中高度极隙区电磁不稳定性

研究了中高度（离地心３－４个地球半径）极隙区上行电子束流和上行氧离子（ｏ^＋）锥引起的沿磁力线传播的电磁不稳定性．采用的物理模型假定：上行电子具有单能束流分布函数，而上行氧离子（ｏ^＋）锥可用单能环－束分布函数来描述．结果表明，左旋和右旋圆偏振的低频电磁模是不稳定的，激发不稳定性的自由能源主要由上行电子束流提供，而上行氧离子（ｏ^＋）锥因自由能太小只影响频率色散关系，上行粒子（电子和氧离子）与背景等离子体密度比的变化对电磁不稳定性有重要影响．这些结果对解释权隙区纬度地面站低频电磁波观测资料和理解极隙区动力学过程是很有益的．     

三峡水库香溪河库湾水-气界面热交换过程及水体稳定性

水库或湖泊的热分层结构是其动力与环境过程的重要研究方面,虽然很多学者针对水体分层结构和演变机理开展了大量研究,但水体通过水-气界面与大气进行热交换的过程,各气象因子的贡献机理等研究成果还很缺乏。本文基于三峡水库香溪河库湾2019年3月-2020年2月期间的水温、水位及气象等监测数据,针对水-气界面热交换过程如何影响水温垂向结构及表层水体湍流混合作用开展研究。结果表明,(1)香溪河水体年内呈高温期分层、低温期混合的基本特征,高温期混合层深度小于8 m,低温期混合层深度超过30 m。(2)太阳短波辐射是香溪河水体的主要热源,潜热通量和长波辐射是香溪河水体的主要冷源,感热通量贡献极小。(3)香溪河平均风速较弱,约为1.6 m/s,主要通过增强潜热和感热通量的方式影响水体垂向稳定性结构特征,其机械扰动作用较弱。(4)表层水体湍能通量在高温期较低(10^-7m³/s³量级),此时水体处于分层状态,风应力大概率主导表层水体湍流发育;低温期表层水体湍能通量较高(10^-6 m³/s^3<...     

上行离子密度分布特性的理论研究

采用动力学方程，求解了定态情况下磁层中上行离子沿磁力线的分布函数，针对不同的Ｋ_ｐ指数，分别对北半球极光带区起源的上行离子Ｏ_＋、Ｈ_＋和Ｈｅ_＋在子午面内沿磁力线的密度分布及其特性进行了研究．结果表明：１．沿磁力线向外，上行离子密度在近地空间呈急剧下降趋势，在远地空间呈缓慢下降趋势；２．重离子或初始能量较小的离子，其密度沿磁力线向外下降较快；３．Ｋ_ｐ指数越大，离子进入磁层的空间范围越大；４．离子的投掷角分布对密度分布的影响甚小；５．离子密度沿磁力线的下降程度随到Ｘ轴距离的增大而呈增大趋势；６．在典型参数条件下，求得上行离子Ｏ_＋在等离子体片边界附近的密度为１０^－３－１０^－２个ｃｍ^－３，这与观测结果相一致．     

地球磁层顶的无碰撞Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定性（Ⅰ）

本文用无碰撞等离子体的CGL近似,讨论了地球磁层顶的Kelvin-Helmholtz（K-H）不稳定性问题。同可压缩MHD近似一样,CGL等离子体也存在下、上两个临界速度v_c和v_u。不稳定性仅当v_c<₀ cosα<_u时才能激发,v₀为磁鞘等离子体流速,α为v₀和切向波矢k_t间的夹角。在向阳面低纬区,时间增长率ε和空间增长率κ与可压缩MHD的相应值相近。当v₀ cosα≥v_u时,不稳定表面波转化为稳定的体波。各向异性对K-H不稳定性有显著影响。在近日点低纬处,若磁鞘各向异性参数S₂接近水龙带不稳定性的阈值,很小的v₀便能激发不稳定表面波。S₂低于极小值S₂^min时,不稳定性不可能产生。所谓Overstability现象是不存在的。     

大功率高频电波加热电离层中参量衰减不稳定性研究(2):EISCAT实验观测

本文利用欧洲非相干散射雷达协会(European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Association,EISCAT)的两次加热实验诊断数据,基于我们在文章(1)中建立的数值模型,定量分析了实验过程中出现参量衰减不稳定性(Parametric decay instability,PDI)的物理过程.分析结果如下:(1)通过对两次加热实验数据的分析,均观测到了增强的等离子体谱线(HFPLs)和离子声波谱线(HFILs),谱线的频率和加热电波频率满足频率匹配条件,表明电离层加热过程中参量衰减不稳定性的激发.(2)通过对加热电波反射区电子密度和离子密度模拟数据的谱分析,可以清晰发现与实验结果相符的朗缪尔波和离子声波.实验1观测到的离子声波谱线频率为8.8 kHz,而模拟得到的离子声波在5～6 kHz,实验2观测到的离子声波谱线为7.1 kHz,而模拟得到的离子声波频率在5.5～6 kHz,模拟结果与实验观测比较一致.(3)实验观测和模拟结果均表明,在参量衰减不稳定性激发过程中,加热电波频率(f_h)与等离子谱线频率和离子声波谱线频率(f_(ia))并不是简单匹配,实验1观测到的等离子体谱线频率为f_h-3f_(ia),实验2观测到的等离子体谱线增强频率为f_h—f_(ia)和f_h—3f_(ia).这一结果表明在加热过程中出现了多次参量衰减的现象,从而为朗缪尔湍流的激发提供了条件.     

甘肃东南地区温泉流体地球化学特征

根据氢、 氧、 氦同位素与水化学组分资料, 讨论了甘肃东南地区温泉水的来源、 地球化学变化及其与2008年汶川M_S8.0地震的关系。 测定结果表明: 样品的溶解性固体总量(TDS)范围为241.7~2 372.1 mg/L。 采集的7处温泉(通渭汤池河温泉、 清水地震台、 天水地震台、 武山地震台、 武山22号井、 成县地震台、 武都地震台)水样可归为四种化学类型: Na·Ca-SO₄、 Ca·Mg-SO₄、 Na-HCO₃·SO₄、 Ca·Mg-SO₄·HCO₃。 地下热水的化学类型与裂隙深度和围岩的岩性有关, 离子浓度和断裂深度基本成正相关。 通渭汤池河温泉和武都地震台的δ18O和δD值分别在-11.4‰ ~ -7.6‰和-85.7‰ ~ -57.1‰的范围内, 通渭汤池河温泉和武都地震台中³He/⁴He的值分别为0.4×10^-7和12.7×10^-7。 氢、 氧、 氦同位素组成特征表明温泉水源于大气降水, 在循环过程中经历了水岩反应, 且可能有地表水的混入。 2008年汶川M_S8.0地震发生后, 研究区域内温泉水中K⁺、 Ca²⁺含量总体上升, SO^2-₄、 Cl^-含量总体下降, Na⁺含量变化不明显; 热水循环深度受地震影响发生变化。 本文确定了甘肃东南地区温泉来源、 水化学类型成因及其与汶川M_S8.0地震的关系。     

磁层顶的漂移动力学磁声-Alfvén模不稳定性

本文得出了高β等离子体中在速度梯度、密度梯度、磁场梯度和温度梯度联合作用下的一种新的不稳定模:漂移动力学磁声-Alfvèn模,导出了线性色散关系,研究了模的特性并讨论了高β和各种梯度项对该模的影响,估算了垂直扩散系数。计算表明,在地球磁层顶边界区中漂移动力学磁声-Alfvèn模总是不稳定的。随着β增加,增长率起初增大,而后减小,这是此模的一个显著特性;速度梯度是驱动此模的重要自由能源;当扰动磁场为1nT时,垂直扩散系数可达～10⁹m²/s。从而说明漂移动力学磁声-Alfvèn模不稳定性产生的反常输运,有可能维持准定常的磁层对流,并且在边界层的形成中起重要作用。     

大功率高频电波加热电离层中参量衰减不稳定性研究(1):数值模拟

参量衰减不稳定性(Parametric Decay Instability,PDI)在大功率高频(High frequency,HF)电波与电离层等离子体相互作用的过程中扮演着十分重要的角色,本文采用广义Zakharov方法对常规的等离子体流体力学方程组进行相应处理后,并在近似实际的电离层背景和电波传播模型下,构建了高频电波加热电离层激发PDI的数值计算模型.模拟结果发现:在毫秒量级的时间尺度上,大功率高频电波在寻常波(Ordinary wave,O波)反射点高度附近激发出了朗缪尔波(Langmuir wave)和离子声波(Ion-Acoustic wave)两种等离子体静电波模,模拟中产生的朗缪尔波和离子声波相应波数为5~11rad·m~(-1),结果与利用色散关系求出的理论值4~7 rad·m~(-1)近似一致,密度扰动幅值从10~6m~(-3)量级指数级增长到了10~(10)m~(-3)量级,直至能显著影响与"低频"密度背景相关的等离子体频率后,出现了等离子体"空穴"结构以及朗缪尔波被"俘获"现象,在扰动空间内的小尺度静电场幅值最高能达到100 V·m~(-1)量级,最终造成一种强烈的局地化"空穴"湍流现象.本文的研究有助于深入理解PDI的物理机制,对研究大功率高频电波与电离层等离子体之间复杂的非线性相互作用也有着非常重要的意义.     

用大地测量资料反演的1976年唐山地震的位错模式

运用反演理论探讨了由“零频”资料反演大地震震源模式的基本原理和方法,并用大地测量资料反演了1976年唐山7.8级地震的位错模式。得到的结果表明唐山地震的发震构造是一个总体走向为北东49°的右旋-正断层,断层面倾向南东,倾角76°。这个地震的断层长84公里,宽34公里,走向滑动错距459厘米,倾向滑动错距50厘米,地震矩4.3×10²⁷达因-厘米,应力降29巴,应变降4.3×10^-5,释放的能量3.7×10²³尔格。由形变资料反演的平均错距和地震矩远大于由地震波资料定出的平均错距（270厘米）和地震矩(1.8×10²⁷达因-厘米),它表明在地震区的地壳内震前可能已经发生了无震滑动--断层蠕动。无震滑动的规模比主震还要大一些,它的矩估计约为2.5×10²⁷达因-厘米。唐山地震前虽然没有前震,但是却有规模这么大的“震前蠕动”,这可能是唐山地震与其他许多有前震的地震（如海城地震）的根本区别,它的许多与别的地震不同的前兆可能与此有关。     

东沙海域内孤立波浅化过程及含圈闭涡核内孤立波的反射地震初探

基于地震海洋学数据,通过叠合波形结构与混合参数空间分布,可以较好地分析内孤立波浅化过程与能量耗散、混合增强的关系.在东沙海域的一条地震剖面上,我们观测到了上陆坡深水区(500～1000 m)、浅水区(300～400 m)两个内孤立波波包,有着明显不同的波形特征.浅水区的内孤立波包的3个内孤立波波形复杂,在波核内部呈现杂乱反射特征,可能是含圈闭涡核的内孤立波,估算的耗散率、扩散率分别达O(10^-5)W·kg^-1、O(10^-2.5)m²·s^-1.该内孤立波包前方,则存在一个第二模态内孤立波.深水区内孤立波包虽然波形相对简单,但诱导的湍流混合强度也较强,形成了内孤立波发育区、陆坡上方厚度达200 m的高耗散率、扩散率区带.在东沙海域上陆坡的深水区、浅水区,内孤立波持续耗散能量,增强了湍流混合.     

Dynamics of accelerated electron beams and X rays in solar flares with sub-THz radiation

Unique measurements by a solar submillimeter radio telescope (SST) have been carried out in the sub-THz radiation at 212 and 405 THz over the past decade. The spectrum of RF radiation in this region increased with frequency for the three flares of November 2 and 4, 2003, and December 6, 2006, and the flux value reached 5 × 10³?2 × 10⁴ sfu at 405 GHz (Kaufman et al., 2009). In this work, we consider a set of nonlinear equations for an accelerated electrons beam and the Langmuir wave energy density. The distribution functions of the accelerated electron beam and wave energy density are calculated taking into account Coulomb collisions, electron scattering by waves, and wave scattering by plasma ions. In addition, the source of accelerated particles and the heat level of the Langmuir turbulence are specified. The beam and plasma parameters are chosen based on the aims of a problem. The plasma concentration varies from n = 10¹³ to 10¹⁵ cm^?3, the electron plasma frequency f _p = (3 × 10¹⁰?3 × 10¹¹) Hz in this case. The ratio of plasma and beam concentrations, sufficient to explain the value of the radio flux at a frequency of 300 GHz, is n _b/n = 10^?3. The Langmuir turbulence is excited due to the instability of the accelerated electron beam with an initial distribution function of the ??bump-in-tail?? type. Then, the parameters of radiowaves are calculated in the sub-THz range under the assumption of coalescence of two plasma waves. The calculation results show that a sub-THz radio flux can be obtained under the condition of injection of accelerated electrons. The fine time structure of radio flux observed is easily simulated based on this statement by the pulsed time structure of electron beams and their dynamics in overdense plasma. X-ray and gamma radiation was recorded during the events under study. Hard X-ray radiation is bremsstrahlung radiation from accelerated electron beams.     

磁尾宽频带静电噪声的一种新的激发机制

本文提出了磁尾宽频带静电噪声强谱段的一种新的激发机制。在等离子体片边界层中存在着瞬时的局域性的晨昏电场。电子和离子对该电场的响应不同:在电场存在的区域内,电子作回旋漂移运动,而离子轨道在的时间尺度内可视为直线。由于等离子体片边界层中等离子体是非均匀的,这就导致了电荷分离的产生,从而可激发静电不稳定性。本文通过求解含电场的Vlasov方程,计算了由此产生的不稳定波的频率和增长率,考察了波矢方向。上述计算结果均与强谱段静电噪声的观测特征一致。     

Tube wave to shear wave conversion at borehole plugs

In hydraulic fracturing experiments, perforation shots excite body and tube waves that sample, and thus can be used to characterize, the surrounding medium. While these waves are routinely employed in borehole operations, their resolving power is limited by the experiment geometry, the signal‐to‐noise ratio, and their frequency content. It is therefore useful to look for additional, complementary signals that could increase this resolving power. Tube‐to‐body‐wave conversions (scattering of tube to compressional or shear waves at borehole discontinuities) are one such signal. These waves are not frequently considered in hydraulic fracture settings, yet they possess geometrical and spectral attributes that greatly complement the resolution afforded by body and tube waves alone. Here, we analyze data from the Jonah gas field (Wyoming, USA) to demonstrate that tube‐to‐shear‐wave conversions can be clearly observed in the context of hydraulic fracturing experiments. These waves are identified primarily on the vertical and radial components of geophones installed in monitoring wells surrounding a treatment well. They exhibit a significantly lower frequency content (10–100 Hz) than the primary compressional waves (100–1000 Hz). Tapping into such lower frequencies could help to better constrain velocity in the formation, thus allowing better estimates of fracture density, porosity and permeability. Moreover, the signals of tube‐to‐shear‐wave conversion observed in this particular study provide independent estimates of the shear wave velocity in the formation and of the tube wave velocity in the treatment well.     

Nongyrotropy in magnetoplasmas: simulation of wave excitation and phase-space diffusion

Nongyrotropic (gyrophase bunched) ion distributions in a magnetoplasma are studied by analytical methods and by two-dimensional hybrid code simulations. Nongyrotropy may not occur in a plasma being simultaneously homogeneous, stationary, and solenoidal in phase space. A detailed study is performed for a homogeneous and stationary plasma with sources and sinks in phase space. The analytical investigation cast in the framework of linearized Maxwell-Vlasov theory yields a coupling of low-frequency left-handed, right-handed, and longitudinal modes. Nongyrotropic ion distributions are unstable; they excite left-handed waves. The growth rate is comparable to that of the ion ring instability. The hybrid code simulation study confirms the expected propagation direction parallel to the background magnetic field. Three diffusion processes are studied: arc lengthening, arc broadening, and arc radius decreasing corresponding to particle energy diffusion. The characteristic diffusion time-scales are found to be of the order of 101 wave cycles.     

等离子体湍流对电子的加速

本文讨论了等离子体湍流对电子加速的两种模型:（1）假定在空间中存在一个空间均匀的等离子体湍流区,当具有一定初始分布的电子束通过此湍流区时,研究湍流场对电子束的加速过程;（2）在某一封闭的区域中,存在着具有一定初始分布和空间均匀的等离子体,当某种类型的等离子体波突然传入此等离子体区,然后考察此区中电子的加速过程。在这两种模型中,可能存在着某种电子消失机制。假定湍谱是幂指数形式,我们给出了不同类型湍流扩散系数的普遍形式。利用较简单的数学方法,求解了包括消失过程的一维准线性动力学方程,对于给定的初始分布,得出了分布函数的解析解,并给出了平均能量时间关系的表达式。另外,对于特定的湍谱指数,解出了当平行电场和湍流同时存在时的分布函数。最后,对所得结果进行了数值分析和讨论。     

Plasma inhomogeneities and radiowave scattering in experiments with electron pulses in the ionosphere

The absorption of telemetry radiosignals at frequencies of 250 and 75 MHz, transmitted from rockets, was observed in the ARAKS and Zarnitza 2 rocket experiments, respectively, with electron pulses in the ionosphere. The signals were registered with ground receivers. Four cases of complete signal absorption on the propagation path were observed in the ARAKS experiment. The radio absorption at frequencies substantially higher than the plasma and upper hybrid frequencies can be related to wave scattering by plasma inhomogeneities. It has been indicated that plasma inhomogeneities were generated when electrostatic oscillations damped in the region with decreased plasma density at a decrease in the natural oscillation phase volume in the frequency-wave vector space with decreasing plasma density. The observed radio absorption could be related to reflectionless wave scattering in an inhomogeneous plasma structure.     

电离层声重波引起的高频多普勒频移

本文给出了电离层中存在电离运动时的高频无线电波的多普勒频移的表达式,讨论了用高频多普勒阵研究电离层声重波扰动有关的若干电波传播问题。     

Observations indicating parametric instabilities in internal gravity waves at thermospheric heights

Abstract

Theoretical studies predict a parametric instability of finite-amplitude internal gravity waves which hitherto has been observed only in laboratory experiments. The occurrence of this process in the atmosphere is of basic interest because finite-amplitude gravity waves, which are almost ubiquitous especially at upper atmospheric heights, would produce unstable flows even at large Richardson numbers. Maximum entropy power spectra of a strong internal gravity wave in the thermosphere, which was generated by a volcanic eruption and detected on records of the Doppler shift of high-frequency radio waves, in fact show good agreement with the spectra of synthetic Doppler records obtained from a calculated unstable gravity wave. The frequencies and wavenumbers observed in the gravity wave domain satisfy in particular the theoretically predicted resonance conditions. The observed Doppler records also show two significant lines in the acoustic domain which probably result from a nonlinear interaction with the basic gravity wave. It is suggested that acoustic double peaks, which are commonly observed in high-frequency Doppler spectra in the presence of nearby thunderstorms, represent parametric instabilities of internal gravity waves generated by penetrative cumulus convection.     

ELF plasma waves in hot and cold plasma fluxes observed by Prognoz-8 in the magnetospheric tail

We present Prognoz-8 observations of low-frequency plasma waves (2-105 Hz) associated with plasma fluxes near the outer boundary of the plasma sheet. These plasma fluxes were different from the regular plasma sheet boundary layer and consisted of tailward flowing warm proton and cold oxygen beams accompanied by rather cold electrons (T _e less than 100 eV). Observed plasma characteristics were used in the numerical solution of the dispersion relation for the ion-beam acoustic instability. Detailed analysis shows that this instability can be a source of observed emissions at frequencies up to 25 Hz.