基于气枪震源信号和背景噪声的2016年呼图壁6.2级地震前后波速变化特征初步研究

本文选取呼图壁气枪发射台周边流动台记录的2016年6月至2017年12月气枪震源信号和背景噪声信号,分别采用互相关时延检测法和移动窗互谱法研究2016年12月呼图壁6.2级地震前后波速变化特征,得到以下初步结果:呼图壁6.2级地震前后,距6.2级地震60 km的流动台记录的气枪震源信号未发现明显的波速变化,距6.2级地震27 km的固定台石梯子台在6.2级地震前出现了较为明显的波速变化异常,可能与信号传播路径不同有关;流动台记录到的背景噪声信号出现与呼图壁6.2级地震有关的波速异常变化;气枪主要利用体波信号,背景噪声主要利用面波信号,两者射线路径不同可能是导致不同波速变化特征的主要原因。     

地脉动在大震前的异常变化研究

利用2008年4月28日0时至5月12日13时许昌地震台地震连续波形资料,对安德列亚诺夫群岛7.0级、日本东海岸近海7.1级和汶川8.0级地震3次M≥7.0地震前地脉动变化情况进行了频域、振幅的量化分析,得出如下结论:3次地震前三分向都记录到了地脉动异常,水平向较垂直向明显;傅立叶谱0.2~0.3 Hz谱振幅值出现较大变化,进程上具有快速增大—达到最大值—下降—下降过程中发震的特征;地脉动异常分别在3次地震前2.3、3.3、2.9 d出现,属临震异常。     

2001年11月14日昆仑山大地震震前扰动信号的再研究

研究了2001年11月14日昆仑山M_S8.1大地震前新疆地区宽频带地震仪记录到的异常扰动事件.新疆地震台网在发生强震的前三天记录到了强烈的扰动信号.由于新疆地震台距离昆仑山大地震的震中很近,因此该震前扰动的成因备受关注,一直被认为可能是与大地震相关的慢地震事件,可能是大地震的某种前兆现象.本研究扩大了观测异常扰动事件的范围,分析了欧亚大陆187个宽频带地震仪在2001年11月的观测记录,发现这些地震仪在11月10—12日期间都记录到了时频特征类似的强扰动信号,其中最强的扰动信号出现在挪威台站KONO.调查研究发现挪威海域在11月10—12日期间出现了一次超强北极风暴,我们对扰动源位置初步定位后发现大地震前欧亚大陆各台站记录的最大扰动信号主要来源于挪威西南海岸.本文的研究结果确认昆仑山大地震前新疆台网记录到的强烈震前扰动信号不是与大地震相关的慢地震事件,而是挪威海域北极风暴激发的微地震（地脉动）.本文进一步研究表明北极风暴激发的地脉动可显著影响中国大陆的地震和重力观测.在分析中国大陆地震台网记录的强扰动信号时,北极风暴的影响不能忽视.     

地震前兆还是其他因素？——与“汶川大地震宽带地震仪短临异常及成因初探”作者商榷

本文仔细分析了我国宽带地震仪记录和论文“汶川大地震宽带地震仪短临异常及成因初探”提供的数据,探讨了5.12汶川8.0级强烈地震前后记录的“异常”现象,对该论文观点提出了质疑.有理由推测,该“短临异常”并非地震前兆,它最可能是在此期间在西太平洋的02号强台风“威马逊”激发的脉动异常.     

门源6.7级地震前后的波速异常

本文详细讨论了1986年门源6.7级地震前后的波速异常,提出了利用波速异常。对该地区进行地震预报的可行性。     

新疆喀什地区地震前地磁脉动异常分析

1996年11月17日至29日在新疆喀什地区发生8次地震,震前均观测到地磁脉动异常．文中对未发生地震期间地磁脉动观测的背景环境以及喀什台常见的地磁脉动进行分析,然后对地震前地磁脉动异常现象进行研究,并初步探讨这种震前地磁脉动异常的产生机制．这种震前发生的地磁脉动异常在地震的短期预报上可能有广泛的应用前景．     

江门市城区场地土层特征

通过统计地震小区划及一些单体工程场地地震安全性评价工程所积累的资料,对江门市城区各种土类的剪切波速进行了回归分析,得到各类土剪切波速随深度变化的统计规律,并进一步分析了场地土层其它特征,如各类土层的组合模式、厚度以及地面脉动分布特征等,最后给出了建筑场地类别的分区。     

灯塔M5.1地震前沈阳地震台地脉动研究

对2013年灯塔M5.1地震前沈阳地震台JCZ-1T超宽频带地震计数字记录地脉动变化进行频域分析,经过大量多组不同频段的频域对比分析,确定了1.4~1.6 Hz和2~3 Hz频段在灯塔M5.1地震前沈阳地震台有地脉动异常变化,利用振幅值和频率做出了地震前地脉动幅度和频率变化曲线,并总结了灯塔地震前沈阳地震台地脉动的变化特征。     

场地脉动卓越周期在工程抗震中的应用

根据工程项目场地地震安全性评价工作中所进行的场进脉动卓越周期试和剪切波速测试结果,以及地震反应分析计算结果的研究分析,根据现行工程抗震设计规范,将场地脉动卓越周期作为工程抗震中场地土类型,场地类别划分的参考标准,以及与工程场地震反应分析计算结果回归分析,结合场地地震危险性概率分析,估算场地地震动峰值加速度,应用于工程抗震设计中。     

固体潮观测中的震颤异常波

在地震与固体潮台站的日常监测中,常发现有一些异常"脉动"信号叠加在固体潮曲线上.这些异常"脉动"与宽频带数字地震计的观测在时间上同步、一致,其中的一部分由发生在西太平洋上的热带气旋引起,而其他的则大多与强地震相伴随,统称为震颤异常波.本文介绍了华中科技大学的地震与固体潮观测台站(HUST)的概况,报道了该台应用 DZW重力仪和VS-1倾斜仪观测记录到的大量震颤异常波事例.大量观测事实表明:中国固体潮台站记录的震颤异常波,绝大多数只在DZW重力仪和VS-1倾斜仪的低通滤波1 通道(LP1)出现,而在其低通滤波2通道(LP2)和其他固体潮仪器中则罕有发现;震颤异常波的包络线大多呈"纺锤状"或"尾巴状",持续时间多为1~3天. 通过对震颤异常波和固体潮观测仪器的分析研究,得到以下结论:震颤异常波实际上就是一种来源复杂的地球脉动信号,响应范围广泛,可被宽频带数字地震计和固体潮仪器记录.由西太平洋上的热带气旋引起的震颤异常波的主要周期在3~7 s范围,而强震前的震颤异常波则除此外,还包含10~60 s及更长周期的信号.固体潮仪器对震颤异常波响应的差异是因为仪器的传递函数不同和特性所致. DZW重力仪和VS-1倾斜仪分钟值采样数据中的震颤异常波,只是真实信号的一种"混叠"或映射.强震前的震颤异常波是否与地震有关？是否是震兆？尚需做更深入细致的分析和研究.     

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

太平洋中部地磁台11年周期变化的研究

综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

On the variation in the geomagnetic dipole over the geological history of the Earth

The global database on the paleointensity, containing determinations of the virtual dipole moment (VDM) for a stable (normal) regime of the geomagnetic field in a time interval of up to 3.5 Ga, is supplemented by new VDM determinations and analyzed. The field generation process started no later than 3–3.5 Ga (earlier data are absent) at the stage of the Earth’s core formation. Since that time, the dipole value has differed from its present value by no more than an order of magnitude, and the deviations that have already been detected tend toward smaller values. The distribution of VDM values in the time interval 0–400 Ma is bimodal, which apparently reflects the presence of two different generation levels of the geomagnetic field distinguished by a relatively large value (close to the present field value) and a relatively small value (approximately half as large as the present value). The total duration of decreased VDM values appreciably exceeds that of increased VDM values (179.1 and 28.6 Myr, respectively). On the whole, data on the paleointensity do not contradict the hypothesis about the dipole nature of the field over the last 400 Myr; however, the number of determinations at high paleolatitudes is too small to draw decisive conclusions on the validity (or invalidity) of the dipole field approximation based solely on paleointensity data.     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

Evolutionary Changes in the Configuration of the Magnetic Field of the Solar Corona in the Epoch of the Minimum

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The evolution of the magnetic configuration in the solar corona is studied. The curvature of the K-corona helmets obtained from an analytical approximation of the...