北京南口—孙河断裂带水热系统特征与成因分析

中低温对流型地热资源在华北地区广泛分布,是一种清洁的替代能源.与活动断裂带相关的水热型地热资源是中低温地热系统的重要组成部分.本文基于高精度重力测量、微动测深及钻孔温度测量等数据,从热源、通道、储层和盖层四个方面探讨了南口—孙河断裂带水热系统特征.低重力异常揭示的燕山期花岗二长岩、闪长岩岩体范围为23.8 km~2和14.3 km~2,放射性测井数据计算得到其生热率均值为3.14μW·m~(-3),侏罗系火山岩生热率均值为1.65μW·m~(-3),隐伏岩体和火山岩均难以构成地热系统的附加热源.重力异常显示南口—孙河断裂带宽度约500~800 m,断裂带切割蓟县系雾迷山组白云岩热储层.钻井温度曲线显示断裂带内水热活动强烈,说明该断裂带是导水、导热的重要通道.断裂带南西侧马池口一带第四系松散层与侏罗系火山岩形成了热储盖层,微动测深显示火山岩最大厚度约1500 m.综上源、通、储、盖四个要素分析,该地热系统为热传导一对流复合型,来自京西北山区的大气降水经远距离径流深循环吸收地层热量后沿南口—孙河断裂上移到达裂隙发育的白云岩地层中形成热水.总之,沿南口—孙河断裂带具备了良好的地热地质条件,可达到规模开采的条件.     

兰州-民和断陷盆地地热地质条件分析及热储概念模型

研究了兰州—民和盆地的地热地质条件，认为盆地位于中祁连隆起带的东段，为地壳厚度陡变带部位，发育的NWW向和NNW向深大断裂成为深部热源的上升通道并控制地温分布．导热断裂与低热导率岩层组合容易形成地热异常，形成层状热储和带状热储．均为低温地热资源．提出该断陷盆地的热储概念模型是地壳深部供热—深大断裂导热—低热导率岩层聚热一侧向地下径流补水．     

共和盆地干热岩地热资源的成因机制:来自岩石放射性生热率的约束

共和盆地位于青藏高原东北缘,是我国重要的干热岩地热资源赋存区之一．成因机制研究是干热岩地热资源研究中最为基础与核心的工作之一,也是干热岩地热资源潜力精细评价和合理开发利用的重要依据．本文基于98块采自共和—贵德盆地岩石样品的放射性生热率数据,分析了盆地主要岩性岩石的放射性生热率分布特征,讨论了共和盆地干热岩地热资源的成因机制,并初步建立了干热岩地热资源的成因模式．研究表明,共和盆地恰卜恰地热区沉积岩（以泥岩和粉砂质泥岩为主）放射性生热率为1.21～2.02μW·m~(-3),平均值为1.67±0.29μW·m~(-3);以花岗岩和花岗岩闪长岩等为主的基底岩石的放射性生热率介于1.17～5.81μW·m~(-3)之间,平均值为3.20±1.07μW·m~(-3)．贵德盆地扎仓寺地热区沉积岩（以砂岩和泥质砂岩为主）放射性生热率为1.83～2.40μW·m~(-3),平均值为2.13±0.23μW·m~(-3);基底花岗质岩石的放射性生热率介于0.92～6.49μW·m~(-3)之间,平均值为2.81±1.40μW·m~(-3)．测试数据显示共和—贵德盆地基底花岗岩不存在高放射性生热率异常．但是,新生代以来印度—欧亚板块持续性陆-陆碰撞作用造成的壳内放射性生热元素富集层增厚,导致了花岗岩放射性生热率的热贡献量同步增大（30.3～40.5mW·m~(-2)）,因此,花岗岩放射性生热可为共和盆地干热岩地热资源提供稳定的壳内热源基础．基于放射性生热率数据和热流配分研究,结合研究区已有地质-地球物理研究资料,本文认为壳内部分熔融层作为附加热源为共和盆地干热岩地热资源提供了重要的附加热流贡献．在此基础上,本文初步构建了共和盆地干热岩地热资源成因模式：加厚地壳花岗岩放射性生热与壳内部分熔融层供热．     

京北地区热水水文地球化学特征与地热系统的成因模式

京北地热田包括小汤山和沙河2个次级地热田,呈三角形展布,东南部边界为黄庄-高丽营断裂,西南部边界为南口-孙河断裂,北部边界为阿苏卫-小汤山断裂。热储层为蓟县系雾迷山组、铁岭组和寒武系—奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩溶裂隙含水层,热储盖层为青白口系页岩、石炭系—二叠系砂页岩和侏罗系火山岩隔水层。该地热田地温场的平面特征是在小汤山镇和汤11井区出现2个高温区;垂向特征是随埋深加大,地温升高,但热储层内垂向增温率较低,热储盖层垂向增温率较高。该区雨水、地下冷水和热水的氢氧同位素组成基本上都落在克雷格降水线上,表明区内热水来源于大气降水。在地下水化学三线图解中,该区热水位于城区热水的下方,说明京北热水比城区热水更靠近冷水补给区。热水的3H值表现出北高南低的特点,14C年龄也由北往南逐渐增大,说明热水自北向南流动。由此认为,由北部山区渗入地下的大气降水,经小汤山以北的十三陵—桃峪口岩溶水分布区,跨过阿苏卫-小汤山断裂后发生深循环并被地热加温,流入京北地区后在该地区赋存,形成热田。根据上述特征,建立了京北地热田地热系统的成因模式并定义为京北中低温对流型地热系统     

贵德盆地深部地热资源地球物理评价

为了评价贵德盆地深部地热资源远景,使用V8仪器进行了地面大地电磁法和可控源音频大地电磁法工作,首次对贵德盆地深部电性特征和深部地热资源进行评价.查明贵德盆地基底埋深3600 m～4900 m.推断盆地第三系上新统贵德组（上部地层）是浅部热储层,其厚度为370 m;其埋深为530 m.老第三纪渐新统（上部地层）是中部热储层,其厚度为640 m～800 m,其埋深为1810 m～2330 m.侏罗纪、白垩纪地层是深部热储层,其厚度为970 m~1600 m;其埋深为3680 m～4990 m.提出浅部热储层属于盆地型层状热储;中深部热储层属于断裂型带状热储.推断出二条大断裂破碎带.     

平顶山矿区地热地质条件及其成因分析

地热资源作为清洁可再生能源之一,合理的开发地热能有助于国家“双碳”目标的实现,而正确认识区域地热地质条件及其成因是地热资源开发利用的前提.平顶山矿区位于构造隆起区且区内岩溶含水层广泛发育,基岩起伏产生的热折射效应及岩溶层内地下水对流共同造成该区浅表存在温度异常,沉积盖层段的地温梯度值高达45.0℃/km.本文以7口钻井测温曲线和254块样品热物性资料为基础,分析了该区地温场特征,并结合区域典型地层剖面,对岩溶层内流体对流对地层温度影响的开展水热耦合研究,并通过热模拟分析构造界面两侧热物性差异产生的热流侧向汇聚作用对浅表聚热的作用大小.结果表明：平顶山矿区地温梯度值范围在8.0～66.9℃/km之间,对应的热流值范为31.0～135.0 mW/m²,且地温场分布呈明显的分带性,构造凸起区相对于四周凹陷区地层温度、地温梯度、热流值较高;水热耦合模拟显示,在补给区,随着冷水沿着地表出露的岩溶含水层的不断下渗,地层温度越来越低,在排泄区,补给区冷水经过深部循环加热后向上排泄,进而加热周边岩层;其次,导水断裂可以深刻改变地层温度场的分布,是地层温度下降或上升的分界线;基岩起...     

增强型地热系统热流耦合水岩温度场分析

增强型地热系统(Enhanced Geothermal System,简称EGS)作为深层地热资源开采最有效方法已成为国际研究热点.其中多场耦合是EGS研究中的关键部分,但目前对最基础和最重要的热流耦合研究仍不充分,特别是对热流耦合下热传导过程和采热效率的研究还不透彻.本文构建了针对EGS单裂隙热流耦合的数学模型,模型主要控制热流耦合时水岩温度场的演化,以展现热流耦合下的热传导过程,并以此计算了裂隙宽度和裂隙水流速率对水岩温度场的影响,分析了裂隙特征对采热效率的影响.计算表明,在特定的开采条件下,都有相应的岩体温度场影响半径;热量从高温岩体传至裂隙流体的过程显示为进水口为低温区,以水流方向为轴,向两侧岩体对称展开的三角形热传导模式;裂隙宽度和裂隙流体速度对裂隙两侧的岩体温度场和采热半径产生明显影响,但裂隙长度总体上对采热率表现为正效应,而裂隙宽度和裂隙流体速度在一定范围内对采热率表现为负效应;裂隙宽度与裂隙流体速度对水岩温度场具有完全一致的影响效果.模型的对比验证确认了本模型的合理性和优越性.文中最大的创新点和亮点是首次推导给出了EGS热流耦合水岩温度场演化特征的简明数学表达式,另一亮点是基于岩体热传导系数来考虑耦合过程的热传导量.     

黄河上游地区地热场初步分析

运用热流、地温梯度及温泉等资料,划分了黄河上游地区的地热异常区,讨论了地热与构造及地震的关系。认为断裂构造及深部热源是地热异常的主要成因;在空间上,强震分布与热异常区的分布呈相关关系。     

日本海俯冲带的热结构及热源的影响

在对温度场计算所需的初始条件、边界条件、热源条件和介质热参数进行讨论和计算的基础上,利用二维热传导问题的有限单元法,计算了日本海俯冲带热结构的演化.发现400℃等温线在板块俯冲7Ma后趋于稳定,最大深度约60km;800℃等温线在板块俯冲11Ma后趋于稳定,最大深度约280km;1200℃等温线在板块俯冲50Ma后趋于稳定,最大深度约530km.通过计算不同热源组合情况下日本海俯冲带的热结构,讨论了热源的因素对俯冲带热结构的影响.结果表明,剪切生热和脱水热只对俯冲带浅部热结构有很大影响,绝热压缩生热对热结构的影响范围最大,而橄榄石→尖晶石相变生热是400km深度以下热结构的控制性热源因素.     

华南地区樟树—宁德大地电磁测深剖面深部电性结构及热特征

华南地区武夷隆起带及东南沿海陆缘带具备中高温地热的储藏条件,而深部热源及热通道对于揭示中高温地热的形成机制至关重要.本文对江西樟树-福建宁德包含37个宽频测点的一条410 km长大地电磁测深剖面,采用非线性共轭梯度二维及三维反演,获得了岩石圈电性结构模型.研究发现,扬子地块东缘、武夷隆起带以及东南沿海陆缘带的电性结构存...     

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

Anomalies in the secular variations in the main geomagnetic field in the context of the hierarchic dipole model

The developed dynamic model of the main geomagnetic field (MGF) includes the sources of three levels, which have existed and continuously changed during the 100-year period. The spatial-temporal dynamics of the secular variations in MGF has been considered based on this model. It has been indicated that, at different times, the formation of anomalies (located in similar regions) depended on the total dynamics of different combinations of sources, including a change in the parameters of the dipoles of the secondorder smallness. Anomalies generated by the dynamics of the dipoles of the third-order smallness do not evidently manifest themselves in the total secular variations but are responsible for the specific shapes of isodynamic lines. Based on the stability and continuity of the constructed model, the conclusion is made that long-living turbulent flows of different scales can exist in the liquid core.     

The changes in the electric conductivity of the lithosphere in the source region of the strongest Olyutora earthquake in the Koryak highlands

The results of the magnetotelluric (MT) soundings before and after an earthquake are analyzed. The interpretation is based on the longitudinal and transverse MT curves (along and across the strike of the main tectonic elements, respectively). The MT curves are distorted by the ρ- and coast effect. The distortions due to the coast effect are estimated by the testing three-dimensional (3D) model. It is established that the coast effect distortion at the periods up to 1000 s is small and can be disregarded. The divergence of the longitudinal and transverse MT curves, which points to the presence of the deep faults, is thoroughly studied. The inversion of the MTsounding curves is carried out by the REBOCC program of the numerical two-dimensional modeling. This program implements the procedures of elimination of the ρ-effect and the joint inversion of the longitudinal and transverse MT sounding curves. The obtained geoelectrical cross sections provide an insight into the structure of electrical conductivity of the lithosphere before and after the earthquake. The more intense variations in the electric conductivity are observed in the zone of the deep faults. These variations are related to the changes in the porosity and saturation of the rocks by the highly mineralized fluids.     

Hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period

Abstract

The basin area of the Ganges River in Bangladesh is extremely dependent on a regular water supply from upstream to meet requirements for agriculture, fisheries, navigation, salinity control, and domestic and industrial sectors. In 1975, India commissioned a barrage on the Ganges River at Farakka to divert a significant portion of the dry season flow in order to make the Calcutta Port navigable. Statistical analyses of discharge and water level data have been carried out to determine if significant changes have occurred in the hydrology of the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period. Siltation of the Gorai River (an offtake of the Ganges River) has also been examined using the stage-discharge relationship and regression analysis. The analyses show that the diversion has caused considerable hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh. The water supply in the dry season has been reduced substantially, while siltation of the Gorai River has increased significantly.     

The electric field produced in the mantle by the dynamo in the core

A rigorous singular perturbation theory is developed to estimate the electric field E produced in the mantle M by the core dynamo when the electrical conductivity σ in M depends only on radius r, and when |r?_rln σ| ? 1 in most of M. It is assumed that σ has only one local minimum in M, either (a) at the Earth's surface ?V, or (b) at a radius b inside the mantle, or (c) at the core-mantle boundary ?K. In all three cases, the region where σ is no more than e times its minimum value constitutes a thin critical layer; in case (a), the radial electric field E_r ≈ 0 there, while in cases (b) and (c), E_r is very large there. Outside the critical layer, E_r ≈ 0 in all three cases. In no case is the tangential electric field E_S small, nearly toroidal, or nearly calculable from the magnetic vector potential A as ??_tA_S. The defects in Muth's (1979) argument which led him to contrary conclusions are identified. Benton (1979) cited Muth's work to argue that the core-fluid velocity u just below ?K can be estimated from measurements on ?V of the magnetic field B and its time derivative $\text{?}{}_{\mathrm{t}}\text{B}$. A simple model for westward drift is discussed which shows that Benton's conclusion is also wrong.In case (a), it is shown that knowledge of σ in M is unnecessary for estimating E_S on ?K with a relative error |r?_r 1nσ|^?1from measurements of E_S on ?V and knowledge of ?_tB in M (calculable from ?_tB on ?V if σ is small). Then, in case (a), u just below ?K can be estimated as $\text{?}\text{r}\text{×}\text{E}{}_{\mathrm{S}}\text{/B}{}_{\mathrm{r}}$. The method is impractical unless the contribution to E_S on ?V from ocean currents can be removed.The perturbation theory appropriate when σ in M is small is considered briefly; smallness of σ and of |r?_r ln σ|^?1 a independent questions. It is found that as σ → 0, B approaches the vacuum field in M but E does not; the explanation lies in the hydromagnetic approximation, which is certainly valid in M but fails as σ → 0. It is also found that the singular perturbation theory for |r?_r ln σ|^?1 is a useful tool in the perturbation calculations for σ when both σ and |r?_r ln σ|^?1 are small.     

Changes in sediment transport in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China

In this paper, the changes in sediment transport over 51 years from 1955 to 2006 in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China are assessed. Key factors affecting sediment yield and sediment transport, such as precipitation depth, discharge, and human activities are studied. To investigate the changes in sediment yield in this watershed, a trend analysis on sediment concentration, precipitation depth, and discharge is conducted. Precipitation depths at 2 Climate Stations （CSs）, as well as discharge and sediment transport at 3 Gauging Stations （GSs） are used to assess the features of sediment transport in the Kuye River. The rtmoff modulus （defined as the annual average discharge per unit area, L/（s·km^2）） and the sediment transport modulus （defined as the annual suspended sediment transport per unit area, t/（yr km^2）） are introduced in this study to assess the changes in runoff and sediment yield for this watershed. The results show that the highest average monthly discharge during the study period in the Kuye River is 66.23 m^3/s in August with an average monthly sediment concentration of 88.9 kg/m^3. However, the highest average monthly sediment concentration during the study period in the Kuye River is 125.34 kg/m^3 and occurs in July, which has an average discharge of 42.6 m^3/s that is much less than the average monthly discharge in August. It is found that both the runoff modulus and sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS on the Kuye River has a clear downward trend. During the summer season from July to August, the sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS is much higher than those at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs on the Yellow River. The easily erodible loess in the Kuye River watershed and the sparse vegetation are responsible for the extremely high sediment yield from the Kuye River watershed. The analyses of the grain size distribution of suspended load in the Kuye River are presented. The average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Kuye River is largest in February and then decreases until June. In July, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load approaches another peak and decreases until September. Then, the median grain size of suspended load starts to increase until February of the following year. However, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Yellow River at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs is the smallest between early summer and late fall The median grain size in the Yellow River starts to increase in November and approaches the largest size in January.     

Trends in the characteristics of the annual and semiannual variations observed in the radio wave absorption in the lower ionosphere

The continuous increase in concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is expected to cool higher levels of the atmosphere. There is some direct and indirect experimental evidence of long-term trends in temperature and other parameters in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT). Here we look for long-term trends in the annual and semiannual variations of the radio wave absorption in the lower ionosphere, which corresponds to the MLT region heights. Data from central and southeastern Europe are used. A consistent tendency to a positive trend in the amplitude of the semiannual wave appears to be observed. The reality of a similar tendency in the amplitude of the annual wave is questionable in the sense that the trend in the amplitude of the annual wave is probably induced by the trend in the yearly average values of absorption. The phases of both the annual and semiannual waves display a forward tendency, i.e. shift to an earlier time in the year. A tentative interpretation of these results in terms of changes of the seasonal variation of temperature and wind at MLT heights does not contradict the trends observed in those parameters.     

Site response in the Qionghai Basin in the Wenchuan earthquake

Amplification effects of soil site response can significantly impact ground motions, and must be considered in the seismic fortification of buildings/structures to prevent or mitigate this potential seismic hazard. Utilizing acceleration time histories from the main shock of the Wenchuan earthquake recorded at four stations (i.e., one on bedrock and three on soil) in the Qionghai Basin, the site responses from three soil sites are studied by using the traditional spectral ratio method. The bedrock site is selected as a reference site. This study found that peak ground accelerations (PGAs) on the soil sites are much larger than on bedrock, with EW, NS and UD components of 3.96–6.58, 6.27–10.98, and 3.17–6.66 times those of the bedrock site, respectively. The amplification effects of the soil sites on ground motions in the frequency range of 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz are significant, depending on the thickness of the soil layer and the frequency content of the site. A significant amplification occurs with high frequency components of ground motion at shallow soil sites, and low and high frequency components of ground motion at intermediate soil sites.     

Variations in the Caspian Sea Level in the Historic Epoch

Reconstruction of variations in the Caspian Sea level is proposed based on the results of investigations of deposits in the Agrakhan sand bar and bays (or former bays) of the eastern sea coast. The history of sedimentation in particular regions is reconstructed by the radiocarbon dating. Generalized data on the age of deposits are used to construct the most likely temporal course of variations in the sea level within the historic epoch.     

浙江省北部及邻区中强地震前地倾斜异常特征及其预测意义

解释并讨论了湖州和宁波台１９９３年以来的地倾斜资料,总结了震前有异常显示的６次地震。发现：①异常在现场记录资料中均有显示,异常形态的识别对预报地震有重要的意义;②能观测到异常全过程的倾斜仪与震中的距离基本符合式ｌｇＤｊ＝０．３０３（ＭＳ＋１．６）给出的监测能力半径,大于这个半径的台有时也能观测到异常,但多为短临异常。如果震前记录到异常的全过程,则利用单台资料可能对地震三要素进行预测。