完全匹配层吸收边界在孔隙介质弹性波模拟中的应用

模拟弹性波在孔隙介质中传播，需要稳定有效的吸收边界来消除或尽可能的减小由人工边界引起的虚假反射. 本文在前人工作基础上，首次建立了弹性孔隙介质情况下完全匹配层吸收边界的高阶速度-应力交错网格有限差分算法，并详细讨论了完全匹配层的构建及其有限差分算法实现. 首先，本文通过均匀孔隙模型的数值解与解析解的对比，验证所提出的数值方法的正确性；然后，本文考察了完全匹配层对不同入射角度入射波和自由表面上的瑞利波的吸收性能，将完全匹配层与廖氏和阻尼吸收边界进行了对比，研究了这三种吸收边界在不同吸收厚度情况下对弹性波吸收能力. 数值结果表明，在孔隙介质中，完全匹配层作为吸收边界能十分有效地吸收衰减外行波，无论对体波还是面波，是一种高效边界吸收算法.     

基于PML边界条件的二阶电磁波动方程GPR时域有限元模拟

完全匹配层(PML)作为一种稳定高效的吸收边界条件,广泛应用于基于一阶电磁波动方程的探地雷达(GPR)数值模拟中.为解决基于二阶电磁波动方程的GPR数值模拟的吸收边界问题,本文借鉴二阶弹性波动方程的PML边界条件构建思想,提出了一种适合二阶电磁波动方程GPR时域有限元模拟的PML边界条件.从二阶电磁波动方程出发,基于复拉伸坐标变换,推导了PML算法的频域表达式;通过合理构造辅助微分方程,得到了PML算法的时域表达式,并以变分形式(弱形式)加载到GPR时域有限元方程中,实现了PML边界条件在二阶电磁波动方程GPR时域有限元模拟中的应用.在此基础上,对比了无边界条件、Sarma边界条件和PML边界条件下均匀模型的波场快照、单道波形、时域反射误差和能量衰减曲线,结果表明:PML边界条件的吸收效果要远优于Sarma边界条件,具有近似零反射系数.一个复杂介质模型的正演模拟验证了PML边界条件在非均匀地电结构中电磁波传播模拟的良好吸收效果.     

Perfectly matched layer-absorbing boundary condition for finite-element time-domain modeling of elastic wave equations

The perfectly matched layer (PML) is a highly efficient absorbing boundary condition used for the numerical modeling of seismic wave equation. The article focuses on the application of this technique to finite-element time-domain numerical modeling of elastic wave equation. However, the finite-element time-domain scheme is based on the second-order wave equation in displacement formulation. Thus, the first-order PML in velocity-stress formulation cannot be directly applied to this scheme. In this article, we derive the finite-element matrix equations of second-order PML in displacement formulation, and accomplish the implementation of PML in finite-element time-domain modeling of elastic wave equation. The PML has an approximate zero reflection coefficients for bulk and surface waves in the finite-element modeling of P-SV and SH wave propagation in the 2D homogeneous elastic media. The numerical experiments using a two-layer model with irregular topography validate the efficiency of PML in the modeling of seismic wave propagation in geological models with complex structures and heterogeneous media.     

弱形式时域完美匹配层

应用高精度人工边界条件可有效提升近场波动数值模拟计算效率.完美匹配层是吸收层形式高精度人工边界条件,匹配层内场方程和界面条件通常分别采用复坐标延伸技术变换强形式无限域内波动方程和界面条件得到,亦曾将无限域界面条件当作匹配层界面条件.场方程和界面条件构建过程相互独立,可能出现匹配不合理而引发数值失稳、计算精度低下等问题.本文提出采用复坐标延伸技术变换弱形式无限域波动方程以构建完美匹配层的方法.弱形式波动方程耦合了波动方程及界面条件,进而规避了变换后所得场方程与界面条件之间的匹配不合理问题.新方法可直接建立弱形式匹配层,在此基础上亦可给出强形式匹配层.弱形式便于有限元离散,强形式便于有限差分离散.基于弱形式完美匹配层,结合勒让德谱元建立了弹性介质近场波动谱元模拟方案.利用算例验证了新方案的精度及数值稳定性.本文工作可直接推广至多相耦合介质近场波动数值模拟.     

起伏地表弹性波传播的间断Galerkin有限元数值模拟方法

间断Galerkin有限元法（DG-FEM）作为一种有效的高阶有限元法受到了国内外学者的广泛关注.本文基于任意高阶间断Galerkin有限元法对弹性波方程进行空间离散,并将离散后所得的非齐次线性常微分方程系统齐次化,最后结合针对齐次问题的强稳定性保持龙格库塔（SSP Runge-Kutta）算法,将DG-FEM推广至时间任意高阶精度.另外,借鉴近最佳匹配层（NPML）的思想,基于复频移（CFS）拉伸坐标变换推导了一种新的PML吸收边界条件（简称为CFS-NPML）,该CFS-NPML能够与DG-FEM算法很好地结合,形成有效的起伏地表地震波传播数值模拟技术.数值试验结果表明,DG-FEM具有高阶精度,可以适应任意复杂起伏地表和复杂构造情况下的弹性波传播数值模拟.同时,CFS-NPML对包括面波等震相的人为边界反射都具有良好的吸收效果.     

THE APPLICATION OF PML BOUNDARY CODITIONS IN THE SIMULATION OF SEISMIC WAVE BY THE HIGH-ORDER STAGGERED-GRID FINITE DIFFERENCES AT THE TRANSVERSELY ISOTROPIC MEDIA

In the realm of the numerical simulation, finite difference method and finite element method are more intuitive and effective than other simulation methods. In the process of simulating seismic wave propagation, the finite differences method is widely used because of its high computational efficiency and the advantage of the algorithm is more efficient. With the demand of precision, more and more researchers have proposed more effective methods of finite differences, such as the high-order staggered-grid finite differences method, which can restore the actual process of wave propagation on the premise of ensuring accuracy and improving the efficiency of operation. In the past numerical simulation of seismic wave field, different models of isotropic medium are mostly used, but it is difficult to reflect the true layer situation. With the research demand of natural seismology and seismic exploration, the research on anisotropic media is more and more extensive. Transversely isotropic(TI)media can well simulate the seismic wave propagation in the formation medium, such as gas-bearing sandstone, mudstone, shale et al., the character of TI media is reflected by introducing the Thomsen parameters to reflect its weak anisotropy of vertical direction by using Thomson parameter. Therefore, studying the process of seismic wave propagation in TI media can restore the true information of the formation to the greatest extent, and provide a more reliable simulation basis for the numerical simulation of seismic wave propagation. In the geodynamic simulation and the numerical simulation of the seismic wave field, under the limited influence of the calculation area, if no boundary conditions are added, a strong artificial boundary reflection will be generated, which greatly reduces the validity of the simulation. In order to minimize the influence of model boundaries on the reflection of seismic waves, it is often necessary to introduce absorbing boundary conditions. At present, there are three types of absorption boundary conditions: one-way wave absorption boundary, attenuation absorption boundary, and perfectly matched layer(PML)absorption boundary. In terms of numerical simulation of seismic waves, the boundary absorption effect of PML is stronger than the first two, which is currently the most commonly used method, and it also represents the cutting-edge development direction of absorption boundary technology. The perfectly matched layer absorbing boundary is effectively applied to eliminating the reflective waves from model boundaries, but for transversely isotropic medium, the effect of the absorbing is not very well. For this reason, the elastic dynamic wave equations in transversely isotropic media are derived, and we describe a second-order accurate time, tenth-order accurate space, formulation of the Madariaga-Virieux staggered-grid finite difference methods with the perfectly matched layer(PML)are given. In addition, we have established vertical transversely isotropic(VTI)media and arbitrary inclined tilted transversely isotropic(TTI)media models, using a uniform half-space velocity model and a two-layer velocity model, respectively. By combining the actual geoscience background, we set the corresponding parameters and simulation conditions in order to make our model more research-oriented. When setting model parameters, different PML thickness, incident angle, source frequency and velocity layer models were transformed to verify the inhibition of boundary reflection effect by PML absorption boundary layer. The implementations of this simulation show that the formula is correct and for the transversely isotropic(TI)media of any angular symmetry axis, when the thickness of the PML layer reaches a certain value, the seismic wave reflection effect generated by the artificial boundary can be well suppressed, and the absorption effect of PML is not subject to changes in incident angle and wave frequency. Therefore, the results of our study indicate that our research method can be used to simulate the propagation process of seismic waves in the transversely isotropic(TI)media without being affected by the reflected waves at the model boundary to restore the actual formation information and more valuable geological research.     

A staggered-grid high-order finite-difference modeling for elastic wave field in arbitrary tilt anisotropic media

Introduction The real Earth usually presents anisotropy. Therefore, it is of theoretical and practical sig- nificance for many fields as oil and gas, seismic exploration and production, earthquake prediction, detection of deep structure and so on to study on seismic wave theory, numerical simulation method and its applications in the anisotropic media (Crampin, 1981, 1984; Crampin et al, 1986; Hudson et al, 1996; Liu et al, 1997; Thomsen, 1986, 1995; TENG et al, 1992; HE and ZHANG, 1996)…     

三维弹性波数值模拟中的吸收边界条件

在地震波传播数值模拟的过程中,需要使用吸收边界条件从而达到衰减人为边界 反射的目的. 本文基于傍轴近似法提出了计算三维弹性波方程的吸收边界条件公式,表示了 各边界面、边棱和角点处波场所满足的单程波方程,并在三维弹性波数值模拟中进行了应用 . 理论模型及三维盐丘地质模型波场切片快照试算结果表明,该吸收边界条件可以有效地吸 收人为边界反射,适用于较大入射角情况,从而消除了边界有效波信息的干扰. 由于采用四 阶近似方程,在保证计算精度的前提下,该方法具有节省计算工作量和易于实现的特点.     

任意倾斜各向异性介质中弹性波波场交错网格高阶有限差分法模拟

给出了任意倾斜各向异性介质中二维三分量一阶应力速度弹性波方程交错网格任意偶数阶精度有限差分格式及其稳定性条件,并推导出了二维任意倾斜各向异性介质完全匹配吸收层法边界条件公式和相应的交错网格任意偶数阶精度差分格式. 数值模拟结果表明,该方法模拟精度高,计算效率高,边界吸收效果好. 各向异性介质中弹性波波前面形态复杂, 且qP波波速不总是比qS波波速快. qS波波前面和同相轴的三分叉现象普遍, 且其同相轴一般不是双曲线型. 当TI介质倾斜时,3个分量上均能够观测到横波分裂现象, 而且各波形的同相轴变得不对称.      

弹性波正演模拟中改进的非分裂式PML实现方法(英文)

在弹性波有限差分正演模拟中,吸收边界条件常用来吸收截断边界处引入的不期望边界反射,其中完全匹配层(PML)吸收边界条件被认为是目前最理想的吸收边界条件。但是PML吸收边界条件的传统实现却存在着很大不足:全局分裂式PML吸收边界条件实现简单但是需要占用太多内存;局部分裂式PML吸收边界条件需要考虑多个边界和角点区域,编程实现非常复杂;非分裂式PML吸收边界条件由于涉及卷积运算,计算量很大。本文基于非分裂式PML吸收边界条件,结合复频移伸展函数,提出了一种新的数值实现方法,其计算方程简单、占用内存小、编程实现容易,是对PML介质理论数值实现的改进和完善。     

探地雷达FDTD数值模拟中不分裂卷积完全匹配层对倏逝波的吸收效果研究

介绍了CPML边界条件的原理,推导了CPML的GPR正演FDTD差分公式,对比分析了Berenger PML、UPML、CPML三种PML对倏逝波的吸收性能.开展了PML边界中关键参数κ和α的选取实验,确定了参数的取值范围与选取原则.然后,以二维TM波为例,研究了倏逝波产生的机理,分析了决定逝波性吸收性能的影响因素.均匀介质的波场快照、检测点的反射误差及全局反射误差对比,说明了3种边界条件对传输波都具有较好的吸收能力,而对低频倏逝波的吸收表现迥异,其中CPML因为引入了参数α,对倏逝波的吸收效果最佳,但离散化造成的全域误差也最大.最后,应用加载UPML和CPML边界条件的FDTD程序,开展了GPR二维剖面法、宽角法矩状地电模型及三维复杂模型的正演,展示了倏逝波反射对雷达正演剖面及波场快照的影响.进一步对比了UPML与CPML对倏逝波的吸收表现优劣,结果显示,CPML可有效减少边界反射误差,并能取得满意的精度,综合考虑对倏逝波的吸收、全域误差、编程难易程度等因素,在GPR正演中推荐使用CPML.     

一阶弹性波方程数值模拟中的混合吸收边界条件

Liu和Sen（2010和2012）在地震波场数值模拟中提出一种混合吸收边界条件. 该方法具有计算量小、容易实现及吸收效果好等优点. 但现有的混合吸收边界条件是针对二阶位移-应力方程设计的,存在稳定性问题. 本文首先推导了两种速度-应力单程波方程：二阶Higdon单程波方程和一阶Higdon单程波方程. 进而提出基于一阶弹性波方程的混合吸收边界条件方法. 在内部区域和边界之间引入一个过渡区域,通过单程波与双程波方程平滑过渡来消除人工边界反射. 为了改善混合吸收边界条件的吸收效果和稳定性,我们采用了能同时吸收纵、横波反射的一阶单程波方程和与变量位置有关的加权系数. 为了验证混合吸收边界条件的有效性,将其与常规分裂完全匹配层（PML）方法进行了比较. 数值模拟结果表明,与PML边界条件相比,混合吸收边界条件在耗用更小计算时间和存储量的前提下,可以获得更好的吸收效果. 另外,本文提出的两种混合吸收边界条件中,混合一阶Higdon吸收边界条件具有更好的稳定性.     

多人工波速优化透射边界在谱元法地震波动模拟中的应用

将作者最近发展的多人工波速优化透射边界(记为ca j-MTF)应用于高精度谱元法的地震波动模拟中,并与经典的廖氏透射(MTF)边界、完美匹配层(PML)边界、黏弹性边界以及一阶旁轴近似边界进行了比较分析.结果显示:①ca j-MTF边界与MTF边界在形式上非常接近,它继承了后者公式简单、易于实现、精度可控、计算量低以及...     

VTI介质准P波旋转交错有限差分数值模拟

本文采用旋转交错网格差分格式对VTI（垂直对称轴的横向各向同性）介质准P波一阶应力-速度方程进行数值模拟。并在PML边界条件和稳定性条件下得出Marmousi等复杂模型的高精度波场快照和地震记录,分析了各向异性对地震波的影响。数值结果表明：旋转交错网格有限差分能获得高精度的地震模拟数据,PML边界有较好的吸收效果。     

Numerical simulation of seismic wave in elastic and viscoelastic TTI media*

Based on the two-dimensional (2D) three-component first-order velocity-stress equation, the high order staggered mesh finite difference numerical simulation method was used to simulate the elastic and viscoelastic tilted transversely isotropic (TTI) media. The perfect matched layer (PML) absorption boundary condition was selected to eliminate the boundary effect. The results show that: ① Under the condition of fixed elastic parameters of elastic TTI medium, when the polarization angle and azimuth are 60° and 45° respectively, the degree of shear wave splitting is significantly greater than the angle of 0°; ② The influence of viscoelasticity on TTI medium is mainly reflected in the amplitude. If the quality factor decreases, the attenuation of the seismic wave amplitude increases, causing the waveform to become wider and distorted. If the quality factor increases, the viscoelastic medium becomes closer to elastic medium; ③ For TTI medium with different polarization angle and azimuth angle in the upper and lower layers, the shear wave can multiple splits at the interface of medium. The symmetry of seismograms is affected by the polarization angle and azimuth angle of TTI medium; ④ Viscoelasticity has a great influence on reflected wave, transmitted wave and converted wave in the low-velocity model. When the viscoelasticity is strong, the weaker waves may not be shown.     

基于卷积完全匹配层的非规则网格时域有限元探地雷达数值模拟

复频移完全匹配层(Complex Frequency-Shifted PML,CFS-PML)在长时间时域计算中对凋落波、倏失波具有好的吸收效果,并被广泛应用于时域有限差分模拟中.而本文采用卷积方法将CFS-PML应用于时域有限元求解GPR波动方程的数值模拟中.论文以TM波为例,推导了基于CPML(Convolutional PML)边界的时域有限元GPR波动方程求解公式,采用Newmark-β方法对时间导数进行离散,有效改善了时域有限元GPR数值计算程序的稳定性.并以狭长模型为例,开展了CPML边界中关键参数m、R和κ的选取实验,通过对比反射误差大小确定了综合最优参数组合.相同时刻UPML与CPML波场快照、3个检测点的反射误差比较,说明CPML较UPML具有更好的吸收效果.最后,采用非规则四边形网格对1个复杂GPR模型进行剖分,应用加载CPML边界条件的FETD程序对该模型进行了正演,得到了二维剖面法、宽角法正演GPR剖面图,说明非规则四边形对复杂模型的良好适应性,基于CPML边界条件的FETD可有效减少边界反射误差,能实现对任意复杂不规则模型的正演模拟.     

频率-空间域CPML和特征分析法组合边界研究

在地震波场数值模拟过程中,边界反射是影响其模拟结果的一个重要因素。实际地下介质具有各向异性特征,传统的完全匹配层边界（PML）对于小入射角地震波具有良好效果,但该方法并不能有效地吸收低频波和大角度入射波。针对VTI介质边界反射的问题,本文提出在频率-空间域有限差分法数值模拟中采用卷积完全匹配层（CPML）和特征分析法的组合边界条件,并对该组合边界条件进行数值模拟实验和边界反射吸收效果分析,验证所提方法是一种可靠的人工吸收边界条件,能够有效地压制波场模拟过程中产生的边界反射。      

基于优化有限差分和混合吸收边界条件的三维VTI介质声波和弹性波数值模拟

传统有限差分系数是通过泰勒级数展开求取的,这样导致所计算的频散曲线在大波数区域会产生较强的数值误差.针对二阶空间偏导数的显式有限差分离散,本文发展了一种新的优化差分系数方法：首先将泰勒级数展开与多点采样方法结合应用于空间频散关系,基于最大范数建立直观有效的优化目标函数,采用Remez算法求解该目标函数,从而获得最优化差分系数.利用优化有限差分方法求解三维垂直对称轴横向各向同性（VTI）介质中的声波和弹性波方程.另外,本文将二维混合吸收边界条件推广到三维VTI介质中,用于吸收人工截断边界反射;基于各向异性特征,合理调整了边界区域的速度值来提高吸收效果.考虑到三维情况下计算效率的问题,本文波场外推过程中采用图形处理器（GPU）取代传统的中央处理器（CPU）.数值精度分析表明,相比较于传统的泰勒级数展开方法,优化有限差分方法在大波数区域对频散误差的压制效果更明显.在三维均匀和修改的Hess VTI模型中的数值模拟实验证明了本文方法具有更高的精度与效率,混合吸收边界条件在三维VTI介质中具有良好的边界吸收效果.     

An unsplit complex frequency-shifted perfectly matched layer for second-order acoustic wave equations

The perfectly matched layer(PML) boundary condition has been proven to be effective for attenuating reflections from model boundaries during wavefield simulation. As such, it has been widely used in time-domain finite-difference wavefield simulations. The conventional PML has poor performance for near grazing incident waves and low-frequency reflections. To overcome these limitations, a more complex frequency-shifted stretch(CSF) function is introduced, which is known as the CFSPML boundary condition and can be implemented in the time domain by a recursive convolution technique(CPML). When implementing the PML technique to second-order wave equations, all the existing methods involve adding auxiliary terms and rewriting the wave equations into new second-order partial differential equations that can be simulated by the finite-difference scheme, which may affect the efficiency of numerical simulation. In this paper, we propose a relatively simple and efficient approach to implement CPML for the second-order equation system, which solves the original wave equations numerically in the stretched coordinate. The spatial derivatives in the stretched coordinate are computed by adding a correction term to the regular derivatives. Once the first-order spatial derivatives are computed, we computed the second-order spatial derivatives in a similar way; therefore, we refer to the method as two-step CPML(TS-CPML). We apply the method to the second-order acoustic wave equation and a coupled second-order pseudo-acoustic TTI wave equation. Our simulations indicate that amplitudes of reflected waves are only about half of those computed with the traditional CPML method, suggesting that the proposed approach has computational advantages and therefore can be widely used for forwarding modeling and seismic imaging.     

基于混合有限元格式的完美匹配层与多次透射公式人工边界比较研究

介绍了完美匹配层(PML)人工边界可以吸收不同频率和任意角度入射波的原理以及PML人工边界的构造方法. 在此基础上，将PML人工边界应用于地震波动数值模拟的速度应力混合有限元格式中，探讨了PML应用的可行性，并通过数值试验研究了PML人工边界的反射率，比较了PML人工边界与多次透射公式(MTF)人工边界应用于体波和面波模拟中数值反射的差异，对两种边界的透射效果进行了分析. 结果表明， 尽管数值离散后PML人工边界不再保持完美匹配特性，但PML人工边界在近场波动数值模拟中可获得比MTF人工边界更为理想的吸收效果，在角点透射、大角度掠射情形下尤为明显；PML人工边界在混合有限元格式的数值算法中，未见失稳等不良反应，比MTF人工边界有更好的稳定性；在合理选择参数的情况下，PML人工边界的运算量可接受.