唐山老震区地震活动时间间隔的一些特征

介绍了地震活动时间间隔的概念，结合唐山老震区1985—2002年之间的ML4．5级以上地震，应用最小二乘法对中小震活动时间间隔对数一频次统计点进行线性拟合，分析统计点线性特征与ML4．5级以上地震实际间隔时间之间存在的联系，认为在部分ML4．5级以上地震发生前可以对其进行短期预测。     

台湾及其邻近地区ML6.5以上地震活动的一些特征

依据地震活动间隔时间对数-频次符合指数关系的特征,分析了1971年至2000年台湾及其邻近地区ML6.5以上地震间隔时间对数与拟合直线斜率之间的的统计关系,依据这一关系对各震例进行了时序扫描,结果表明,可依据预测时间对数与统计时间对数之差的变化特征,在部分震例发生前对其发生的时间进行震前短期预测.     

基于地震周期谱分析的强震发生时间预测方法研究

在地震周期谱分析的基础上，统计不同地震活动间隔周期出现的概率分布，进而以若干历史地震时间与预测考察时间间隔所隶属的概率进行概率合成，建立合成概率预测方法。新疆不同分区强震回顾性预测研究结果表明，该方法可以提取地震活动周期节点优势分布时段，为强震趋势预测提供综合判定依据。     

华北地区大范围内中等地震活动平静的统计检验及其预测意义

以相邻２次地震的时间间隔作为统计量,对华北地区的地震活动异常平静进行了统计检验。统计结果表明,中小地震的时间间隔服从幂指数分布,对华北地区而言中强地震之前大范围内中小地震活动的异常平静现象是明显的,以９０％的置信概率主为,ＭＬ≥４．５地震持续１１０天以上的平静可判定为异常;约有７０％的平静出现之后,华北地区有ＭＳ≥５．０地震发生。     

中国大陆活动断裂段破裂地震复发间隔的经验分布

针对中国大陆活动断裂的段破裂地震的两种主要复发行为,由历史地震资料初步建立起相应的复发间隔经验分布．结果表明:对于时间可预报复发,归一化复发间隔T/t能很好地服从对数正态分布LN（t＝0.00,2t＝0.152）;其中,T是观测的复发间隔,t是与前一次事件的大小相关的平均复发间隔．对于准周期复发,归一化复发间隔T/t服从于对数正态分布LN（q＝0.00,2q＝0.242）;其中,是不同轮回复发间隔的中位数．统计检验表明:本文得到的后一分布与环太平洋板缘特征地震的复发间隔分布（NB模型）没有显著差别;据此将它们合并,得到一个更加稳定的、准周期复发间隔的对数正态分布LN（＝0.00,2＝0.222）．      

准时间可预报复发行为与断裂带分段发震概率估计

反不确定性引入“时间可预报模式”，可将一次地震之后的平静时间表示成与这次地震位错量在小呈正相关的随机变量。称这种带有不确定性的地震原地复发行为为“准时间可预报行为”。对于历史地震资料，准时间可预报复发行为可由地震后平静时间的对数与地震烈度的回归方程。文中给出了估计一条枯断裂带不同段落以上一次地震烈度值为背景的平均复发时间间隔的方法，以及可用 于对未来地震潜势进行不确定评价的实时概率模型，并以鲜水河     

用不等间距统计法对唐山余震序列的研究

采用不相等间距统计方法，研究唐山余震序列。方法一是直接、间接余震法；方法二是震间地震活动法；方法三是对数时间间隔法。用这些方法研究整个余震序列，研究了强余震瓣的趋势和短临变化，得到一些有预报意义的特点和指标。不等间距统计在法在地震预报中存在着重要作用。     

后续地震发生时间估计及序列性质判定--以海城7.4级、巴楚-伽师6.8级地震序列为例

在前人研究的基础上,给出利用参数k判定序列性质及利用前期地震预测后续地震发生时间的方法.理论分析表明,参数k以0为界,不同的取值表征了不同的地震活动状态,这与地震趋势估计及后续地震预测密切相关.k<0表明地震间时间间隔逐渐增长,呈现一种类似余震序列逐渐衰减的活动特征;k=0意味着地震间时间间隔不变,地震活动表现为以T为周期的准周期性活动;k>0表明地震间时间间隔逐渐缩短,呈现一种类似前震序列或地震累积频次指数增长的异常活动特征.如果k值在正、负区间随机分布,则该组地震之间无相关性可言.利用1975年2月4日海城7.4级地震前、余震序列及2003年2月24日巴楚-伽师6.8级地震序列对上述方法进行了检验并对有关问题进行了初步讨论.     

河套带、汾渭带中等地震活动平静对中强地震的指示意义

以相邻2次地震的时间间隔作为统计量,对河套带、汾渭带1976年以来的地震活动平静异常进行了统计检验.结果表明河套带、特别是汾渭带中强地震之前大范围内中等地震活动的异常平静现象是明显的,河套带、张渤带发生的5次6级以上强震有4次发生在平静异常结束或在平静过程中.目前该区域中等地震平静时间已远远超过历史统计的最长时间间隔,未来一段时间河套带、张渤带及邻区存在发生强震的可能性.     

中国大陆的特征地震活动及其中—长期预测研究（二）

在中国大陆，中国震源区过去多次特征地震之间时间间隔的变异系数一般大于０．３５，且在不同的震源区各不相同，以特征地震轮回的ｉ－ｆ－ｊ模式（闻学泽等，１９９４）为基础，将特征地震复发时间Ｔ表示成同一轮回事件ｉ至事件ｆ１的时间差Ｔｉｆ的函数，并发展了估计“当前”轮回平均复发时间的方法，对任一震源区而言，用该方法估计的平均复发时间与过去特征地震时间间隔的表现行为无关，进一步得到Ｔ近似服从于对数正态分布ＬＮ     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.