利用数值积分提高一维模型电偶源电磁测深响应计算精度

讨论了直接利用数值积分提高电偶源电磁测深响应计算精度的方法．具体为对Hankel积分进行直接积分，结合连分式展开方法以提高积分求和的收敛速度．利用该方法对均匀半空间和层状(两层)模型的电磁测深响应进行了模拟，结果表明与常规的快速Hankel滤波方法相比，采用直接数值积分能明显提高电偶源频率测深响应计算精度．从而为获得高精度瞬变测深晚期响应提供算法基础．     

电偶源频率电磁测深二维阻抗视电阻率计算的源效应校正法

研讨了频率域电磁法中不同源装置的大地电磁测深、线源频率电磁测深和偶极源频率电磁测深阻抗视电阻率的源效应影响特征。在唯象分析的基础上，提出了几种电磁测深法阻抗视电阻率的相互换算法──源效应校正法（大地电磁测深二维ＴＥ极化视电阻率和其它两种电磁法的赤道装置二维阻抗视电阻车）。模型试验表明，利用这一源效应校正法可以由大地电磁二维视电阻率近似地计算出线源频率电磁二维阻抗视电阻率。这一方法被尝试应用于由线源频率电磁二维阻抗视电阻率估算偶极源频率电磁二维阻抗视电阻率。     

含激电效应的CSAMT一维正演研究

地电体对频率域电磁波激发源的响应为电磁感应和激电效应的综合响应.传统CSAMT法进行数据正反演时认为大地介质电阻率是与频率无关的实数,而实际上因为激电效应,地下可极化体的电阻率是一个与频率相关的复数.为推进二者总体响应研究,并扩展激电法的应用范围,同时提高电磁法勘探的精度,本文基于Dias模型,以复电阻率代替不考虑地电体极化效应的直流电阻率,对CSAMT场源一维层状模型进行了正演模拟,为提取CSAMT信号中所含激电信息提供理论基础.结果表明,考虑激电参数后,视电阻率及相位响应曲线出现明显异常（包括远场、过渡场、近场）;极化前后振幅比值异常峰值、相位差值异常峰值可直观体现激电异常;异常峰值与极化层层厚、埋深以及电阻率变化有连续的对应关系.认为从频率域电磁法信号中提取激电信息有乐观的前景.     

非零长线源与偶极源的电磁响应比较分析

电磁测深方法中经常采用长线源进行激励,并用偶极源进行近似解释.要将长线源近似成偶极源必须满足一定的几何条件.本文通过对长线源与偶极源的电磁响应进行推导计算,并分类进行比较分析,得知在长线源几何尺寸相对于长线源到观测点的距离可以比拟时,长线源激励的电磁响应在早、中期与偶极源有较大的偏差,在晚期逐步趋于一致.因此,建议在采用非零长线源进行电磁测深的数据处理中,先进行电磁响应数据的相关修正处理.     

电偶源频率电磁测深视电阻率多参量联合反演效果检验

通过大量的数值模拟试验 ,对电偶源频率电磁测深 (FEMS)视电阻率多参量联合反演的效果进行了检验和对比 .结果表明 ,多参量联合反演具有较快的收敛速度和较高的拟合精度     

二维水平电偶极变频测深阻抗视电阻率的有限元正演计算

在二维地电断面情况下,电偶源变频测深阻抗视电阻率的有限元计算,存在着两个困难:一个是对源的处理;另一个是边界条件的确定。本文提出了解决这两个问题的方法,构成了含源波动方程的边值问题,用有限元法求出了相应的电磁场分量,从而计算出二维地电断面的阻抗视电阻率。对各种地电断面计算的结果表明,计算方法是正确的,可对实际地电断面进行有限元模拟,求得其电磁响应。     

三维大地电磁激电效应特征研究

在积分方程法的大地电磁三维正演模拟中引入Cole-Cole模型研究激电效应特征,对均匀半空间中存在极化体时的三维大地电磁测深响应进行了理论计算,分析了极化参数的影响规律.结果表明:激电效应使观测视电阻率值变低;地下高阻极化体比低阻极化体的激电效应强,特别是极化率大的高阻极化体对大地电磁响应影响大,使观测结果出现假异常.     

大地电磁测深和电偶源频率电磁测深资料反演

在研究大地电磁响应函数频散关系的基础上,构制了一套滤波系数算法,以用于由一套视电阻率资料估算相应的阻抗相位.理论模型和实际大地电磁观测资料的数字试验表明,该法是行之有效的.由频散关系估算的相位值与观测的相位资料的比较,可用于检验观测资料是否满足频散关系.利用经频散关系校正的阻抗相位值,进行大地电磁阻抗的联合反演则可望获得更为可靠的结果.研究了观测频带相互衔接的电偶源频率电磁测深和大地电磁测深视电阻率的一维联合反演问题.对两个实测点两种电磁法的观测资料进行了联合反演试验,与钻井资料对比表明,所获得的电性分层参数是较为可信的.在补充了由频散关系获取的电偶源频率电磁相位资料后,对于两种电磁法的视电阻率————阻抗相位、阻抗实部视电阻率-阻抗虚部视电阻率进行了拟大地电磁反演,获得了相近的反演结果.      

改进混合蛙跳算法的CSAMT信号激电信息提取研究

从CSAMT信号中提取激电信息有利于提高频率域电磁法反演与解释的精度.目前的研究多以线性反演方法为主,存在依赖初始模型、易陷入局部极值的问题.针对CSAMT信号IP提取问题的非线性和非凸特征,本文提出了一种基于柯西分布和惯性权重的二阶段最小构造混合蛙跳反演方法来提取IP信息.该方法首先利用柯西算子取代随机算子来提高算法的全局搜索能力,并通过引入混沌震荡惯性权重来均衡进化过程中的个体经验和群体经验,保证算法后期的稳定收敛;然后通过引入第二阶段反演过程来强化极化率对观测数据的影响,同时将正则化参数引入混合蛙跳算法的适应度函数来改善反演的多解性问题;最后利用CPU并行计算加速了算法的模因组搜索过程.反演结果表明,上述方法能够较好地重构地电结构和提取激电信息,在加噪环境下具有较强的鲁棒性.相比其他非线性算法(标准混合蛙跳算法SFLA,差分进化算法DE和粒子群优化算法PSO)的反演结果,本文算法具有更强的全局搜索能力和更高的计算效率,适合对微弱的激电信息进行提取.     

水平层状大地中任意方向偶极源激发的电磁场

目前已存在多种物理模型用于解释地震前兆电磁异常,不同机制下产生电磁波场的源可等效为不同类型偶极源(磁型/电型)的组合.针对不同偶极源激发的电磁响应特征的研究对地震孕育过程中观测的电磁信号的提取与解释具有重要意义.基于此,本文推导了一套正演算法,可用于研究任意方向(方位角和倾角)、大小和位置的一个或多个偶极源在地壳或岩石圈-大气圈-电离层(Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere, LAI)模型中产生的电磁波场的传播特征.基于多源组合,该算法可进一步拓展到线电流源和面电流源的电磁响应的计算.本文给出了水平、垂直和倾斜电偶极源响应计算的实例,并针对不同类型的偶极源激发下的地中、地面以及空间电磁场响应特征进行了初步分析.模拟结果显示,相比于单纯水平或垂直的电偶极源,地中倾斜电偶极源激发的电磁响应在地表的各场量辐射花样虽然仍可反映偶极子的方位角和空间位置,但不再具有对称性,其模式更复杂.本文提出的正演算法可用于地中低频电磁辐射源的正演模拟和反演定位.     

海底电性源频率域CSEM勘探建模及水深影响分析

为了探索我国海域油气和水合物等高阻目标体CSEM勘探的可行性和方法技术,本文研究了在海水中水平电性源激励下有限水深海洋地电模型的频率域电磁响应,为进一步的1D和3D仿真计算奠定了理论基础.在推导电磁响应公式时,首先给出了各层介质的Lorentz势,然后根据Coulomb势与Lorentz势的关系,得到了各层介质的Coulomb势.各层介质中的电磁场均可以由Lorentz势或者Coulomb势计算得到,但在有限元计算时Coulomb势具有优势.长导线源的电磁场和势函数可以由电偶源的电磁场和势函数沿导线长度积分得到.文中具体给出了海水中水平电偶源和长导线源在海水层的电磁场公式,并根据该公式计算了不同水深环境下海底表面的电磁场分布,分析了海水深度对海底油气储层电磁异常的影响.结果表明,随着水深减小,异常幅度和形态特征发生明显变化.当水深很浅时(如50 m),只有同线方向的E_x和E_z两个电场分量存在明显异常.最后,以两个已知海底油田为例,计算了不同水深环境下可观测到的电场异常,展示了电性源频率域CSEM在海底勘探中(包括浅海环境)的良好应用前景.对于该方法实用化过程中还需进一步解决的问题,文中结尾部分也进行了初步探讨.     

短偏移距电磁探测技术概述

由于人工源电磁探测效果与收发距离有一定关系,本文首先分析了收发距离为零的中心回线源瞬变电磁法（Transient Electromagnetic Method,TEM）视电阻率定义和算法特点,回溯了从圆形回线到矩形的修正式中心回线装置的发展过程;概述了从中心回线发展到接地导线源短偏移瞬变电磁（Short-Offset TEM,SOTEM）理论上的可行性;列举了将LOTEM（Long-Offset TEM）从数倍于探测深度的观测区推进到近源区后的探测实例.对于频率域人工源电磁法,介绍了起源于MT（Magneto-Telluric）的CSAMT（Controlled Source Audio-frequency Magneto-Telluric）与电磁频率测深法不同发展道路.电磁频率测深将观测区从远区推进到了中区;广域电磁法通过全区视电阻率新定义不仅提高了解释精度,而且将传统CSAMT远场观测模式推进到中区探测模式;最后指出,如能采用新的点微元假设计算方法,可有望分离自有场和辐射场,实现频域电磁近源探测.     

Transient electromagnetic surveys with unimodal transverse magnetic field: ideas and results

The theory behind transient electromagnetic surveys can be well described in terms of transverse magnetic and transverse electric modes. Soundings using transverse magnetic and transverse electric modes require different source configurations. In this study, we consider an alternating transverse magnetic field excitation by a circular electric dipole. The circular electric dipole transmitter is a horizontal analogue of the vertical electric dipole. Offshore surveys using circular electric dipole might represent an alternative to the conventional marine controlled‐source electromagnetic method at shallow sea and/or for exploring relatively small targets. Field acquisition is carried out by recording either electric or magnetic responses. Electric responses bear information on the 1D structure of a layered earth and successfully resolve high‐resistivity targets in marine surveys. Land‐based circular electric dipole soundings are affected by induced polarisation. On the contrary, magnetic responses are absent on the surface of a 1D earth, and as a result, they are very sensitive to any and even very small 3D conductivity perturbations. In addition, they are sensitive to induced polarisation or some other polarisation effects in the subsurface. At present, circular electric dipole transmitters and magnetic receivers are successfully used in on‐land mineral and petroleum exploration.     

时频电磁技术及其在中国西部地区的应用

The time-frequency electromagnetic （TFEM） method combines frequency-domain sounding with time-domain sounding to form a comprehensive system so that it is possible to select different frequencies and induce waves according to the objective depth to be explored. During processing not only resistivity but also polarization information can be provided so we can study resistivity as well as predict oil-bearing characteristics simultaneously. Timedomain resistivity information is obtained by pseudo-2D resistivity inversion and frequencydomain IP information is obtained using the Cole-Cole model. Some successful applications in western China show that it provides unique results in an overthrust zone, deep igneous rock investigation, and hydrocarbon prediction.     

二维频率测深边界单元法正演计算

在二维层状介质中含有横向非均匀体的地电断面情况下，对电偶源的偶极长度作了延长，并选取了适当的基本解及无穷远边界条件，因而将相应的含源谐变电磁场的边值问题转化为较简单的边界积分方程．用边界单元法求出了相应的电磁场分量，进而计算阻抗视电阻率，并对这一算法作了相应的检验．     

Signal detectability of marine electromagnetic methods in the exploration of resistive targets

We compare selected marine electromagnetic methods for sensitivity to the presence of relatively thin resistive targets (e.g., hydrocarbons, gas hydrates, fresh groundwater, etc.). The study includes the conventional controlled‐source electromagnetic method, the recently introduced transient electromagnetic prospecting with vertical electric lines method, and the novel marine circular electric dipole method, which is still in the stage of theoretical development. The comparison is based on general physical considerations, analytical (mainly asymptotic) analysis, and rigorous one‐dimensional and multidimensional forward modelling. It is shown that transient electromagnetic prospecting with vertical electric lines and marine circular electric dipole methods represent an alternative to the conventional controlled‐source electromagnetic method at shallow sea, where the latter becomes less efficient due to the air‐wave phenomenon. Since both former methods are essentially short‐offset time‐domain techniques, they exhibit a much better lateral resolution than the controlled‐source electromagnetic method in both shallow sea and deep sea. The greatest shortcoming of the transient electromagnetic prospecting with vertical electric lines and marine circular electric dipole methods comes from the difficulties in accurately assembling the transmitter antenna within the marine environment. This makes these methods significantly less practical than the controlled‐source electromagnetic method. Consequently, the controlled‐source electromagnetic method remains the leading marine electromagnetic technique in the exploration of large resistive targets in deep sea. However, exploring laterally small targets in deep sea and both small and large targets in shallow sea might require the use of the less practical transient electromagnetic prospecting with vertical electric lines and/or marine circular electric dipole method as a desirable alternative to the controlled‐source electromagnetic method.     

基于全波形采样的激电多信息提取方法研究与应用

激电法是地质勘查中的一种重要方法,时、频域测量各具优势,但传统的时、频域测量实现方法相对独立.根据频域和时域可相互转换的理论,本文提出一种基于全波形采样的时频激电多参数提取的地球物理数据处理方法.采取时间域激电法的观测模式,接收机高精度同步记录整周期电压-电流全部采样点的波形数据,通过该文提出的处理方法,仅一次供电和测量即可提取多种时、频域激电参数:时域激电的视电阻率、视极化率和频域激电的多频视电阻率、视相位、视频散率、去耦后的视相位等参数.在云南保山某典型矿区开展方法的试验应用,提取了地质体大量的相关激电信息,总结了目标体的激电参数响应规律.应用结果表明,该方法便捷高效,抗干扰能力强,相较于传统的时域激电测量,多种参数组合可提升对目标地质体的认识,增强激电法的应用效果.     

电磁辐射"EMOLS"仪观测结果原理及震例

“九五”期间研制的“EMAOS”电磁辐射仪,其接收原理是按大地电磁测深的原理改进而研制的。选择接收频段为0．01～10Hz,该频段探测深度在0～20km,是浅源地震发生的层位。记录的电磁扰动是在应力场作用下,动电效应产生的电磁场。电场和磁场同时记录增强了信息可信度的判断能力,记录震例表明,异常规律与已有模拟结果基本相同。因此,已总结的模拟记录预报指标等可在数字记录结果中使用。     

Comparison of the time-domain electromagnetic field from an infinitesimal point charge and dipole source

An electromagnetic field is generated through the accelerating movement of two equal but opposite charges of a single dipole. An electromagnetic field can also be generated by a time-varying infinitesimal point charge. In this study, a comparison between the electromagnetic fields of an infinitesimal point charge and a dipole has been presented. First, the time-domain potential function of a point source in a 3D conductive medium is derived. Then the electric and magnetic fields in a 3D homogeneous lossless space are derived via the relation between the potential and field. The field differences between the infinitesimal point charge and the dipole in the step-off time, far-source, and near-source zones are analyzed, and the accuracy of the solutions from these sources is investigated. It is also shown that the field of the infinitesimal point charge in the near-source zone is different from that of the dipole, whereas the far-source zone fields of these two sources are identical. The comparison of real and simulated data shows that the infinitesimal point charge represents the real source better than the dipole source.