2015年尼泊尔地震三维发震构造及地震危险性研究

2015年4月25日尼泊尔M_W7.8地震发生在喜马拉雅造山带上,人们普遍认为该地震不足以释放该造山带上累积的能量,但对该地区后续地震危险性评价多基于二维或是假三维的形变反演计算结果.本研究从2015年尼泊尔地震主震与其最大余震M_W7.3地震之间的关系出发,着重分析讨论了尼泊尔地震的时间和空间的非均匀性,结合震源机制解、地壳速度结构、精定位后的余震分布及InSAR反演结果,建立了三维发震构造模型,利用非线性摩擦有限元方法,对一个地震周期内断层摩擦行为和块体变形进行了模拟,将计算结果和地表同震形变、形变反演的同震破裂、历史地震时空演化进行对比,在确认该三维模型可靠性的基础上,讨论了该地区后续地震的可能位置,认为在1934年比哈—尼泊尔M_W~8.1地震以东区域,还存在发生大地震的可能,在最大余震M_W7.3地震东南部位,还存在发生中大地震的可能.     

地质学家认为印度还会遭受更严重的地震

一位从事印度和尼泊尔地震研究长达15年之久的美国地质学家说,喜马拉雅地区可能会遭受比上周(1月26日--译注)发生在印度西部的7.9级地震还要严重的地震.     

尼泊尔8.1级地震对西藏地区及邻区地震形势的影响

依据西藏地震台网地震目录,对比了美国地震台网(NEIC)记录,收集了喜玛拉雅弧型带和西藏地区及邻区5级以上的历史地震资料,同时收集了2015年4月25日尼泊尔8.1级和西藏定日5.9级地震机制解资料。研究了喜玛拉雅弧型带发生的8级地震对青藏块体产生的重要影响,分析了西藏定日5.9级与尼泊尔8.1级两次地震的关系。结果显示:2015年4月25日尼泊尔8.1级地震动态触发了西藏日喀则地区定日5.9级地震,反映了青藏块体本身具有较高的应力水平。震源机制解显示:2015年4月25日尼泊尔8.1级地震当日,西藏定日发生的5.9级地震为近南北走向的正断层张性活动,属于藏南拆离系与控制近南北向拉张断陷盆地的正断层型地震,西藏日喀则地区的定日5.9级地震与尼泊尔8.1级地震属于不同类型的地震。喜玛拉雅弧型带发生的8级地震会对青藏块体产生重要影响,2015年4月25日尼泊尔8.1级地震和历史震例均显示喜玛拉雅弧型带发生的8级地震会对青藏块体产生重要的影响,在1934年1月15日尼泊尔MS8.3级地震后三年内地震呈现北东—南西走向展布,2015年4月25日尼泊尔8.1级地震后西藏地区及邻区地震活动也呈现较明显北东向成带分布;2015年4月25日尼泊尔8.1级地震后,西藏地区出现3级以上地震起伏性丛集活动,该区的地震震级水平短时间也略显升高。     

河北文安地震与云南盐津地震震害比较分析

2006年7月4日在河北省文安县发生5.1级地震,未造成人员伤亡和较大的经济损失;而22日在云南省盐津县发生的同样震级的地震却造成22人死亡,经济损失达3亿多元。本文对比分析了这两次5.1级地震的人员伤亡和震害情况,探讨了我国东部地区与西南部地区地震灾害的异同。     

印度-尼泊尔边界地区发生强烈地震

1988年8月20日在印度-尼泊尔边界地区发生一次强烈地震,这是喜马拉雅山脉地区50年来最强烈的地震,给印度、尼泊尔和孟加拉国三国人民的生命财产带来了巨大损失。现根据有关资料对这次地震的概况汇编如下:1.震源参数(1)发震时间 1988年8月20日 GMT时间23时09分,当地时间21日4时39分,北京夏令时8时08分。(2)震中位置美国地质调查局测定为26.775N、86.609E;中国地震台网测定在印度和尼泊尔交界地区,26.4N、86.5E;印度地震部门测定在加德满都东南170公里处的乌代普尔。(3)震级美国地质调查局测定为     

澄江地震的后续丘北5.5级地震研究

1999年 1 1月 2 5日澄江发生 5.2级地震 ,2个月后的 2 0 0 0年 1月 2 7日在相邻的丘北 -弥勒地区发生了 5.5级地震 .分析了丘北—弥勒 5.5级地震的区域地震活动背景、地震孕育过程和地震活动性异常特征 ,为探讨在一次中强地震后如何预报后续地震提供了一个震例 .     

1997年5月10日伊朗东北部加恩—比尔兼德地震：区域构造背景与历史地震

１９９７年５月１０日伊朗东北涪霍拉桑省加恩－比尔兼德地区发生了一次７．１级破坏性地震。该地区１９６８年１９７９年曾发生两次地震，造成发大的破坏和人损伤亡。遭受破坏的地区位于伊朗中东部地震构造带的东北部。现有资料表明，该地区自１９６８年８月３１日达什特巴亚兹７．３级地震以来，地震活动水平显著地加。     

秘鲁7．9级地震及地震工作概况

2001年6月23日，秘鱼南部阿雷基帕地区发生了7．9级强烈地震，本文综合介绍了这次地震的地震参数，破坏情况及历史地震记录，简述了秘鲁的地震研究工作。     

意大利地震序列及地震研究与对策概况

１９９７年９月２６日￣１０月１６日在意大利中部地区连续发生６次中强地震，共１２人死亡，１００多人受伤，文章介绍了这一地震序列和破坏情况，同时简要介绍了意大利的地震管理机构，地震监测和研究工作。     

基于遥感震害指数的尼泊尔地震综合烈度评估研究

2015年4月25日在尼泊尔廓尔喀县发生的8.1级地震及后续强烈余震,造成尼泊尔北部严重的人员伤亡和财产损失,灾区建筑物倒塌损失严重。本文利用现场震害调查资料和高分卫星遥感影像,开展建筑物震害遥感解译,得到各个遥感解译点的遥感震害指数,结合现场调查点评估的烈度拟合了遥感震害指数-实际震害指数转换关系,再根据遥感震害指数估计了全部解译点的震害指数及地震烈度。估计的烈度与现场调查结果对比显示出较好的一致性,研究结果为该地区今后发生地震提供了可借鉴的遥感评估震害指数转换模型。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.