北京密云水库内湖消落带有机质、营养盐(氮/磷)含量分布特征

消落带是河流、湖泊和水库特有的一种现象,也是水陆生态系统间物质能量转换最活跃、最重要的区域,消落带的淹水-落干的频率和时间对消落带有机质和营养盐的形态转化与水界面的交换过程有重要影响.在密云水库的平水期(3月),对内湖消落带有机质、氮、磷含量分布进行调查,研究不同高程、土地利用和土壤深度的情况下,有机质和各营养盐含量的分布情况及相关关系,计算有机质和各营养盐在各高程下的储量,为消落带氮磷入库风险负荷量的评估,维护密云水库的水质安全提供依据.结果表明,密云水库内湖消落带有机质、总磷、总氮、氨氮、硝态氮、亚硝态氮和无机磷含量分别为23.15±13.65 mg/g、0.17±0.09 mg/g、1.44±0.81 mg/g、10.86±3.54μg/g、8.07±2.73μg/g、0.41±0.71μg/g、9.09±4.18μg/g;土地利用情况对总氮、氨氮和硝态氮含量影响较大,而对有机质和总磷含量分布没有显著影响;在垂直分布上,有机质、总磷和总氮含量有随土壤深度增加而降低的趋势;利用相关分析得出有机质和土壤水分是影响氮、磷转化的重要因素;133~146 m高程范围内有机质、总磷和总氮的储量分别为5324.07、59.56和414.02 t.密云水库内湖消落带是有机质和营养盐的重要贮存库.     

水生植物烷基脂类含量和分布特征及其单体氢同位素组成

水生植物是湖泊沉积物中内源有机质的主要来源,但目前研究者对水生植物正构烷烃和脂肪酸分布特征的研究有限,极大地限制了湖泊沉积物同位素地球化学在环境变化研究中的应用.文章总结了全球湖泊已报道水生植物脂类结果,结合在中国主要湖泊新获得的脂类数据,系统讨论了湖泊水生植物脂类分布特征.我们发现水生植物基本以中等链长脂类(C_(23)～C_(25)正构烷烃和C_(22)～C_(24)脂肪酸)为主峰碳,与陆生植物存在差别(以长链脂类为主峰碳),但一些水生植物样品的长链正构烷烃(如C_(27)和C_(29))和长链脂肪酸(如C_(26)和C_(28))也具有较高丰度.沉水植物具有较高含量的长链正构烷烃(平均47μg g~(-1))和长链脂肪酸(平均170μg g~(-1)),与陆生植物脂类含量接近,表明当湖泊中沉水植物大量生长时,其可能对沉积物的长链脂类存在较大贡献.但藻类长链正构烷烃和长链脂肪酸的含量较低(平均含量分别为2和9μg g~(-1)),表明其对沉积物长链脂类的影响可能较小.通过对水生植物和陆生植物脂类分子指标进行比较,我们发现ACL_(14-32)和ATR_(14-18)值能有效将藻类和其他植物来源的脂肪酸区分开,Paq′值能很好地将沉水植物和陆生植物来源的正构烷烃区分开.每个水生植物样品不同奇碳数正构烷烃(C_(21)～C_(31))和不同偶碳数脂肪酸(C_(20)～C_(30))分子间δD值无明显差别,表明湖泊沉积物脂类分子间δD值的差异可能具有区分其输入来源,以及反映湖泊水文条件的潜力.     

太湖沿岸区浅层底泥重金属污染分析及生态风险评价

近年来太湖底泥重金属污染越来越受到各方关注.为了解太湖沿岸区底泥重金属污染状况,基于2018年太湖全湖污染底泥勘察项目中重金属监测数据,对梅梁湖、竺山湖、西部沿岸区、南部沿岸区、东太湖、贡湖6个太湖沿岸湖区浅层(0～30 cm深度区间)底泥中Hg、Cd、As、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni 8种重金属元素含量进行分析,运...     

太湖不同营养水平湖区沉积物磷形态与生物可利用磷的分布及相互关系

采用EDTA螯合剂法和不同的化学提取法,研究了太湖3个不同营养水平湖区中8个位点表层沉积物总磷、各组分磷及生物可利用磷的含量分布,探讨了太湖不同营养水平湖区表层沉积物的释磷潜力和生物可利用磷的来源．结果表明,太湖不同营养水平湖区表层沉积物总磷、无机磷和生物可利用磷含量分布差异较大,且与各湖的营养水平相一致．有机磷含量与有机质和含水率显著相关;沉积物中Fe-P和Ca-P对生物可利用磷的贡献较大,这部分磷具有较大的潜在释放风险．     

过去5000 a以来抚仙湖沉积物有机质碳同位素的古环境指示意义

通过测定抚仙湖沉积物全有机样品的稳定碳同位素组成(δ~(13)C_(org))、总氮、总有机碳含量指标并计算碳氮比值,对过去5000 a以来抚仙湖沉积物有机质来源、δ~(13)C_(org)的影响因素及其所指示的古环境意义进行分析.结果表明:在过去的5000 cal a BP里,抚仙湖沉积物有机质主要来源发生明显变化,沉积物有机质输入由内源水生生物和陆生C_3植物共同输入(5000-2300 cal a BP阶段)转变为以内源沉水植物、浮游植物和藻类等输入为主(2000 cal a BP至今阶段);有机质来源发生变化是造成抚仙湖沉积物δ~(13)C_(org)值变化的主要原因;2000 cal a BP以来,陆源有机质输入的锐减与人类活动的影响密切相关;在2300-2000 cal a BP阶段,抚仙湖沉积物δ~(13)C_(org)值的快速变化可能指示了抚仙湖流域的古环境在这一时期经历了快速变化的气候事件.     

潮白河上游有机质的碳、氮稳定同位素分析及来源探讨

河流是连接陆地和海洋两大生态系统的一个重要通道,河流中的颗粒有机质不仅反映了流域植被类型和土壤侵蚀状况的变化,而且记录了人文活动对其自然状态的改变.天然存在的碳、氮稳定同位素对于研究河流体系中颗粒有机质的来源有着非常重要的作用.本文通过测定和分析潮白河上游表层沉积物、植物和土壤中有机质的碳、氮稳定同位素值,对沉积有机质的来源进行了示踪,并在此基础上估算了不同物源的贡献.实验结果表明:该流域沉积物中有机质的碳、氮稳定同位素变化范围分别是27.75‰~21.58‰和1.32‰~6.74‰.有机质来源分析表明,土壤有机质、水生维管束植物和河流浮游生物是该流域沉积有机质主要的三种来源,其中土壤有机质的贡献最大;密云水库物源分析表明潮河和白河携带的有机物是该水库沉积有机质的主要来源,而水库本身有机质的贡献则较少,个别站位有少量的C4植物来源;和河北境内相比,潮河、白河北京境内沉积有机质中土壤有机质的贡献明显减少,水生维管束植物和河流浮游生物的贡献明显增加,反应出流域土壤侵蚀状况与河流有机质来源的密切关系.     

太湖沉积物理化性质及营养盐的时空变化

在不同季节,采集太湖梅梁湾和贡湖湾沉积物柱状样,研究沉积物Eh、pH、总氮、总磷以及有机质四季垂向剖面分布变化特征.研究结果表明,在表层下(0-3 cm),Eh随沉积物深度的增加迅速下降,很快进入还原状态.沉积物剖面上pH变化幅度不大,在6.4-7.8之间,冬季沉积物pH均有所降低.太湖沉积物中含有丰富的营养盐,总氮和总磷最高浓度分别为2.68和0.864 mg/g,其剖面分布特征表明,沉积物表层总氮和总磷含量远高于底层,其含量随深度增加而降低,但四季变化趋势不明显.沉积物中有机质含量在10 cm以上变化幅度较大,随着沉积物深度的增加,有机质含量明显减少,季节变化幅度不大.比较不同采样点发现,位于梅梁湾生态系统试验区内的S1位点沉积物氮磷内源负荷最大.     

中国长足摇蚊(Tanypus chinensis)幼虫底栖扰动对沉积物溶解氧特征及反硝化的影响

以中国长足摇蚊(Tanypus chinensis)幼虫对沉积物的生物扰动过程为研究对象,运用稳定同位素示踪及同位素配对技术,深入探讨长足摇蚊幼虫扰动对太湖梅梁湾沉积物硝酸盐界面迁移、溶解氧侵蚀深度及沉积物反硝化速率及两种不同反硝化过程(非耦合反硝化(DW)和耦合反硝化(DN))的影响.摇蚊幼虫扰动后,添加15N两种处理沉积物氧气消耗速率由355.49±131.49μmol/(m2.h)变化为546.39±261.41μmol/(m2.h),而未添加15N两种处理由313.57±61.63μmol/(m2.h)变化为554.17±184.36μmol/(m2.h),硝酸盐界面迁移结果表明:扰动显著加强了水体硝酸盐向沉积物迁移的速率,加强沉积物作为上覆水中NO3-N汇的作用,摇蚊幼虫扰动组的硝酸盐迁移速率从-33.75±29.25μmol/(m2.h)提高到-210.14±117.25μmol/(m2.h).同位素添加实验发现,摇蚊幼虫底栖扰动能显著提高沉积物总反硝化速率,与对照组相比,总反硝化速率从31.83±8.79μmol/(m2.h)上升到228.98±54.09μmol/(m2.h),增加了约6倍左右.利用同位素配对法计算对两种不同反硝化过程进行区分,发现非耦合反硝化速率从15.78±8.51μmol/(m2.h)上升到182.96±45.22μmol/(m2.h),耦合反硝化速率从16.04±5.63μmol/(m2.h)增加到46.01±8.97μmol/(m2.h),预示着底栖生物扰动能同时增加耦合和非耦合两种反硝化过程,而非耦合反硝化过程的增加强度远大于耦合反硝化.     

湖泊沉积物有机质δ13C所揭示的环境气候信息

根据我国不同纬度和高海拔地区青藏高原东部地区湖泊沉积物有机质δ＾１３Ｃ组成特征的分析,就其揭示的环境气候意义作了探讨。研究表明,湖泊沉积物有机质δ＾１３Ｃ波动间接地反映气候冷暖的波动,但高原与平原地区湖泊沉积物有机质δ＾１３Ｃ值变化具有不同的环境气候意义。这与陆生植物Ｃ３及Ｃ４植物的分布密切相关,据此初步划分为三种有机质δ＾１３Ｃ古气候类型。     

长江中下游典型湿地沉积物-水界面硝酸盐异养还原过程

反硝化(Denitrification,DNF)和硝酸盐异化还原为氨(Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium,DNRA)是硝酸盐异养还原的2个主要途径.反硝化被认为是彻底去除水体氮负荷的主要过程;而硝酸盐异化还原为氨则将水体中的硝态氮转化为氨氮.2个过程均以硝酸盐为电子受体,并存在相互竞争关系.这2个过程的研究对理解湿地氮转化以及指导湿地氮污染修复具有重要意义.运用无扰动沉积物柱样流动培养、15NO-3-N同位素示踪实验,并采用氨氧化-膜接口质谱仪联用(OX/MIMS)测定氨氮同位素产物的方法,对鄱阳湖碟形湖湿地、巢湖重污染河流湿地、巢湖重污染湖泊湿地3种类型湿地沉积物-水界面的硝酸盐异养还原过程进行研究,结果表明存在显著差异.3种类型湿地DNF速率的范围为(6.36±2.57)~(99.98±14.05)μmol/(m2·h),DNRA速率的范围为(0.51±0.45)~(79.82±6.08)μmol/(m2·h).在3种类型湿地中,随着氮污染程度加重,DNF和DNRA速率均显著增加,且DNRA过程在总的硝态氮异养还原中所占的比重不断增大,说明较高的硝酸盐负荷、较高的沉积物有机质含量更有利于DNRA过程的竞争.而对反硝化方式的进一步研究发现,巢湖重污染河流、湖泊湿地主要以非耦合反硝化为主导过程,而鄱阳湖碟形湖湿地则更倾向于以硝化过程耦合控制的反硝化为主.     

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正SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences,an academic journal cosponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation of China,and published by Science China Press and Springer,is committed to publishing high-quality,original results in both basic and applied research.     

INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING CENTER ON EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION(IRTCES)

正Director:Shangfu Kuang,China Vice-directors:Chunhong Hu,China Duihu Ning,China Guangquan Liu,China The International Research and Training Center on Erosion and Sedimentation(IRTCES)was jointly set up by the Government of China and UNESCO on July 21,1984.It aims at the promotion of international exchange of knowledge and cooperation in the studies of erosion and     

Dynamic process-response model of river channel development

Feedback mechanisms, which operate upstream through drawdown and backwater effects and downstream through sediment discharge are responsible for channel evolution. By combining these mechanisms with channel processes it euables a dynamic process-response model to be developed to simulate the initial evolution of straight gravel-bed channels. When erosion commences on a land surface, sediment entrained in the headwater reach by hydraulic action is selectively transported, deposited and reworked. This produces a damped oscillation between degradation and aggradation as the channel and valley respond to spatial and temporal variations in sediment calibre and hydraulic conditions. The initial cut and fill phases are responsible for valley incision and floodplain development while secondary and subsequent activity can produce river terraces. Eventually sediment entrainment in the headwaters declines as slopes are reduced. Subsequent channel evolution is relatively insignificant because it is dependent on local weathering activity producing material that can be transported on declining slopes. Therefore landforms produced during the initial phase of development, when local weathering was non-limiting, dominate the landscape.     

Discussion on the Precise Relocation and Seismo-Tectonics of the Jiujiang-Ruichang Earthquake

Based on relocating the Jiujiang-Ruichang earthquake sequence which occurred on November 26, 2005 in Jiangxi Province with the double-difference （DD） algorithm and master event technique, the paper discusses the focal mechanism of the main shock （MsS.7） and the probable seismo-tectonics. The precise relocation results indicate that the average horizontal error is 0.31kin in a EW direction and 0.40kin in a NS direction, and the average depth error is 0.48kin. The focal depths vary from 8kin to 14kin, with the predominant distribution at 10kin - 12kin. The epicenter of the main shock is relocated to be 29.69^oN, 115.74^oE and the focal depth is about 10.Skin. Combining the predominant distribution of the earthquake sequence, the focal mechanism of the main shock and the tectonic conditions of N-E- and NW-strike faults growth in the seismic region, we infer that the main shock of the earthquake sequence was caused by a NW striking buried fault in the Rnichang basin. The nature of seismic faults needs to be further explored.     

Hydrochemical and bacteriological features of the groundwater: southern border of the Rharb basin (Morocco) / Caractérisation hydrochimique et bactériologique des eaux souterraines: bordure méridionale du bassin du Rharb (Maroc)

Abstract

The western reservoirs represent the principal groundwater system in Morocco. Demographic, industrial and agricultural developments during the last decade have markedly altered groundwater quality. The Mamora coastal aquifer system is among the Atlantic systems which are most heavily threatened by pollution. Agricultural and industrial activities, and rapid urban growth contribute to the pollution of the groundwater. Contamination transport is facilitated by a high permeability of the aquifer formations. In order to assess the actual groundwater quality of the Mamora aquifer and to understand the influence of the factors generating the pollution, an extensive multidisciplinary research programme is in progress, with hydrochemistry and microbiology playing essential roles. The present paper concerns the spatial distribution of physico-chemical parameters in the groundwater, subjected to domestic, industrial and agricultural pollution. Fifty-seven samples were analysed for several parameters (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^?, SO₄ ^2?, HCO₃ ^?, NO₃ ^?, pH, electrical conductivity and temperature). The microbiological analysis of 143 samples reveals the presence of four kinds of indicator bacteria in the groundwater resources: faecal Streptococci, faecal coliform, Escherichia coli and Clostridium. The physico-chemical results and bacteriological monitoring show that the nitrate and bacteria concentrations exceed the maximum admissible levels, notably around pumping stations in the sectors of Sidi Taibi, Sidi Ahmed Taleb and Aïn Sbaâ. Contamination is generated by uncontrolled anthropogenic activities and accentuated by the high intrinsic vulnerability of the aquifer system. Several parameters appeared to exceed admissibility standards. Measures are recommended to prevent groundwater pollution in the region.     

Zink in der Umwelt

Zinc in the Environment. In 1990 the world production of zinc ammounted to 7 Mio. metric tons. The main areas of application were: galvanization, alloys like brass and zinc metal. The content in the earth crust varies between 10–300 ppm zinc with a mean of 70 ppm. Uncontaminated surface waters contain less than 10 mg/m³ zinc. Apart from civilization air contains 1–10 ng zinc per m³. These background concentrations are exceeded by orders of magnitude in zinc deposit areas and where anthropogenic influences predominate. Accumulation can occur in sediments and sewage sludge. Molluscs and Algae also accumulate zinc. Zinc is essential for live. With normal food the zinc supply of man is just sufficient. Bioaccumulation of zinc towards man or chronic oversupply of man is not known. Zinc has no teratogenic or mutagenic effects, a suspicion on a carcinogenic effect proved wrong. In stockbreeding and plant cultivation a minimum supply of zinc is necessary. Plants are relatively less sensitive against higher soil contents of zinc. Considering the toxicological and ecotoxicological effects of zinc in the environment, the critical organismens are marine invertebratae like tubifex, daphnia, gammarus and algae. But normally only a minor part of the total zinc contest is biologically available, depending on salt content and pH of the waters.