和田台地电场岩体裂隙优势方位角变化特征分析

收集新疆和田地震台地电场数字化以来的连续观测数据,研究台站300 km内发生的M_S≥5.5强震前的地电场岩体裂隙变化特征。结果表明,和田地震台地电场观测场地岩体裂隙发育较好,处于长期集中,而且中强以上地震发生前和田台地电场岩体裂隙优势方位角容易发生偏转和大幅度间断性突跳等结构变异。通过和田台周围5次典型震例解析,发现地震越强,其异常出现得越早;地电场异常的方向性与震中方位有一定关联性,但也与震源区的活动断裂构造性质有关,推测部分异常可能来自震源,故震源区构造是信号传播的最佳通道;和田台地电场的震前岩体裂隙优势方位角异常特征多表现为短期异常信息,易发震周期为45～90 d。该研究进一步推广和检验了地电场岩体裂隙优势方位角异常分析方法在地震预测预报中的应用。     

自然电场的区域性变化特征

以场源为分类原则,地电场E由自然电场E_SP和大地电场E_T构成.E_SP起源于地下介质物理、化学作用,通常其变化及稳定性具有明显的局部场地特征;E_T起源于空间电流系和潮汐力,在日变波形、频谱特征上表现出广域性.在形成微观机理方面,E_SP和E_T能够具有部分相同的机理过程.2008—2013年,在南北地震带附近13个代表性场地,多数E_SP不具有清晰的年变波形,其稳定性也受区域、场地、方位、构造活动等因素影响.在这些地区,E_SP较平稳的持续升降、快速跃变、突跳等现象常见,同一主断裂带附近或局部区域内,这些大幅变化的趋势转折点多具有时间同步或准同步性,同一时段数据稳定性可能类似,但形态变化存在场地因素而不具相关性.E_SP较平稳期间,应用潮汐地电场频谱特征计算的裂隙水主体渗流方位α易处于相对稳定状态,而在其剧烈变化期间的α常会明显变化.以潮汐地电场频谱特征逐日计算α值,可能揭示场地裂隙、裂隙水渗流、主压应力的逐日变化信息,进而可解析E_SP、E_T宏观变化的微观机理过程.     

典型干扰对岩体裂隙优势方位计算结果的影响研究

应用平凉台地电场NS、 EW方位大地电场的分钟值, 其矢量合成结果表明, 该场地的大地电场强度、 方向变化都具有日周期性, 并且其方位与应用潮汐谐波振幅计算的岩体裂隙优势方位α角一致。 在该场地, 来自空间的磁暴干扰对α角的计算结果基本不产生影响; 模拟加入脉冲、 电阻率观测人工供电、 地铁等典型干扰, 在干扰幅度小于平凉台日变波峰值时, α角的计算结果基本不受影响; 模拟加入直流阶跃干扰时, 干扰加入当天会影响α角的计算结果, 但从第2天起不再影响α角的计算结果。     

2021年青海玛多MS7.4地震前大武台地电场优势方位角异常特征分析

为了深入了解2021年5月22日青海省玛多M_S7.4地震前是否存在地震电信号,本文利用地电场优势方位角方法对大武地电场的原始资料进行了分析,获得了玛多地震前震中附近场地的岩体裂隙结构变化特征,并结合本次地震震中500 km范围内八个地电场台站的岩体裂隙结构变化和该台记录到的以往震例中大武台地电场优势方位角异常变化与中强地震之间的关系进行了综合分析。结果显示：大武台新旧两套地电场数据的地电场优势方位角在震前11个月出现了显著的同步偏转现象,其中大武旧台在震前两个月优势方位角再次出现大幅度上升,异常特征主要表现为优势方位角出现同步快速偏转,最大偏转达到45°—90°;处于同一次级地块的甘孜台、玛曲台与大武台出现准同步异常现象,而其它次级地块上的台站均无异常出现,表明异常响应受到区域构造的影响。再结合大武台地电场使用该方法分析的以往震例表明：大武台的地电场优势方位角异常在中强地震前具有较好的中短期指示意义。     

地电场多测向日变波形相位关联特征

本文以电磁环境、装置系统、日变波形均具有代表性的海安、平凉、瓜州等7个台站为对象,基于大地电场潮汐机理和裂隙水(电荷)渗流(移动)模型,应用快速傅里叶变换和矢量分析方法,研究这7个台站在2009—2015年多个时段、多个测向的地电场日变波形的相位关系及影响因素.结果显示:多方位地电场观测的日变波形之间具有同相或反相的相位关联特征; 当观测地电场的电极与仪器的连接方式确定后,不同测向地电场日变波形的相位关联即由场地岩体裂隙优势方位所决定,且这种相位关联特征具有相对稳定性.      

基于裂隙尖端放电机制的深部岩体损伤自电特征分析

在大规模深部岩体损伤过程中发生的裂隙尖端放电现象往往引发地下雷电,对该现象发生机理、表现规律的揭示有助于地震、岩爆等的临灾预报.不同于在岩土体中液固耦合界面上发生的自然电场异常机理,在岩土体内部发生的裂隙尖端放电可谓是引发自然电场异常的另一重要微观机制.本文基于现有裂隙尖端放电的研究成果,详细阐述了裂隙尖端放电发生的过程,解释了岩体损伤过程中自然电场异常产生的微观机理,并结合室内实验成果论述了自电位的主要特征;进行了理论推导,认为在大尺度岩体连续损伤过程中,自电位具有含脉冲状波动并整体下降的特征;开展了原位测试,结果证明人工采掘扰动下的深部岩体连续破坏的过程中,自电位在破坏前期缓慢下降,在破坏过程中会出现脉冲状波动,随着破坏程度的加剧整体呈现波动中下降的规律,与理论推导、室内实验结论都相符.对比室内实验和原位测试成果发现,随着研究目标的空间尺度由mm级别扩展到m的级别,自电位波动的幅值也从数十个mV扩展到数百甚至上千mV,故认为在利用自电位波动规律来预测岩体破坏状态时,须受研究对象的空间尺度的约束.此外,在原位测试中发现,自电位对岩体损伤过程的响应较直流电阻率而言具有时域上的超前优势,并对此现象进行了解释.     

2019年长宁MS6.0地震邻区分钟采样地电场分析

2019年6月17日四川宜宾市长宁县发生M_S6.0地震, 分析震中周边600 km内7个地电场台站观测分钟值数据, 获知震前2个月左右红格等6个台站地电场均存在不同方位之间、 同方位长短极距之间的相关系数持续降低, 6月17日这些相关系数基本降至最低, 反映出这6个场地的地电场在此次地震前后发生了非均匀变化; 同时, 这6个台站的地电场优势方位角出现了约45°或90°跃变, 并伴有显著发散或收窄现象。分析表明长宁M_S6.0地震前后, 这6个场地的多种地电场异常现象具有局部场地效应、 时间准同步性。     

地电场数据分析方法在华北地区的应用

应用VAN法、波形分析法、潮汐谐波分析等对华北地区观测资料质量较好的地电场台进行研究,结果表明,华北地区地电场波形日变幅度范围为2.35—11.12 mV/km;VAN法在华北地区有一定的震例对应,如2003年5月22日河北唐山M_L 4.1、2006年7月4日河北文安M_L 5.1、2010年3月6日河北滦县M_L 4.7等地震前河北昌黎地震台都曾记录到地电场异常信号,存在震前地电场SES的场地效应;华北地区岩体裂隙优势方位α角一致性较差,波动范围约为20°。     

青藏高原中强地震前的地电场变异及构成解析

青藏高原及邻区的地电场常态波形存在场地的选择性现象,场地的岩石结构、裂隙及裂隙水、构造活动等因素影响地电场的常态波形,较大湖泊有助于附近出现TGF-A波形,在第四纪沉积层较厚、岩石含水度高和透水性强的地区多出现TGF-B波形,而构造活动剧烈的基岩山区易出现无日变形态的地电场.该地区中强地震前,地电场的短临异常存在时间上或同步或有十余天差的丛集现象,而在空间上可分布于该区多个断层附近,表现出离散现象,这种时间上丛集、空间上离散的现象是该区域地电场短临前兆特征.引入Σ-Δ求和方法从地电场观测数据中解析出自然电场通常的稳定性,说明了中强地震之前部分地电场的背景值跃变是一种自然电场变化现象;建立潮汐谐波振幅比T_A值的概念及计算方法,从定量角度说明了青藏高原地区TGF-A、TGF-B和无日变波形的潮汐影响在逐次降低;使用一阶差分ΔE方法,解析出地电场分钟数量级的高频电磁成分,通常这种高频突跳表现出一定程度的随机性、有限性.三种不同的分析方法,从地电场的构成中解析出自然电场、大地电场和高频电磁成分的特征,为地电场的物理解析提供了理论和方法上的基础.     

基于大地电场岩体裂隙水渗流模型的地震前兆异常特征

正基于地电场潮汐波建立岩体裂隙水(电荷)渗流(移动)模型,计算辽宁地区大地电场优势方位角α,结合降雨、温度、磁暴等典型干扰,对α的干扰幅度进行对比分析,结果表明,α抗干扰能力较强。在2013年1月23日灯塔MS 5.1地震前后,α的动态变化表明,多个同一或相邻地质构造地电场台站,岩体裂隙电荷移动方位长时间的准同步突变是中强地震的前兆异常特征。(1)模型计算。采用ZD9A系列的分钟值采样数据,     

1974年和1979年江苏省溧阳两次中等强度地震的前兆性空区.

1974年4月22日、1979年7月9日在江苏省溧阳地区先后发生5.8级、6.3级(ML)两次地震.在这两次地震前约23个月,其周围200多公里范围内出现地震空区图象.1974年5.8级地震前16个月,在240公里范围内没有发生小地震;临近震前7个月空区活化,爆发一系列小地震.1979年6.3级地震前15个月,在100公里范围内和240公里范围外发生一些小地震,形成环形空区;临近地震前7个月,约200公里范围内均无小震活动.根据两次主震等震线,主、余震展布和震源机制结果认为,它们是在北东东向压应力和北北西向张应力作用下,发生在同一震源区的不同期共轭地震.两次地震空区图象的形成、发展和消失过程,描绘了区域应力持续作用下,中等均匀程度的地壳不均匀应变的演化过程.      

云南孟连西7.3级、武定6.5级、丽江7.0级三次强震前地震波振幅比的时空演化特征

１９９５年７月１２日至１９９６年２月３日短短７个月,云南地区连续发生了孟连西中缅边境７．３级、武定５．５级、丽江７．０级３次强震,本文研究了近期这几次强震前５个地震台地震图垂直分量Ｓ、Ｐ波最大振幅比的时空演化特征,动态追踪了振幅比明显偏离平稳态的突变过程。发现主震前５—８年,７级大震震中１００ｋｍ范围出现振幅比高（低）值突变,６级强震震中１３０ｋｍ范围出现振幅比高值突变,当振幅比的突变在缓升（降）的背景上骤升（降）,或突变异常的地震次数明显增加,则中长期异常进入中短期阶段。在强震震中１３０ｋｍ范围内的地震台（近台）振幅比值高达１５．２以上,而远离强震震中２５０ｋｍ以外的地震台（远台）振幅比最大值仅为９．８,近台的突变幅度至少比远台大３０％。而强震成组发生前一年半时间内,位于强震震中１１０ｋｍ范围内的近台振幅比的突变幅度比远在２５０ｋｍ外远台大５５—７５％。对振幅比的突变和时空演化特征从非线性动力学模型和模拟实验结果进行了初步成因探讨。     

Perspectives on monitoring resistivity changes with telluric signals at Parkfield, California: 1988–1999

An array designed to detect changes of resistivity in the upper 10 km of the crust has been in continuous operation since 1988. Long period (T=300–7200 s) telluric signals are recorded digitally on 5–16 km long dipoles. Telluric transfer functions are computed between field dipoles and two reference dipoles and then decomposed to examine daily fluctuations of those functions. Based on analysis of these daily fluctuations, stabilities of 0.1–0.3% are achieved. No intermediate term resistivity changes are seen associated with any of the 5 M_b>4.0 earthquakes that have occurred since 1989. Short term fluctuations are seen associated with most of these earthquakes, however. Minimum bounds on resistivity changes that could have caused the fluctuations in the telluric responses range from 1.7 to 13.0%. While these are within the ranges seen in other field studies, the statistical significance of these fluctuations is low because they also occur at many times that cannot be correlated to earthquakes. Comparison of the one potential resistivity change associated with a strain change results in a strain sensitivity that is unrealistically high. This possible resistivity change coincides spatially with a temporary variation in seismic travel time in May–June 1989, however. It is likely that many of the fluctuations in the telluric responses are random variations except for the one in 1989, and recording through the next M6 earthquake will be needed in order to detect a statistically significant resistivity change.     

南北地震带两次典型强震周边自然电场变化及机理探讨

根据场源不同可将地电场E分为大地电场E_T和自然电场E_SP。空间S_q电流系和固体潮一般被认为是大地电场E_T的起源;自然电场E_SP源于地下介质的物理化学作用,其局部性变化相对稳定。2013年南北地震带相继发生了芦山M_S7.0地震（30.3°N,103.0°E）和岷县、漳县M_S6.6地震（34.5°N,104.2°E）。两次地震周边约400 km范围内的地电场台站（成都、汉王）数据表明震前自然电场E_SP出现明显的小幅度突跳或大幅度跃变,同时在时间上具有准同步性,其他地电场台站也有类似变化。基于大地电场岩体裂隙水（电荷）渗流（移动）模型,对两次地震周边自然电场E_SP的变异机理进行探讨,尝试解析其物理过程。     

地震过程中的大地电场变化特征

根据国产ZD9A型大地电场仪在宝低地电台的记录结果,研究了1998年1月10日河北省张北地区6．2级地震过程中的大地电场变化特征．主要表现为：1．震前36天至发震当日出现大地电场日变异常簇;2．地震前后大地电场E的方位发生转动;3、大地电场E具有日变倍9（天）周期性和振幅｜E｜变化特征;4大地电场EW分量的极性变化．根据对这些特征的分析结果表明,它们有可能做为孕震进入短临阶段的前兆信息及识别标志．     

The influence of solar‐induced thermal stresses on the mechanical weathering of rocks in humid mid‐latitudes

The role of solar‐induced thermal stresses in the mechanical breakdown of rock in humid‐temperate climates has remained relatively unexplored. In contrast, numerous studies have demonstrated that cracks in rocks found in more arid mid‐latitude locations exhibit preferred northeast orientations that are interpreted to be a consequence of insolation‐related cracking. Here we hypothesize that similar insolation‐related mechanisms may be efficacious in humid temperate climates, possibly in conjunction with other mechanical weathering processes. To test this hypothesis, we collected rock and crack data from a total of 310 rocks at a forested field site in North Carolina (99 rocks, 266 cracks) and at forested and unforested field sites in Pennsylvania (211 rocks, 664 cracks) in the eastern United States. We find that overall, measured cracks exhibit statistically preferred strike orientations (47° ± 16), as well as dip angles (52° ± 24°), that are similar in most respects to comparable datasets from mid‐latitude deserts. There is less variance in strike orientations for larger cracks suggesting that cracks with certain orientations are preferentially propagated through time. We propose that diurnally repeating geometries of solar‐related stresses result in propagation of those cracks whose orientations are favorably oriented with respect to those stresses. We hypothesize that the result is an oriented rock heterogeneity that acts as a zone of weakness much like bedding or foliation that can, in turn, be exploited by other weathering processes. Observed crack orientations vary somewhat by location, consistent with this hypothesis given the different latitude and solar exposure of the field sites. Crack densities vary between field sites and are generally higher on north‐facing boulder‐faces and in forested sites, suggesting that moisture‐availability also plays a role in dictating cracking rates. These data provide evidence that solar‐induced thermal stresses facilitate mechanical weathering in environments where other processes are also likely at play. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Study of the Ability of the Magnetotelluric Method to Monitor Earthquakes

Most earthquakes on the Chinese mainland have occurred within the depth range of 10-25 km,which is usually called the seismogenic layer.According to the rule of penetration depth,the precursor of the electric anomaly,which is transferred from the seismogenic layer to the Earth's surface,should be very weak,but the ability to monitor earthquakes can be greatly improved if the field precursor effect is taken into consideration because of expansion of the electric anomaly area.The results of one-and two-dimensional modeling computations are consistent with the observed fact that the apparent resistivity decreases before earthquakes.This provides good evidence for our inference.The corresponding physical mechanism is that the conductivity of the anomaly area may be increased by the rock dilatation and fluid permeation due to the stress effect during the developing process of earthquakes.     

Distribution of seismic intensities of the November 6, 1988, Lancang-Gengma earthquakes and their surface ruptures in Yunnan Province, China

On November 6, 1988, two earthquakes with magnitude>7 occurred on the Lancang-Gengma fault zone in south-west China. The extensive destruction and loss of lives resulted mainly from widespread collapse of unreinforced masonry and mud brick structures; the maximum preliminary intensity of the Lancang earthquakes was IX on the Chinese scale, which is similar to the Modified Mercall scale, and the highest preliminary intensity of the Gengma earthquake was probably X. The surface manifestation of tectonic activity of the Lancang earthquake was the occurrence of the earthquake-related extensional ground cracks and small fault scarps in the epicentral region. The cracks with small fault scarps occurred mainly in four relatively continuous north-northwest-trending linear zones that ranged from a few hundred meters to 6 km in length. The area within which the cracks and small scarps occurred is 35 km long by 3 km wide. The maximum net throw and the dextral horizontal offset were 1.5m and 1.4m, respectively. Clear evidence of new surface faulting caused by the Gengma earthquake includes a series of relatively continuous north-northwest-trending linear ground crack zones and a 5 km long section of fault scarps. The total length of the surface rupture zones of the Gengma earthquakes is about 24 km, with 3.5m maximum net throw and 3m maximum right-lateral slip. Both earthquakes were associated with surface faulting showing a combination of normal and right lateral motion. The distribution of seismic intensities and surface rupture characteristics of these two earthquakes are discussed in this paper. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,13, 344–353, 1991. The research project was performed out under the direction of Professors. Xingyuan Ma and Yuntai Chen, and the field investigation was performed with help of Kui Jiang and Junchang Zhang of the Seismological Bureau of Yunnan Province. Here the authors express great appreciation.     

2005年云南会泽、文山5.3级地震短临预报及再认识

2005年8月5日、8月13日云南会泽、文山分别发生5．3级地震。震前，前兆各学科出现不同程度的异常变化，异常台项达30多项，并呈现非线性上升趋势。据此，震前对这两次地震做出了短临预报。震后对两次地震的震前异常做了进一步分析研究，认为异常主要分布在距离震中20～180km范围内，集中出现在震前2个月。水温异常对发震地点有一定的指示意义。