Inversion of relative changes in the magnetotelluric apparent resistivity into the relative changes in the resistivity of the elements of a geoelectric structure

The earlier proposed method for inversion of the observed changes in the magnetotelluric apparent resistivity ρ_a into the relative changes in the resistivity of the elements of a well-studied geoelectric structure is tested on a 2D model representing one of the geodynamic research areas of Kamchatka. The possibilities are demonstrated for choosing the most effective observation conditions of the study, and for the determination of the source of the observed variations in γ_a. It is concluded that, if a number of conditions are met, it is possible to estimate the amplitude of relative changes in the electrical resistivity of rocks with sufficient accuracy for monitoring these changes with the aforementioned changes used as a prognostic parameter.     

金属护栏对洛阳地震台地电阻率干扰定量分析

自2018年12月起,因洛阳地震台测区内安装金属护栏,该台地电阻率出现异常变化。为正确评估此次影响,结合洛阳地震台电测深曲线、岩性资料建立了三维水平层状结构模型,利用有限元法计算了测区内金属护栏对洛阳地震台地电阻率观测的影响。同时,建立典型“H”型电性结构模型,分析了不同属性的金属导线对地电阻率观测的影响。结果显示：①金属护栏是洛阳地震台此次地电阻率年变异常的主要影响因素。当位于测区内影响系数为负的区域时,金属护栏引起地电阻率的趋势性上升;当位于影响系数为正的区域时,金属护栏引起地电阻率的趋势性下降。②不同属性的金属导线对地电阻率观测的影响不同。导线与测道夹角减小、导线长度增加、导线电阻率减小以及导线横截面积增加等均会导致干扰源对地电阻率年变影响作用增强。     

层状介质中膨胀球模拟力源的应力——应变场与视电阻率的关系

本文研究了三层介质中膨胀球模拟震源的应力、应变场以及由这个应力、应变场产生的电阻率变化量和地表视电阻率变化的关系。结果表明,对于一定强度的“震源”,在地电装置探测范围内的应力场随具有不同弹性参数的层位有显著的变化;而应变场却看不出有明显的突变;由地表视电阻率变化量的计算结果揭示了地电异常受台站介质电性结构与力学结构的综合影响。因此作为预报地震的地电阻率法一方面要寻找具有高电阻率——应变灵敏度岩层的台址,另一方面台址的视电阻率变化对各层真电阻率变化要具有好的响应。     

Focused imaging of electrical resistivity data in archaeological prospecting

Electrical resistivity mapping and electrical resistivity profiling are powerful instruments for investigating archaeological structures. Interpretation of geoelectrical data is complicated by near-surface anomalies and the characteristics of the applied electrode arrays. Averaging Wenner α and Wenner β data as an alternative method of focused imaging is presented to overcome these problems. The mechanism of focused imaging is explained using the sensitivity distribution of the combined arrays. Various methods of imaging geoelectrical data are examined with synthetic and field data. In electrical resistivity mapping, inversion of the data is unnecessary when using focused imaging. In electrical resistivity profiling, focused imaging gives a first idea about the subsurface resistivity distribution without achieving the quality obtainable by inversion.     

通州台井下地电阻率测深初步分析

2020年7月12日唐山古冶 M_S5．1地震发生前,井下小极距地电阻率出现快速下降-折返的变化,变化形态、异常时长符合地电阻率孕震机理变化,但下降幅度远远小于地表大极距地电阻率孕震过程的变化幅度.因此,文章基于通州台地下电性结构和装置系统,采用数值分析方法,分析地表和井下小极距地电阻率的探测深度.结果表明,当底层电性变化区域介质电阻率发生某种减小时,通州台地表和井下小极距地电阻率装置系统地电阻率观测值会下降,下降的幅度随着深部介质电阻率变化区域上界面向上的扩展而增大.相比地表观测,井下小极距电阻率观测能更显著地接收到深部电阻率变化信号,对孕震有更强的反映能力.     

井下地电阻率观测的探测深度初步研究

对井下地电阻率观测的探测深度进行了研究,计算了均匀半空间和给定结构参数的水平层状介质模型在不同装置电极埋深下的探测深度,分析了探测深度与装置电极埋深和介质电阻率结构之间的关系,得到如下结果:①与地表观测相比,在供电极距为1 km左右时,探测深度随装置电极埋深的增大而增大,且增大的速度与装置电极埋深密切相关;当装置电极埋深h < 100 m时,探测深度的增大速度远小于装置电极埋深h≥100 m时. ②当装置电极埋深h < 50 m时,与地表观测相比探测深度增加很小,不超过10 m;当装置电极埋深相同时,供电极距越大,与地表观测相比探测深度增加得越小. ③对于水平层状电阻率均匀分层结构,在装置电极埋深相同的情况下,下伏低阻结构的探测深度显著大于下伏高阻结构.本文的研究结果表明,为了观测到深部电阻率的变化情况,首先需要查明测区电性结构,再进行综合分析,以确定井下地电阻率观测的装置电极埋深,其结果为深部电阻率变化研究提供了理论基础.      

含裂隙介质中的视电阻率各向异性变化

我国50多年的视电阻率连续观测结果表明,大地震前近震中区域的视电阻率呈现出与主压应力方位有关的各向异性变化,即:垂直于主压应力方向观测的变化幅度最大,平行方向最小或不明显,斜交方向介于二者之间.目前我国定点台站视电阻率观测的探测范围主要在浅层沉积层以内,通常含有较多的含水裂隙.本文将地下岩土介质简化为由固体基质和含流体/气体裂隙组成的固液气三相介质,且基质、流体和气体具有标量形式的电阻率,推导出了包含基质和流体电阻率、裂隙率、饱和度和裂隙面积率因子的电阻率张量表达式.以裂隙的扩展/闭合表示应力作用下裂隙的变化,得到了电阻率随裂隙变化的微分形式,电阻率变化对裂隙体积变化放大系数的表达式和裂隙横向变化对纵向电阻率影响的横向权系数的表达式.在此基础上得到了介质电阻率和视电阻率的各向异性变化特征:对于含水裂隙介质,无论裂隙如何变化,均是最小主轴方向电阻率的变化幅度大于其他方向;对于含水孔隙介质,沿孔隙主要变化方向的主轴电阻率变化幅度大于其他方向.对于各向异性变化,视电阻率和介质电阻率存在π/2的方向差异.相较于含水岩石,无水岩石介质电阻率的各向异性变化不显著.本文提出的电阻率表达式可以对实验室和野外实际观测的许多结果做出合理的解释.     

Electrical Imaging of Impact Structures

Electrical imaging provides important subsurface information for the construction of hypervelocity impact models. We here provide an overview and evaluation of the current electrical imaging methods used in impact cratering studies. Although apparent resistivity models are commonly used in the geoelectrical imaging of impact structures, the reliability of these models has not hitherto been determined. In order to assess these imaging approaches in impact cratering, we investigate for the first time the discrepancies between the apparent resistivity and true resistivity models of an impact structure. To this end, we present (1) a new true resistivity model of the Araguainha impact structure in central Brazil by applying L2-norm inversion to previously published data, (2) apparent resistivity model of the impact structure, and (3) models obtained from different stages of the iterative tomographic inversions. Our results show that changes in vertical resistivity gradient are significantly better defined in the true resistivity models than in the apparent resistivity model. On the basis of these results, we outline a new approach that true resistivity models can be effectively assessed by applying both L1- and L2-norm inversion schemes together with the monitoring of intermediate models from iterative inversion. The results of our study highlight the importance of tomographic inversion of resistivity data in impact cratering studies, and they provide a data modeling framework and foundation for cost-effective subsurface imaging of impact structures in the future.     

铁轨干扰浚县地震台地电阻率观测的有限元分析

2016年5月浚县地震台地电阻率EW向测值出现明显变化,为正确评价该变化,依据浚县地震台地质资料、岩层电性资料和EW向电测深曲线,将该台地下介质电性分布简化为二维电性结构,建立三维有限元模型。通过数值模拟,计算测区内地表铁轨干扰对地电阻率观测的影响形态和幅度。结果表明,由数值模拟所得干扰幅度、形态与实际测值的异常变化较吻合,因此从数值分析的角度确定了铁轨对浚县地震台地电阻率观测的干扰。     

井下地电阻率观测中地表电流干扰影响计算

本文把地电阻率台站地下介质简化为水平三层均匀介质模型,以点电流模拟地表干扰电流,针对对称四极观测装置,计算了在不同电性结构中的不同深度观测时,地表电流干扰源对对称四极装置地电阻率观测的影响,计算得到:地表干扰源对电阻率观测的影响取决于电性结构的类型和层参数、供电电极和测量电极的埋深以及避开干扰源的距离.本文研究结果对实施井下电阻率观测中台址电性结构的选择、电极埋深、干扰源避让距离等有参考意义.     

Monitoring of relative changes in the electrical conductivity of rocks from observations of the magnetotelluric apparent resistivity (numerical modeling)

A method for direct conversion of observed variations in the magnetotelluric (MT) apparent resistivity ρ_a into relative variations in the resistivity of elements of a well-studied geoelectric structure is proposed. The method is tested on a 1-D model structure consisting of seven horizontal layers in three of which the conductivity can vary within certain limits. It is inferred that the frequency range and the accuracy of methods of magnetotelluric sounding presently applied to the construction of transfer operators are sufficient for determining relative changes in the resistivity of rocks; the latter, as distinct from ρ_a, can serve as an effective prognostic parameter. The method can be extended to more complex geoelectric structures.     

电感性耦合对地电阻率交流观测的影响

地电阻率交流观测方法中存在电感性耦合效应,会影响观测值的准确性。理论研究表明电感性耦合效应与供电信号频率、供电线与测量线间距离以及线路间平行走线的长度等条件相关。为了探讨理论研究与实际观测的一致性,在江苏省高邮地电台进行电感性耦合效应对地电阻率交流观测影响研究的实验,实验通过改变观测电极间的布线,分析上述条件对地电阻率交流观测结果的影响。实验结果表明,减小平行长度、增大线间距离、减小供电信号频率均能够减小电感性耦合效应,此结果与理论分析一致。当供电信号频率低于0.5 Hz时,平行长度与线间距离的变化对电感性耦合效应的影响较小,可忽略不计;当供电信号频率大于1 Hz时,为降低电感性耦合效应的影响,需要随供电信号频率增加,减小线间平行长度或增大线间距离。     

强地震附近电阻率对称四极观测的探测深度

针对我国地震监测预报中固定地点和固定观测装置及参数的视电阻率观测,给出了半空间倾斜各向异性介质中电阻率对称四极观测的理论探测深度,研究了地震前兆信息的检测深度问题,得到：(1)在强地震、孕震晚期阶段,在震中区及附近可检测到地壳近地表较深部介质的电阻率变化,其深度大于或远大于均匀介质之;(2)震级、震中距、观测方向不同或在不同的孕震阶段,探测深度存在差异,甚至存在大的差异,且是动态变化的.并依据理论探测深度讨论了地震视电阻率前兆变化的复杂性、地电台址电性条件等问题.     

饱水和排水过程中岩石电阻率各向异性特征的电阻率成像法研究

从电阻率的角度研究岩石裂隙介质的各向异性特征是一种方便而有效的方法,但多限于空间单个点上的测量数据分析.通过在砂岩岩样上的饱水与排水实验以及同步进行的高密度电阻率成像监测,探讨了应用高密度电阻率成像法获得图像研究岩石各向异性特征的可能性,分析了饱水与排水过程中岩石电阻率在不同方向上的响应特性.结果表明,电阻率成像法在分析岩石裂隙介质的各向异性方面具有多方向成像和动态监测的优点,可以通过对不同方向上获得的电阻率图像的分析,提取出岩石沉积结构的空间分布模式,清晰地反映出岩石在饱水和排水过程中电阻率变化空间分布模式的各向异性特征.     

与大震孕育过程有关的地电阻率变化研究

我国地震预报研究中的地是贩主要特点在于有着广泛分布于各主要地震带和对国民经济有重要意义地区的固定台网，并长期连续定点地观测电阻率随时间的变化。从而在我国大陆１９６６年以来的地震活跃期中积累了大量与大地震发生有关的地电阻率异常变化资料。与此同时，关于地电阻率法以及它和孕震过程的关系的理论研究工作也在深入进行，本文对这些震例资料和地电阻率法理论研究进行了讨论。     

周至地震台电阻率观测与汶川地震对应性分析

介绍陕西省周至地电阻率台址及地电观测环境和观测系统运行情况,分析汶川大震及强余震前地电阻率出现的短临异常变化;记录到显著的地电阻率下降异常、地电阻率日均值均方差增大和差分能量增大的显著异常,认为周至地电台具有良好的监测地震能力.     

深埋电极的地电阻率观测研究

首先研究了四极观测系统装置系数与电极埋深的关系;然后给出了点电流源在3层地壳模型的地表和第二层时,电源所在层的电位的解析表达式;最后将天津宝坻地区的电性结构简化成一个3层模型,计算给出了当地表层和基岩中的电阻率出现变化时,在地表和基岩上层开展四极地电阻率观测结果与供电极距和深度的关系.     

地表点电流对地电阻率观测的影响

将地电阻率台站地下介质简化为水平层状均匀介质模型,以点电流模拟地表干扰电流源,针对对称四极观测装置,计算干扰源电流增减及位置变化对地电阻率观测的影响。结果表明,地电阻率的受干扰程度取决于地表干扰点电流的大小、在测区的方位及距中心点的距离。     

An efficient non-linear least-squares 1D inversion scheme for resistivity and IP sounding data

Non-linear least-squares inversion operates iteratively by updating the model parameters in each step by a correction vector which is the solution of a set of normal equations. Inversion of geoelectrical data is an ill-posed problem. This and the ensuing suboptimality restrict the initial model to being in the near vicinity of the true model. The problem may be reduced by introducing damping into the system of equations. It is shown that an appropriate choice of the damping parameter obtained adaptively and the use of a conjugate-gradient algorithm to solve the normal equations make the 1D inversion scheme efficient and robust. The scheme uses an optimal damping parameter that is dependent on the noise in the data, in each iterative step. The changes in the damping and relative residual error with iteration number are illustrated. A comparison of its efficacy over the conventional Marquardt and simulated annealing methods, tested on Inman's model, is made. Inversion of induced polarization (IP) sounding is obtained by inverting twice (true and modified) DC apparent resistivity data. The inversion of IP data presented here is generic and can be applied to any of the IP observables, such as chargeability, frequency effect, phase, etc., as long as these observables are explicitly related to the DC apparent resistivity. The scheme is used successfully in inverting noise-free and noisy synthetic data and field data taken from the published literature.     

CSAMT全区电阻率法数值模拟及应用探讨

常规的可控源电磁法理论在计算视电阻率公式上,多半采用其电磁场的渐近特征,难以直接反映全区视电阻率的值,及直观地显现地下介质的地质构造.文中采用水平偶极子激发的电磁场,提出了电场的全区精确表达式,直接计算出大地电阻率.利用汉克尔数值滤波算法和逆样条插值算法对水平层状电磁场进行正演计算,并与计算的卡尼亚视电阻率的对比和野外试验结果表明：该方法的结果在远区等价卡尼亚电阻率,在近区和过渡带则明显地改善了卡尼亚电阻率的非波场区场畸变,从而能更好地接近基底的真电阻率,更形象地反映了地下介质的垂向电性变化.