部和菲律宾海西部较高的速度代表了海洋岩石层地幔的性质.Pn波各向异性反映出区域性构造应力状态及岩石层地幔的变形痕迹：华南地区的各向异性较小，说明这一构造稳定地区的岩石层地幔变形程度较弱；南海北部的快波方向与地壳浅表层构造的伸展方向一致，主要反映了中、新生代以来的大陆边缘张裂和剪切作用对岩石层地幔结构的影响；琉球－台湾－吕宋岛弧两侧各向异性十分强烈，平行于海沟的快波方向表明菲律宾海板块和欧亚大陆的相互作用导致俯冲板块前缘的岩石层地幔强烈变形；台湾东南海域快波方向的变化可能与欧亚大陆和菲律宾海板块俯冲机制的转换以及岩石层被撕裂有关.     

华北中生代镁铁质岩浆作用与克拉通减薄和破坏

华北克拉通在中生代发生了岩石圈减薄,古老的大陆岩石圈地幔在减薄后被年轻的新生岩石圈地幔所取代.与此同时,华北克拉通发生了破坏,以大规模早白垩世岩浆作用为标志.尽管对这个现象有了共识,但是对华北克拉通岩石圈破坏的机制仍然存在争议.文章以华北中生代镁铁质岩浆作用为视角,试图对上述争议提出解决办法.华北中生代镁铁质岩浆作用以早白垩世的~121Ma为分界点,在此之前的镁铁质岩浆岩兼具岛弧玄武岩微量元素组成和明显富集Sr-Nd同位素组成的特点,而在此之后才开始出现兼具洋岛玄武岩微量元素组成和亏损至弱富集Sr-Nd同位素组成的镁铁质岩浆岩.这个差异表明,华北克拉通岩石圈地幔的地球化学性质在~121Ma发生了根本性转变.尽管华北克拉通在晚三叠世也出现过镁铁质岩浆作用,但是其成因是深俯冲华南陆块折返的结果,而古太平洋板块俯冲在那时尚未启动.古太平洋板块自侏罗纪开始向欧亚大陆东部之下俯冲,俯冲板片与上覆岩石圈地幔楔之间处于耦合状态,是俯冲板片脱水导致华北克拉通地幔的弱化阶段.古老岛弧型镁铁质岩浆岩的地幔源区可能既有侏罗纪时期俯冲古太平洋板片衍生流体与华北克拉通岩石圈地幔之间反应的产物,也有三叠纪时期俯冲华南陆壳衍生熔体与华北克拉通岩石圈地幔之间反应的产物.对于新生洋岛型镁铁质岩浆岩的地幔源区来说,则可能是俯冲古太平洋板片衍生熔体与华北岩石圈之下软流圈地幔之间反应的产物.从~144Ma开始,俯冲的古太平洋板片发生回卷,克拉通岩石圈底部受到侧向充填的软流圈地幔加热,导致弱化的克拉通岩石圈地幔发生减薄.在130~120Ma期间,减薄后的大陆岩石圈发生大规模破坏,不仅地幔楔下部超镁铁质交代岩发生部分熔融形成具有古老岛弧型地球化学信息的镁铁质岩浆岩,而且这些地区的下地壳岩石也受到加热发生大规模长英质岩浆作用.与此同时,回卷板片地壳岩石受到侧向充填的软流圈地幔加热,产生长英质熔体交代上覆软流圈地幔橄榄岩,这样在~121Ma开始部分熔融形成具有新生洋岛型地球化学信息的镁铁质岩浆岩,标志着华北克拉通岩石圈地幔已经被新生岩石圈地幔所取代.古太平洋板片在中生代时期向中国东部大陆之下的俯冲并不像现今地震层析成像所观察到的那样直接俯冲至地幔过渡带,而是像纳斯卡板块向美洲大陆之下俯冲那样为低角度俯冲.这种低角度俯冲不仅物理上可以直接侵蚀岩石圈地幔,而且化学上可以交代岩石圈地幔.因此,古太平洋板片与大陆岩石圈地幔之间的相互作用才是导致华北克拉通岩石圈地幔减薄和破坏的一级地球动力学机制.     

俯冲隧道中物质运移和流体-熔体活动的动力学数值模拟

俯冲隧道是指在会聚板块边缘、俯冲板片与上覆板片之间的剪切带及其中发生运动的物质,这些物质在俯冲隧道中经历了复杂的温度、压力、应力和应变等的演化以及流体和熔体的作用,而后部分物质可以从100 km的深度处折返至地表,从而形成自然界中出露的高压-超高压变质岩带.动力学数值模拟是定量化的研究该俯冲隧道过程的重要手段,前人的研究大多基于热动力学模型,但是一般不包含流体的活动和影响,因此上覆岩石圈物质很少参与到俯冲隧道过程中,这些模型与地质概念模型之间尚存较大差异.本文采用了新的包含流体-熔体活动的数值模型,对俯冲隧道的精细过程进行模拟研究.结果表明,俯冲隧道中的物质既包含了从俯冲板块拆离的表壳岩,也包含了从上覆板块刮擦、蚀变的地幔岩,从而形成一个构造混杂岩体.在特定条件下,俯冲隧道中的混杂岩既可近垂直向上穿过地幔楔侵入上覆地壳中,亦可近平行于俯冲隧道斜向上折返,形成靠近缝合带的高压-超高压变质岩.基于该数值模型及前人的地质概念模型,首先对大洋俯冲隧道和大陆俯冲隧道的特征进行了细致的对比和总结.而后,又对含水模型与无水模型进行了对比,主要区别在于无水模型中由于缺少流体-熔体活动而产生的弱化作用,上覆岩石圈的变形很小,在俯冲隧道过程中的参与程度也很低.最后,对数值模型中的一个重要的边界条件,即板块会聚速率,进行数值模拟研究.结果表明快速会聚导致上覆岩石圈剧烈变形,造山带主要沿上盘单侧生长;相反,在慢速会聚条件下,上覆岩石圈变形较小,造山带主要沿下盘单侧生长;而在中等会聚速率下,造山带沿上盘、下盘同时生长.     

中国东部海域及邻区岩石层地幔的P波速度结构与构造分析

利用中国大陆东部及台湾地区、日本和琉球群岛的地震观测数据，通过体波地震层析技术反演了中国东部海域及其邻近地区的P波速度结构.以此为依据分析了不同地区的岩石层性质和深部动力学条件，探讨了中朝与扬子块体、扬子与华夏块体在海区的深部边界及其构造属性，揭示出菲律宾海板块与欧亚大陆的碰撞以及板片俯冲下沉、弧后扩张作用对中国东部海域岩石层结构的影响.结果表明，中国东部海域的岩石层地幔存在明显的横向非均匀性，它们与区域构造的形成演化有一定的联系.中国大陆东部的五莲－青岛断裂与朝鲜半岛西缘断裂、济州岛南缘断裂共同构成中朝和扬子块体的边界，江绍断裂向东延伸至朝鲜半岛南端成为分隔扬子和华夏块体的边界；东海陆架与冲绳海槽的岩石层结构差异明显，东海陆架具有中国东部地区的岩石层特征，属于欧亚大陆向海域的延伸；冲绳海槽的岩石层强烈减薄，为大陆向大洋过渡的区域；沿着日本－琉球－台湾俯冲带，菲律宾海板块俯冲下沉引起的地幔扰动对中国东部海域产生了较大的影响，欧亚大陆与菲律宾海板块之间的相互碰撞导致台湾地区岩石层明显增厚.     

大陆弹性岩石层有效弹性厚度对岩石层形变和大地水准面的动力影响

用岩石层－地幔力学、热学耦合模型,以俯冲带为例,研究大陆岩石层不同的有效弹性厚度对岩石层形变和大地水准面起伏的动力影响。数值结果显示大陆岩石层有效弹性厚度的作用象一低通滤波器,它抑制岩石层形变和大地水准面起伏的高频分量。随着有效弹性厚度的增加,岩石层的形变和大地水准面起伏不仅幅度减小,其形状变化也被平滑。模拟结果表明,在进行大陆岩石层动力学过程的研究中,只有充分考虑大陆弹性岩石层有效弹性厚度的动力     

大陆深俯冲过程中的熔/流体成分与地球化学分异

板块俯冲是地球内部系统最为宏伟的地质过程,是实现地球表面-内部物质和能量交换、大陆地壳生长以及壳/幔相互作用的重要场所,广泛深刻地影响着地壳的增生与消亡、火山和地震活动、地球表层物质循环、矿产资源分布、大陆造山运动、大陆的聚合及裂解等与人类生活息息相关的地质过程,因此一直是固体地球科学研究所关注的热点.20世纪80年代中期关于大陆地壳能够俯冲进入地幔深度并大部分折返地表的发现,是俯冲带研究和板块构造理论的革命性进展.相较于俯冲洋壳,大陆地壳具有较冷、较干、较轻的特点,同时,俯冲陆壳与地幔相比具有更加不均一的性质和化学成分以及同位素组成,因此在局部而言会对上覆大陆岩石圈和大陆板块汇聚边界的结构、组成、变形和演化进程造成巨大影响.在大陆俯冲过程中,拆离的地壳碎块和岩片在俯冲隧道内受到构造剪切,促使其经历变质脱水和部分熔融,产生各种流体和熔体.这些熔/流体的产生和演化在俯冲带壳/幔相互作用过程中扮演着非常重要的角色,是俯冲过程中发生元素迁移、同位素分馏以及交代上覆地幔楔的不可或缺的介质.本文综合国际上近年来有关俯冲带研究的最新进展,总结了有关俯冲带流体和熔体的类型、存在条件、化学组成、熔体/流体-地幔相互作用的特点,同时对于与大陆俯冲带流体相关的特征性元素(Nb-Ta-V)迁移和最新的非传统稳定同位素(Li-Mg)研究进行了系统介绍,期望为中国读者较全面地认识板块俯冲过程中的熔/流体活动和元素迁移以及了解并运用Li和Mg同位素作为新兴的示踪手段提供一定帮助.     

青藏高原上地幔速度结构及其动力学性质

利用地震层析成像结果分析了中国西部地区的上地幔速度结构,发现青藏高原北部至东南边缘上地幔顶部速度普遍偏低;随着深度的增加,低速区主要分布在羌塘、松潘—甘孜和云南西部地区,而印度大陆、塔里木、柴达木、鄂尔多斯和四川盆地均显示出较高的速度.上述速度分布与青藏高原及周边地区的岩石层结构和深部动力性质密切相关:其中羌塘地区的低速异常反映了青藏北部的地幔上涌和局部熔融,起因于印度大陆岩石层的向北俯冲;松潘—甘孜地区的低速异常与青藏东部的深层物质流动及四川盆地刚性岩石层的阻挡有关;而滇西地区的低速异常可能受到印缅块体向东俯冲作用的影响.以上三个区域构成青藏高原和周边地区的主要地幔异常区.相比之下,印度大陆、塔里木、柴达木、鄂尔多斯和四川盆地的高速异常反映了大陆构造稳定地区的岩石层地幔特点.根据速度变化推测,地幔上涌和韧性变形并非贯穿整个青藏高原,而是主要集中在羌塘、松潘—甘孜和滇西地区,上述构造效应不仅导致岩石层厚度减薄且引发了火山和岩浆活动.     

三维板块几何形态对大陆深俯冲动力学的制约

大陆深俯冲及超高压变质作用是大陆动力学的重要研究内容,前人进行了系统的地质、地球物理观测以及数值模拟研究.然而,自然界中大陆板块的俯冲、碰撞及造山过程大部分具有明显的沿走向的差异性,这种典型的三维特征可能很大程度上依赖于会聚大陆板块的初始几何学和运动学特征.本文采用三维高分辨率的动力学数值模拟方法,建立了方形大陆板块和楔形大陆板块两种不同的俯冲-碰撞模型,并且俯冲大陆板块侧面与大洋俯冲带相邻.数值模拟结果揭示大洋板块可以持续地俯冲到地幔之中,而大陆板块俯冲到一定深度处,其前端的俯冲板块将发生断离,并进而造成残余的大陆板块俯冲角度的减小.方形大陆俯冲板块的断离深度约为150km,而楔形大陆俯冲板块的断离深度较大,约250~300km,这很大程度上取决于俯冲带中大洋板块的牵引力和大陆板块的负浮力之间的竞争关系.同时,无论方形还是楔形大陆板块俯冲模型中,板块断离后,侧向的大洋俯冲板块仍可以拖曳约60~70km宽的大陆边缘岩石圈持续向下俯冲,揭示了新西兰东部的洋-陆空间转换俯冲带的动力学机制.并且,数值模型与喜马拉雅造山带和秦岭—大别—苏鲁造山带进行了对比,进而对其高压-超高压岩石空间展布沿走向的差异性特征和机制提供了一定的启示.     

克拉通岩石圈减薄与破坏机制的动力学数值模拟

大陆克拉通岩石圈的减薄是一种常见现象,但是其破坏并不常见.尽管前人针对这两种过程开展了不少研究,但是对其动力学机制尚缺乏统一认识.文章以大陆克拉通岩石圈,尤其是华北克拉通作为研究对象,基于前人的地质地球物理学观测以及动力学数值模拟研究,对克拉通岩石圈减薄与破坏的过程和机制进行了系统的分析和总结.其中,华北克拉通减薄和破坏的动力学机制限定为与大洋板块俯冲相关的两种主要模式,分别是:(1)"自下而上"过程,即俯冲板片扰动富水的地幔转换带,使其中流体上涌,软流圈物质受到扰动而发生对流,对上覆岩石圈底部进行"烘烤",并可能伴随流体/熔体-岩石反应,改变岩石圈地幔的矿物组成和流变学性质,导致岩石圈底部物质混合进入软流圈而发生减薄乃至破坏.(2)"自上而下"过程,强调大洋板片在克拉通岩石圈底部平俯冲并发生脱水,水化蚀变上覆岩石圈地幔,降低岩石圈地幔岩石流变特性;随后平俯冲转变为陡俯冲,伴随软流圈侧向上涌,被弱化的岩石圈地幔由于热侵蚀作用而进入软流圈,从而发生减薄乃至破坏.这两大类过程都是比较复杂的、多过程耦合的模式,都把大洋板块的俯冲及其流体活动作为上覆克拉通岩石圈减薄/破坏的主要驱动机制;不同之处在于俯冲大洋板片的位置,一种是在地幔转换带的平卧与滞留,另一种是沿着克拉通岩石圈底部的平俯冲.对于华北克拉通而言,东部岩石圈在中生代时期受到古太平洋板片的俯冲,板块俯冲带对华北克拉通之下的地幔和转换带物质的扰动及其伴随的流体活动,很大程度上控制着华北克拉通岩石圈的改造.为了更好的探讨和对比这两种模式,其核心关键点在于大洋俯冲带中水的活动.因此,文章重点对含水矿物相变及俯冲带和地幔转换带中水的迁移过程进行了探讨,分析了大洋俯冲带中可能的流体活动模型、各自存在的问题及其可行性.此外,为了全面认识克拉通岩石圈的减薄与破坏机制,还对其他可能的机制进行了总结,包含以下四组模式:拉张减薄模型、挤压增厚拆沉模型、大尺度地幔对流侵蚀模型以及地幔柱侵蚀模型.相对于前面介绍的两种大洋俯冲相关模型,这四种模型主要是由相对简单的单一过程和机制所致(分别是拉张、挤压、对流和地幔柱),可能是华北克拉通减薄与破坏的二级驱动机制.     

Dynamics of thinning and destruction of the continental cratonic lithosphere: Numerical modeling

Thinning of the cratonic lithosphere is common in nature, but its destruction is not. In either case, the mechanisms for both thinning and destruction are still widely under debate. In this study, we have made a review on the processes and mechanisms of thinning and destruction of cratonic lithosphere according to previous studies of geological/geophysical observations and numerical simulations, with specific application to the North China Craton (NCC). Two main models are suggested for the thinning and destruction of the NCC, both of which are related to subduction of the oceanic lithosphere. One is the “bottom-up” model, in which the deeply subducting slab perturbs and induces upwelling from the hydrous mantle transition zone (MTZ). The upwelling produces mantle convection and erodes the bottom of the overriding lithosphere by the fluid-melt-peridotite reaction. Mineral compositions and rheological properties of the overriding lithospheric mantle are changed, allowing downward dripping of lithospheric components into the asthenosphere. Consequently, lithospheric thinning or even destruction occurs. The other is the “top-down” model, characterized by the flat subduction of oceanic slab beneath the overriding cratonic lithosphere. Dehydration reactions from the subducting slab would significantly hydrate the lithospheric mantle and decrease its rheological strength. Then the subduction angle may be changed from shallow to steep, inducing lateral upwelling of the asthenosphere. This upwelling would heat and weaken the overriding lithospheric mantle, which led to the weakened lithospheric mantle dripping into the asthenosphere. These two models have some similarities, in that both take the subducting oceanic slab and relevant fluid migration as the major driving mechanism for thinning or destruction of the overriding cratonic lithosphere. The key difference between the two models is the effective depth of the subducting oceanic slab. One is stagnation and flattening in the MTZ, whereas the other is flat subduction at the bottom of the cratonic lithosphere. In the NCC, the eastern lithosphere was likely affected by subduction of the Izanagi slab during the Mesozoic, which would have perturbed the asthenosphere and the MTZ, and induced fluid migration beneath the NCC lithosphere. The upwelling fluid may largely have controlled the reworking of the NCC lithosphere. In order to discuss and analyze these two models further, it is crucial to understand the role of fluids in the subduction zone and the MTZ. Here, we systematically discuss phase transformations of hydrous minerals and the transport processes of water in the subduction system. Furthermore, we analyze possible modes of fluid activity and the problems to explore the applied feasibility of each model. In order to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms for thinning and destruction of cratonic lithosphere, we also consider four additional possible dynamic models: extension-induced lithospheric thinning, compression-induced lithospheric thickening and delamination, large-scale mantle convection and thermal erosion, and mantle plume erosion. Compared to the subduction-related models presented here, these four models are primarily controlled by the relatively simple and single process and mechanism (extension, compression, convection, and mantle plume, respectively), which could be the secondary driving mechanisms for the thinning and destruction of lithosphere.     

Material transportation and fluid-melt activity in the subduction channel: Numerical modeling

The subduction channel is defined as a planar to wedge-like area of variable size,internal structure and composition,which forms between the upper and lower plates during slab subduction into the mantle.The materials in the channel may experience complex pressure,temperature,stress and strain evolution,as well as strong fluid and melt activity.A certain amount of these materials may subduct to and later exhume from100 km depth,forming high to ultra-high pressure rocks on the surface as widely discovered in nature.Rock deformation in the channel is strongly assisted by metamorphic fluids activities,which change composition and mechanical properties of rocks and thus affect their subduction and exhumation histories.In this study,we investigate the detailed structure and dynamics of both oceanic and continental subduction channels,by conducting highresolution petrological-thermomechanical numerical simulations taking into account fluid and melt activities.The numerical results demonstrate that subduction channels are composed of a tectonic rock melange formed by crustal rocks detached from the subducting slab and the hydrated mantle rocks scratched from the overriding plate.These rocks may either extrude sub-vertically upward through the mantle wedge to the crust of the upper plate,or exhume along the subduction channel to the surface near the suture zone.Based on our numerical results,we first analyze similarities and differences between oceanic and continental subduction channels.We further compare numerical models with and without fluid and melt activity and demonstrate that this activity results in strong weakening and deformation of overriding lithosphere.Finally,we show that fast convergence of orogens subjected to fluid and melt activity leads to strong deformation of the overriding lithosphere and the topography builds up mainly on the overriding plate.In contrast,slow convergence of such orogens leads to very limited deformation of the overriding lithosphere and the mountain building mainly occurs on the subducting plate.     

Continental subduction and exhumation of high-pressure rocks: insights from thermo-mechanical laboratory modelling

Thermo-mechanical physical modelling of continental subduction is performed to investigate the exhumation of deeply subducted continental crust. The model consists of two lithospheric plates made of new temperature sensitive analogue materials. The lithosphere is underlain by liquid asthenosphere. The continental lithosphere contains three layers: the weak sedimentary layer, the crust made of a stronger material, and of a still stronger lithospheric mantle. The whole model is subjected to a constant vertical thermal gradient, causing the strength reduction with depth in each lithospheric layer. Subduction is driven by both push force and pull force. During subduction, the subducting lithosphere is heating and the strength of its layers reduces. The weakening continental crust reaches maximal depth of about 120 km and cannot subduct deeper because its frontal part starts to flow up. The subducted crust undergoes complex deformation, including indicated upward ductile flow of the most deeply subducted portions and localised failure of the subducted upper crust at about 50-km depth. This failure results in the formation of the first crustal slice which rises up between the plates under the buoyancy force. This process is accompanied by the delamination of the crustal and mantle layers of the subducting lithosphere. The delamination front propagates upwards into the interplate zone resulting in the formation of two other crustal slices that also rise up between the plates. Average equivalent exhumation rate of the crustal material during delamination is about 1 cm/year. The crust-asthenosphere boundary near the interplate zone is uplifted. The subducted mantle layer then breaks off, removing the pull force and thereby stopping the delamination and increasing horizontal compression of the lithosphere. The latter produces shortening of the formed orogen and the growth of relief. The modelling reveals an interesting burial/exhumation evolution of the sedimentary cover. During initial stages of continental subduction the sediments of the continental margin are dragged to the overriding plate base and are partially accreted at the deep part of the interplate zone (at 60-70 km-depth). These sediments remain there until the beginning of delamination during which the pressure between the subducted crust and the overriding plate increases. This results in squeezing the underplated sediments out. Part of them is extruded upwards along the interplate zone to about 30-km depth at an equivalent rate of 5-10 cm/year.     

中国东部海域岩石圈结构面波层析成像

本文通过面波层析成像得到了中国东部海域及邻近地区的地壳上地幔S波速度图像,给出了主要构造单元的区划及其结构特征,并讨论了速度结构与现今构造活动及构造演化历史的关系.研究区内中下地壳的平均速度与地震活动存在比较显著的关系,强震基本都发生在低速区内或高低速过渡区.太行山以东地壳内存在几条北西向低速带,其中张家口—渤海地震带下方的低速带最为显著.东部海域划分成北黄海、南黄海、东海、和冲绳海槽等4个构造块体.北黄海具有较薄较高速的岩石圈,与南华北盆地类似,推测是中生代特提斯洋向北俯冲造成岩石圈减薄的遗迹.北华北地区具有低速的地壳和较厚的岩石圈,岩石圈地幔速度偏低且上下比较均匀,可能反映中生代沿北方缝合带持续碰撞作用的特点.南黄海具有相对较厚的岩石圈,较多地保存了下扬子克拉通的特征.在下扬子与华北地块的拼合过程中,洋壳俯冲可能是北黄海和苏皖地区上地幔低速特征的成因.在125°E以东的朝鲜半岛地区未发现这一拼合过程的遗迹.有可能整个朝鲜半岛都是华北地块的一部分;但也有可能是太平洋俯冲和日本海张开的作用完全改造了朝鲜半岛的岩石圈上地幔,抹去了以往构造运动的痕迹.东海地区的地壳厚度,特别是岩石圈厚度向冲绳海槽方向减小,反映出菲律宾海板块俯冲在弧后广大地区都有影响.冲绳海槽地区可见俯冲的菲律宾海板片以及板片上方显著低速的地壳和上地幔,为冲绳海槽的弧后扩张机制提供了证据.     

The Role of History-Dependent Rheology in Plate Boundary Lubrication for Generating One-Sided Subduction

We have developed a two-dimensional dynamical model of asymmetric subduction integrated into the mantle convection without imposed plate velocities. In this model we consider that weak oceanic crust behaves as a lubricator on the thrust fault at the plate boundary. We introduce a rheological layer that depends on the history of the past fracture to simulate the effect of the oceanic crust. The thickness of this layer is set to be as thin as the Earth's oceanic crust. To treat 1-kilometer scale structure at the plate boundary in the 1000-kilometer scale mantle convection calculation, we introduce a new numerical method to solve the hydrodynamic equations using a couple of uniform and nonuniform grids of control volumes. Using our developed models, we have systematically investigated effects of basic rheological parameters that determine the deformation strength of the lithosphere and the oceanic crust on the development of the subducted slab, with a focus on the plate motion controlling mechanism. In our model the plate subduction is produced when the friction coefficient (0.004–0.008) of the modeled oceanic crust and the maximum strength (400 MPa) of the lithosphere are in plausible range inferred from the observations on the plate driving forces and the plate deformation, and the rheology experiments. In this range of the plate strength, yielding induces the plate bending. In this case the speed of plate motion is controlled more by viscosity layering of the underlying mantle than by the plate strength. To examine the setting of the overriding plate, we also consider the two end-member cases in which the overriding plate is fixed or freely-movable. In the case of the freely-movable overriding plate, the trench motion considerably changes the dip angle of the deep slab. Especially in the case with a shallow-angle plate boundary, retrograde slab motion occurs to generate a shallow-angle deep slab.     

中国西部及邻区岩石圈S波速度结构面波层析成像

本文利用瑞利波群速度频散资料和层析成像方法,研究了中国西部及邻近区域(20°N—55°N,65°E—110°E)的岩石圈S波速度结构.结果表明这一地区存在三个以低速地壳/上地幔为特征的构造活动区域:西蒙古高原—贝加尔地区,青藏高原,印支地区.西蒙古高原岩石圈厚度约为80 km,上地幔低速层向下延伸至300 km深度,说明存在源自地幔深部的热流活动.缅甸弧后的上地幔低速层下至200 km深度,显然与印度板块向东俯冲引起俯冲板片上方的热/化学活动有关.青藏高原地壳厚达70 km,边缘地区厚度也在50 km以上并且具有很大的水平变化梯度,与高原平顶陡边的地形特征一致.中下地壳的平均S波速度明显低于正常大陆地壳,在中地壳20~40 km深度范围广泛存在速度逆转的低速层,这一低速层的展布范围与高原的范围相符.这些特征说明青藏高原中下地壳的变形是在印度板块的北向挤压下发生塑性增厚和侧向流动.地幔的速度结构呈现与地壳显著不同的特点.在高原主体和川滇西部地区上地幔顶部存在较大范围的低速,低速区范围随深度迅速减小;100 km以下滇西低速消失,150 km以下基本完全消失.青藏高原上地幔速度结构沿东西方向表现出显著的分段变化.在大约84°E以西的喀喇昆仑—帕米尔—兴都库什地区,印度板块的北向和亚洲板块的南向俯冲造成上地幔显著高速;84°E—94°E之间上地幔顶部速度较低,在大约150~220 km深度范围存在高速板片,有可能是俯冲的印度岩石圈,其前缘到达昆仑—巴颜喀拉之下;在喜马拉雅东构造结以北区域,存在显著的上地幔高速区,可能阻碍上地幔物质的东向运动.川滇西部岩石圈底界深度与扬子克拉通相似,约为180 km,但上地幔顶部速度较低.这些现象表明青藏高原岩石圈地幔的变形/运动方式可能与地壳有本质的区别.     

Three-dimensional mantle lithosphere deformation at collisional plate boundaries: A subduction scissor across the South Island of New Zealand

The continental plate collision across the South Island of New Zealand is highly oblique (dextral) and bounded by oppositely verging ocean plate subduction zones. As such, the region can be considered as a type of ‘subduction scissor’. Within this tectonic context, we use three-dimensional computational geodynamic models to consider how convergent mantle lithosphere can be modified by scissor and strike–slip effects. Bounding subduction at both ends of the continental collision causes flow of the descending mantle lithosphere in the direction along strike of the model plate boundary, with thinning in the centre and thickening towards the subduction zones that bifurcates the continental mantle lithosphere root. With dipping bounding subduction, the mantle lithosphere root takes on a more complex morphology that folds over from one subduction polarity to the other, but remains as a continuous feature as it folds under the collision zone. In the absence of bounding subduction, the plate convergence causes a linear (along strike) mantle lithosphere root to develop. A rapid strike–slip motion between the converging plates transfers material in the plate boundary-parallel direction and tends to blur out features that develop in this direction—such as descending viscous instabilities. The along-strike variations in the morphology of the mantle lithosphere root that develop in the models—viz., thickening of the root towards the subduction edges, thinning in the centre—are consistent with recent, albeit poorly constrained, geophysical interpretations of the large-scale lithospheric structure of the South Island. We speculate that this reflects the nature of the evolution of the South Island collision as a limited continental segment of the plate boundary that it is dominated and guided by adjacent well-developed/developing ocean plate subduction.     

Numerical models of subduction of the oceanic crust with basaltic plateaus

Light continents and islands characterized by a crustal thickness of more than 30 km float over a convective mantle, while the thin basaltic oceanic crust sinks completely in subduction zones. The normal oceanic crust is 7 km thick. However, anomalously thick basaltic plateaus forming as a result of emplacement of mantle plumes into moving oceanic lithospheric plates are also pulled into the mantle. One of the largest basaltic plateaus is the Ontong Java plateau on the Pacific plate, which arose during the intrusion of a giant superplume into the plate ～100 Myr ago. Notwithstanding its large thickness (averaging ～30 km), the Ontong Java plateau is still experiencing slow subduction. On the basis of numerical modeling, the paper analyzes the oceanic crust subduction process as a function of the mantle convection vigorousness and the density, thickness, viscosity, and shape of the crust. Even a simplified model of thermocompositional convection in the upper mantle is capable of explaining the observed facts indicating that the oceanic crust and sediments are pulled into the mantle and the continental crust is floating on the mantle.     

华北克拉通及东邻西太平洋活动大陆边缘地区的P波速度结构：对岩石圈减薄动力学过程的探讨

本文通过地震层析成像研究获得了华北克拉通及其东邻地区（30°N-50°N,95°E -145°E）1°×1°的P波速度扰动图像.结果显示,在西太平洋俯冲带地区,上地幔中西倾的板片状高速异常体与其上方的低速异常区构成俯冲带与上覆地幔楔的典型速度结构式样.俯冲板片高速体在约300~400 km深度范围内被低速物质充填,暗示俯冲板片可能发生了断离.在华北克拉通地区的上地幔中发现三个东倾排列的高速异常带.在此基础上,本文构建了华北克拉通及其东邻西太平洋活动大陆边缘地区的上地幔速度结构模式图,并据此探讨克拉通岩石圈减薄与西太平洋活动大陆边缘的深部动力学联系.本文认为,太平洋板片的俯冲（断离）,触发热地幔物质上涌并在上覆地幔楔中形成对流,使克拉通岩石圈受到改造（底侵与弱化）.随着俯冲板片后撤,地幔楔中的对流场以及对岩石圈改造的影响范围均随之东移,最终导致华北克拉通岩石圈自下而上、从西向东分三个阶段依次拆沉减薄.这一模式能很好地解释现今克拉通岩石圈自西向东呈台阶状减薄的深部现象.     

A review on the numerical geodynamic modeling of continental subduction, collision and exhumation

Continental subduction and collision normally follows oceanic subduction,with the remarkable event of formation and exhumation of high-to ultra-high-pressure(HP-UHP)metamorphic rocks.Based on the summary of numerical geodynamic models,six modes of continental convergence have been identified:pure shear thickening,folding and buckling,one-sided steep subduction,flat subduction,two-sided subduction,and subducting slab break-off.In addition,the exhumation of HP-UHP rocks can be formulated into eight modes:thrust fault exhumation,buckling exhumation,material circulation,overpressure model,exhumation of a coherent crustal slice,episodic ductile extrusion,slab break-off induced eduction,and exhumation through fractured overriding lithosphere.During the transition from subduction to exhumation,the weakening and detachment of subducted continental crust are prerequisites.However,the dominant weakening mechanisms and their roles in the subduction channel are poorly constrained.To a first degree approximation,the mechanism of continental subduction and exhumation can be treated as a subduction channel flow model,which incorporates the competing effects of downward Couette(subduction)flow and upward Poiseuille(exhumation)flow in the subduction channel.However,the(de-)hydration effect plays significant roles in the deformation of subduction channel and overriding lithosphere,which thereby result in very different modes from the simple subduction channel flow.Three-dimensionality is another important issue with highlighting the along-strike differential modes of continental subduction,collision and exhumation in the same continental convergence belt.