Regional forage production assessment in arid and semi-arid rangelands – A step towards social–ecological analysis

Many of the complex issues worldwide regarding environmental management and sustainable develo-pment require integrating the social and natural sciences. Nevertheless, while theoretical discussions have been increasingly developed, operative issues are still major barriers to integrated social–ecological analysis. The aim of this paper was to assess regional forage production in semi-arid rangelands as a key feature in social-ecological analysis, by using human organizational units (i.e. counties). We used these state-administrative units to explore demographic and farming indicators in order to address socio-productive implications of different regional forage production dynamics. We studied the forage spatial and temporal dynamics in two different large ecological regions: Monte and Patagonia, under a single administrative unit (i.e. province). Since forage production estimations in arid rangelands are not trivial, we tested two different methods. We found that inter-annual variability in forage production explained the main differences between regions. At a regional level, zones with higher temporal variability in forage production registered less rural residents and farm numbers, but inverse situations were registered at sub-regional scales. We found a non-linear relationship between forage production variability and rural population density. We proposed differentiated policy recommendations regarding rangeland management and animal husbandry, considering both the social and ecological contexts.     

基于跨省界自然地理实体地名空间格局的行政管理优化

跨省界地区是中国精准扶贫的重点地区,也是区域治理的难点地区。依据《中华人民共和国省级行政区域界线详图集》等资料,本文构建了全国跨省界自然地理实体地名数据库,从数量特征、空间差异性和空间自相关三个方面探讨了中国跨省界自然地理实体地名的空间分布格局及其影响因素,分析了由行政分割所引起的跨省界自然地理实体管理问题及其影响,并提出相应的建议。数据库共包括11325个跨省界自然地理实体地名,其中水系类地名4243个,陆地地形类地名7082个。湖南省和上海市分别是地名最多和最少的省级行政区。跨省界自然地理实体地名在中国南方地区呈现明显的聚集现象,而且水系类地名比陆地地形类地名的空间分布更趋随机。区域地形条件和人口规模是影响跨省界自然地理实体地名空间格局的重要因素,在相对高差介于1000~2000 m之间、人口数量介于4000~5000万之间的省份,跨省界自然地理实体地名的数量最多。行政分割造成了跨省界自然地理实体发展的不平衡,主要表现为区域发展目标、管理模式和发展时序等方面的差异。建议政府建立统一规范的跨省界自然地理实体管理机制,建立中央直属的行政管理机构对跨省界自然地理实体进行统一管理,加强跨省协作区联合统筹、建立以跨界自然地理实体为单元的申报机制。     

Game strategies in government-led eco-compensation in the Xin’an River Basin from the perspective of the politics of scale

China's policy on ecological compensation (eco-compensation) in watershed eco-systems is of economic,social and environmental significance for China's ecological gov-ernance and protection of natural areas.It involves balancing the interests of regional stakeholders,coordinating the development of regional environments and establishing effec-tive cooperation models,making it a classic topic for geographical research.This study in-troduces the concept of institutional "stickiness" to the theory of politics of scale to analyze the features and mechanisms of the game behavior of government entities in the process of im-plementing watershed eco-compensation in the Xin'an River Basin.Our results show the following:government entities at various levels,including the central,provincial and municipal governments,experienced the three stages of game strategy of competition,cooperation and"coopetition";building a government community of shared interests can promote watershed eco-compensation,and "appropriate intervention" by the central govemment is key to achieving inter-provincial watershed eco-compensation;there was clear institutional stickiness during the transition from a "vertical" model of watershed eco-compensation to a "vertical-horizontal"model,with government entities using policy innovations and social participation to limit and reduce stickiness so as to reshape the watershed eco-compensation system;scalar jumping is the core mechanism that promoted eco-compensation in the study basin,and government entities shaped the discourse on watershed eco-compensation by redistributing powers and capital and creating informal constraints,which promoted the transformation of eco-compensation from a "strong state-weak society" structural model,to a "strong state-strong society" model in the Xin'an River Basin.These results can provide theoretical support for the construction of inter-regional watershed eco-compensation mechanisms,pro-vide a scientific basis for the rational evaluation and guidance of watershed eco-compensation practices,and promote the coordinated and sustainable socioeconomic development of watersheds.     

典型区域土地沙漠化综合管理系统动力学模型分析

土地沙漠化过程是一个由自然和社会因素共同驱动的复杂过程,因此,沙漠化防治策略的制订必须综合考虑沙漠化区域的自然条件和经济社会发展状况。以科尔沁沙地为典型研究区,利用系统动力学的原理和方法,初步构建了这一地区土地沙漠化综合管理的系统动力学模型,探讨了该模型的主要子系统以及各子系统之间的相互作用关系,分析和绘制了人口、种植业、畜牧业、水资源和土地沙漠化5个子系统的系统动力学流图,阐明了各子系统内部不同变量之间的反馈关系,为进一步通过计算机模拟方法确定该区域土地沙漠化综合管理的优化策略和模式奠定了基础。     

Problems of Manufacturing Products for Final Consumption in the Industry of Irkutsk Oblast

The problem of freeing the country’s economy from commodity dependence is discussed. The potential for increasing the depth of processing of extracted raw materials and semi-products manufactured by enterprises of Irkutsk oblast is considered. Irkutsk oblast is one of the largest industrial constituent entities of the Russian Federation with a highly specific structure of industries. It combines an advanced extractive industry (production of oil, gold, iron ore, coal, salt and gypsum as well as logging) with multisectoral mechanical engineering (aircraft industry, manufacture of various machinery and equipment, electrical products, switching products and instruments). It also includes the advanced electric-power (absolutely dominated by the hydroelectric power component), aluminum and nuclear industries, and the chemical and forestry complex. The proportion of their products in the country’s economy is quite large. Most of these products are exported in the form of semi-products for a further processing to other regions of the country or to other countries. The range of interests of various entities is identified, which can influence the solution to the problem under consideration. Such entities can include society (the country’s population), the territory represented by its population, a corporation, a company, an industrial enterprise, and separate entrepreneurs. It is shown that it is impossible and inappropriate to fully process all semi-products and raw materials produced by the regional industry to obtain products for final consumption, due to economic, transportation and other reasons. However, a processing of them within economically justified limits is highly desirable in order for Irkutsk oblast to gain additional benefits in the form of tax revenues to the budget, job creation and an increase in charitable donations. A rationally is given to the need to do research in order to determine the scope of manufacture of products for final consumption in Irkutsk oblast.     

中亚五国咸海流域水资源策略的博弈分析

中亚五国在咸海流域水资源分配与利用上的矛盾,随着社会经济发展对水资源需求的增加而变得日益突出,探寻各国对咸海流域水资源利用的策略,对中亚地区水资源合理分配、可持续发展和地区安全至关重要。运用博弈论方法,分析中亚各国对咸海流域水资源的分配诉求及水政策,梳理各国在咸海流域水资源问题上的合作历程,探讨中亚各国在水资源问题上采取不同策略的利弊得失。认为目前咸海流域利益得不到协调使中亚各国深陷水资源分配困局,“协调博弈”是当前令咸海流域水资源问题走出“囚徒困境”的首选,将会获得最佳报酬。各国相互信任、转变观念,以利益分配取代水量分配,实现真正意义上的国家间合作,才能从根本上解决流域水资源分配与利用的困局。     

长汀水土流失区生长季马尾松树干液流密度特征

应用热扩散探针测定福建长汀水土流失区生长季马尾松东南西北4个方位的树干液流密度,并比较不同人工治理措施下马尾松树干液流密度的特征,利用自动气象站同步记录环境因子变化,以探讨先锋树种的水分生理生态特征及其对环境变化的响应.研究表明,马尾松4个方位的树干液流密度日变化均呈现单峰型变化规律;南向树干液流密度峰值最高,日变化幅度也最大;东、西、南、北4个方位的液流密度差异显著(P<0.01),但各方位液流间呈现显著的线性关系;树干4个方位液流的启动时间与太阳辐射之间存在约3个小时的时滞;4个方位液流与环境因子相关性均极显著(P<0.01),其中与液流密度相关性最强的是空气温度,其次为土壤温度和太阳辐射,4个方位液流受环境因子的影响程度存在差异;不同治理措施下的马尾松液流密度日变化规律相似,但数值差异显著(P<0.01),经过人工施肥的样地马尾松树干液流密度峰值明显高于未施肥的样地.     

Geographical differentiation of territorial structures of the economy in Pacific Russia

Pacific Russia is regarded as an aquaterritorial macroregion in the composition of the Far Eastern Federal District and the adjacent sea area within the 200-nautical mile Exclusive Economic Zone. The macroregion harbors enormous natural land and sea resource wealth potential and is endowed with possibilities of using the sea transport connecting Russia and Europe with countries of the Asia-Pacific Region. In Pacific Russia, two latitudinal zones, northern and southern, are identified; they include the territories of the constituent entities of the Far Eastern Federal District. Combinations of the kinds of activity for the constituent entities and latitudinal zones are treated as territorial structures of the economy. An assessment of the geographical differentiation of the economy in the latitudinal zones for the years 2004 and 2013 and its change was made from the differences of the homogeneous kinds of activity in the constituent entities measured in terms of the added value. Structural gradients of spatial (including latitudinal) differentiation of the homogeneous kinds of economic activity are suggested for neighboring constituent entities. The analysis made for the latitudinal zones can be useful in assessing the variants of investment in the economy of the constituent entities of Pacific Russia.     

国外旅游水环境影响研究进展

随着旅游业的不断发展,对水环境的影响日益凸现,水环境问题已成为全球旅游可持续发展的主要制约因素之一。文章综揽了国外关于旅游水环境研究的大量相关文献,从研究方法与研究区域、旅游与水质、水量环境相互影响及旅游水环境管理与实施结果等方面对国外旅游水环境研究进展进行系统综述,并从中得出一些对学术界和实业界旅游水环境研究与保护的启示。我国旅游水环境问题与管理也提上日程,汲取国外的经验与教训,加强对旅游水环境的研究与保护,将是我国旅游可持续发展和研究的重要内容与重要领域。     

Towards Regional Synergy: Reconciling Rangeland Ecological Functioning with Forage Production of Cultivated Pasture

Animal husbandry and crop farming are specialized for development in separate areas on the Tibetan Plateau. Such a pattern of isolation has led to current concerns of rangeland and farming system degradation due to intensive land use. The crop-livestock integration, however, has been proven to increase food and feed productivity thorough niche complementarity, and is thereby especially effective for promoting ecosystem resilience. Regional synergy has emerged as an integrated approach to reconcile rangeland livestock with forage crop production. It moves beyond the specialized sectors of animal husbandry and intensive agriculture to coordinate them through regional coupling. Therefore, crop-livestock integration (CLI) has been suggested as one of the effective solutions to forage deficit and livestock production in grazing systems. But it is imperative that CLI moves forward from the farm level to the regional scale, in order to secure regional synergism during agro-pastoral development. The national key R & D program, Technology and Demonstration of Recovery and Restoration of Degraded Alpine Ecosystems on the Tibetan Plateau, aims to solve the problems of alpine grassland degradation by building up a grass-based animal husbandry technology system that includes synergizing forage production and ecological functioning, reconciling the relationship between ecology, forage production and animal husbandry, and achieving the win-win goals of curbing grassland degradation and changing the development mode of animal husbandry. It is imperative to call for regional synergy through integrating ecological functioning with ecosystem services, given the alarming threat of rangeland degradation on the Tibetan Plateau. The series of papers in this issue, together with those published previously, provide a collection of rangeland ecology and management studies in an effort to ensure the sustainable use and management of the alpine ecosystems.     

俄罗斯社会经济地理学近30余年的发展

中俄两国建立战略伙伴关系是共同致力于两国社会经济可持续发展的重要举措,加强了解两国地理学发展的特征、扩大合作领域是推进这一战略任务实施的必然选择。本文以对俄罗斯社会经济地理学相关资料与文献收集与分析、以及近10余年俄罗斯地理学者与社会学者联合会年度学术会议资料等为支撑,用传承、革新、创新的视野,对俄罗斯近30余年社会经济地理学思想体系的发展以及近期的主要趋势进行概略性地阐述。在将俄罗斯经济地理学传承变革划分为6个阶段的基础上,重点围绕国家或区域地缘关系变化、多尺度地域空间组织、地域经济网络结构形成与发展、“大欧亚”建设和“东向发展”构想的社会经济地理学思考和对策、社会经济地理学的包容性和实践性,以及伴随全球化和国家发展战略需要涌现出新的分支学科、新思路、新观念等方面进行分析综述;给出近30余年主要地理研究机构对社会经济地理学研究领域的重点研究问题、主要学者及其代表作;并阐述在理论与方法论、落后地区发展、社会公平、贫困等问题研究方面存在的不足。研究结果对加深中俄两国地理学界的相互了解、推进社会经济地理学的创新发展具有现实意义。     

Forty years of urban expansion in Beijing: What is the relative importance of physical,socioeconomic, and neighborhood factors?

Urban expansion is one of the major causes of many ecological and environmental problems in urban areas and the surrounding regions. Understanding the process of urban expansion and its driving factors is crucial for urban growth planning and management to mitigate the adverse impacts of such growth. Previous studies have primarily been conducted from a static point of view by examining the process of urban expansion for only one or two time periods. Few studies have investigated the temporal dynamics of the effects of the driving factors in urban expansion. Using Beijing as a case study, this research aims to fill this gap. Urban expansion from 1972 to 2010 was detected from multi-temporal remote sensing images for four time periods. The effects of physical, socioeconomic, and neighborhood factors on urban expansion and their temporal dynamics were investigated using binary logistic regression. In addition, the relative importance of the three types of driving factors was examined using variance partitioning. The results showed that Beijing has undergone rapid and magnificent urban expansion in the past forty years. Physical, socioeconomic, and neighborhood factors have simultaneously affected this expansion. Socioeconomic factors were the most important driving force, except during the period of 1972–1984. In addition, the effects of these driving factors on urban expansion varied with time. The magnitude of the unique effects of physical factors and neighborhood factors declined while that of socioeconomic factors increased along with the urbanization process. The findings of this study can help us better understand the process of urban expansion and thus have important implications for urban planning and management in Beijing and similar cities.     

区域农牧业可持续发展决策支持系统研究

以区域农牧业可持续发展为研究对象,采用地理信息系统(GIS)、遥感(RS)、全球定位系统(GPS)的"3S"技术和数据库技术,建立了区域资源环境、社会经济空间和属性数据库.通过计算机技术、GIS技术和数据库技术构建了区域农牧业可持续发展决策支持系统,集成了耕地利用评估模型和草地建设管理模型,并进行了山西省雁门关生态畜牧经济区的实证研究.区域农牧业可持续发展决策支持系统将为农业结构调整、农牧业可持续发展提供决策支持.     

新冠疫情对中国经济的影响及政策讨论

新冠疫情对全球经济造成了严重冲击,在政策空间有限的背景下,讨论结构化政策工具和区域应对方案显得尤为重要。股票市场是国民经济的风向标,因此文章利用在A股市场上市的企业作为研究对象,从产业、主体规模以及区域等维度分析疫情对中国上市企业第一季度财务数据的影响。结果表明：1）除农、林、牧、渔业正增长外,大部分产业均遭受营运利润下滑、经营现金流减少、资产负债率提高等多重打击。各产业中,服务业面临更大挑战。个体的行为决策、政府的停工停产措施以及产业特性是造成这一变化的主要原因。2）新冠疫情对中小市值主体的影响大于大企业。疫情期间,大市值企业的营运利润能力、现金流水平得到优化,资产负债结构表现稳定。这主要是由运营能力差异和马太效应所造成的。3）制造业、服务业和建筑与房地产业上,发达地区相较于欠发达地区承受了更大冲击,这主要受地方人口结构和土地价格影响。金融业上,北京、上海、广东均出现了扰动,而江苏则表现出增长趋势,区域金融业结构特征和企业经营能力是造成这一现象的主要原因。医药产业受到一定程度的冲击,但产业基础好的地区仍出现增长态势,这主要是由医药需求出现取消或推迟、部分药物和设备需求存在紧迫性、优势区域需要承担相应的社会责任造成的。在此基础上,文章讨论了采取更加积极的财政政策、深入优化企业融资环境和差异化选择区域政策工具等政策建议。     

Demographic and environmental conditions are uncoupled in the social–ecological system of the Pribilof Islands

Since the end of the commercial fur seal hunt in 1984, the economy of the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, has lacked a stable, lasting basis. As a contribution to the effort to understand and promote the effective management of the Pribilof Islands as a social–ecological system, we examined current and recent conditions on the islands to assess local perceptions of, and prospects for, economic, social and environmental well-being. We found few correlations between environmental conditions and socio-economic indicators. The lack of apparent connection between population levels and economic or environmental stimuli is likely attributable to one or more of several factors: (a) modest economic dependence on the environment; (b) predominance of other economic inputs to the economies of the islands; (c) islanders basing residence choices largely on non-economic factors; and (d) the islanders' tolerance for economic fluctuations and uncertainty. These results suggest economic analysis alone is insufficient to explain the dynamics of this social–ecological system, contrary to many other case studies and an expectation of tight coupling and clear connections between society and ecology in the Pribilofs.     

A Systematic Review of the Socioeconomic Factors that Influence How Marine Protected Areas Impact on Ecosystems and Livelihoods

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are among the most widely accepted methods of marine management. MPAs are not, however, always placed such that they can maximize impact on conservation and livelihoods. Current MPA guidelines fall short in focusing primarily on biophysical criteria, overlooking interrelated socioeconomic factors. We identified 32 socioeconomic factors that influence whether MPA placement has an impact on biodiversity and/or livelihoods and weighted the quality of evidence using a novel “Evidence for Impact” Score. Results suggest that stakeholder engagement, poverty, population density, and strong leadership have most potential to positively impact biodiversity and/or livelihoods, but the direction of impact (i.e., positive or negative) can be context-dependent. We found a generally poor evidence base for impact evaluation of socioeconomic factors: though some factors were highly cited, few studies actually evaluate impact. Results indicate the need for a more interdisciplinary approach to MPA placement and more empirical studies that assess impact.     

河北省环渤海地区生态经济协调发展的人工神经网络分析

区域社会经济系统的可持续发展依赖于系统成分的协调程度及与生态系统的增益耦合。传统研究多以系统动力学或多目标规划模型来调控系统。文中以人工神经网络模型来模拟和映射社会经济系统的结构和功能。通过构建、训练、测试、运行河北省环渤海地区生态经济网络模型,提出了以减缓发展速度、降低能量投入水平等措施来达到生态系统和社会经济系统协调发展的目标。     

Historical Experience of Organic Agriculture Management in Transbaikalia

The historical factors of the development of organic agriculture in the Baikal region are considered on the basis of ethnoecological experience of traditional agriculture management in the 18^th–19^th centuries. It is pointed out that the historical method of developing the territory of Transbaikalia is based on nomadic ethnic culture, self-consciousness of the Buryat ethnos, and on the stereotype of behavior in the natural environment and constitutes a unique historical experience of adaptation of the Buryats in the steppe and forest-steppe landscapes of Transbaikalia. And the preservation of nomadic traditions and the Buryat culture of economic managing deserve the attention of researchers. The historical-geographical approach makes it possible to demonstrate the adaptive character of nomad livestock breeding and the use of the territory of Transbaikalia region by the Buryat ethnos in the past, using a conditionally allocated cattle-breeding model as an example. It is shown that the livestock husbandry (nomadic) model of agrarian nature management under consideration reflected a specific “strategy of adaptation” of traditional (nomadic) nature management to the natural environment of the region, which was at a certain socio-economic level of development and represented a natural model for the existence of the Buryat ethnos formed under the influence of the unique landscapes of Transbaikalia and historical traditions. The livestock husbandry model of the economy in the past was the main system of using the territory of Transbaikalia by the Buryat population and reflected the dynamic stereotype of behavior in a given natural environment. The main features of nomadic livestock husbandry are identified, which confirms that the livestock husbandry model was an ecologically correct form of farming, and traditional agriculture is an alternative to intensive forms of agriculture, a kind of management with a focus on the manufacture of ecologically clean products of livestock husbandry as well as being the prototype of organic agriculture in the Baikal region.     

Status, directions and priorities of reindeer husbandry research in Sweden

Emerging out of small-scale reindeer farming, large-scale reindeer husbandry in Sweden and Norway was developed to counteract resource scarcity caused by depleted wild reindeer numbers and human population growth above what the former subsistence economy could sustain. Current numbers of reindeer are likely lower and fluctuate less than before wild reindeer were depleted and reindeer husbandry started on a large scale. Productivity is about 7-8 kg of meat per head in winter stock. Current problems arise from a multitude of circumstances, some of them related to the problems of practising a subsistence type of living in close connection with a modern industrialized society. Problems include: low production, typical for harsh conditions and use of an unimproved animal stock; the inability to support a modern standard of living solely from reindeer; the collective access to grazing grounds which makes internal management difficult; unclear legal rights resulting in conflicting interests with other land users and formal owners; and the relatively low number of people directly involved in reindeer husbandry. Possible long-term consequences are marginalization and the loss of land use rights, with negative consequences for the Saami as an indigenous people. Reindeer husbandry research addresses these problems by integrating human-ecological and socio-economic aspects with traditional natural science orientated research on reindeer husbandry problems. This research is funded by a multitude of sources. Independently of this, research is conducted on Saami life and culture in relation to reindeer husbandry at various universities, especially within social sciences and arts.     

行动者网络视角下的资源型城市动态转型研究——以德国多特蒙德市为例

资源型城市在我国城市体系中占有重要地位,其转型是我国面临的重大现实问题。现有研究已分析了转型的原因、症结并给出相应对策建议,但对转型战略的实施机制、相关新旧作用者的识别及其动态博弈过程的研究较为欠缺。因此选取成功转型的典例城市多特蒙德,从行动者网络视角分析了其转型背后的人类、非人类行动者之间复杂交互过程,链接其与动态城市转型的关系,并通过访谈获取后转型时期公众对于城市社会文化转型的认识,从而为中国资源型城市转型提供借鉴。研究表明多特蒙德城市转型是多阶段多主体在多种利益驱使下的复杂博弈过程,且前期作用者行为在后期会产生重大影响。多特蒙德新兴产业的成功依托于动态博弈后的新旧企业角色的不断转化、管理机构政策的不断调节以及工会、协会、咨询公司等第三方主体的进入。