第四纪地质研究零讯

地质部系统各水文地质单位近一、二年来,陆续开展了第四纪地质研究课题,并取得了一定的成果。如江苏二水对淮北地区第四纪地层划分与对比进行了较为系统的总结;辽宁、浙江队编制了全省第四纪地质图,江苏一水在对长江三角洲第四纪地质研究工作中,与中科院海洋所等单位协作,完成了1/50万三角洲地区第四纪地质图和1/20万南通沿海第四纪地质图的编制工作;黑龙江一水初步确定了黑龙江省第四系下限深度,认为第四系内存在九套地层,并首次获得了白土山组地层的年龄,为编     

川西南雷波地区第四纪地质研究

根据岩石地层学、地貌地层学特征及年代学依据,划分了川西南雷波地区第四纪不同时期的洞外地层,并确定了其沉积类型,建立了第四纪地层系统;在此基础上讨论了本区第四纪环境的演化过程,为研究、评价第四纪岩溶发育规律及其对工程的影响,提供了第四纪不同时段的古环境背景资料。     

1∶25万常德市幅区域地质调查主要进展及成果

1∶25万常德市幅区域地质调查项目对洞庭盆地第四纪地质特征及演化进行了重点研究,取得以下主要进展及成果:①厘定了洞庭盆地及周缘隆-凹构造格局,并分别对洞庭盆地各次级构造单元及其周缘地区的第四纪地质特征及演化进行了详细解剖。②通过孢粉组合和沉积物地球化学特征重塑了第四纪气候演化过程;通过重矿物组合探讨了洞庭盆地南部河湖变迁以及构造沉降过程。③确定洞庭盆地早更新世—中更新世中期处于断陷阶段、中更新世晚期以来处于拗陷阶段,并详细查明了各阶段构造活动特征,提出了新的构造活动动力机制模式。④新提出“构造-沉积地貌类型”的概念,对图区进行了构造-沉积地貌类型的划分。     

沉积模拟的基本数学模型及其在第四纪研究中的应用

内容提要本文扼要介绍了沉积模拟的基本数学模型,其中包括十种随机模拟数学模型和十种确定模拟数学模型,阐明其简要原理和应用范围,并讨论它们在第四纪研究中的应用现状和前景。本文涉及的应用范围主要为:第四纪沉积环境、第四纪沉积物特征和成因类型。最后讨论了地质过程数学模拟的特点和意义、第四纪沉积过程数学模拟对提高第四纪地质学研究定量化水平的作用,以及进一步开展工作的方向。     

第四纪下限问题的研究现状及其解决途径

第四纪下限是地质年代表中的一个时间等时界面.由气候地层学原则所确定的第四纪下限并不是一个等时界面,从而导致各地区的第四纪下限各异.应该放弃“新生代以来首次气候恶化” 这个确定第四纪下限的标准,采用与人类的出现阶段有关的生物发展阶段——生物地层学原则来划分N—Q界限,并用年代学资料提高精度.     

柴西第四纪湖泊冰水沉积的发现及意义

柴达木盆地西部的茫崖坳陷发育了第四纪湖泊冰水沉积,其特征是灰绿、黄褐色页岩和泥岩中含大量的冰水滴石。滴石最大粒径可达4cm×12cm,成分复杂,有火山岩、变质岩及沉积岩。孢粉分析表明,其形成时代为第四纪,极有可能为更新世,与我国西部的第四纪冰期形成时代相同,但具体期次尚不能确定。柴西茫崖坳陷第四纪冰水沉积证据充分,对于研究我国第四纪冰期及青藏高原的形成演化、古气候、古地理具有重要意义。另外,第四纪冰水沉积充分说明在第四纪冰期青藏高原没有被整个大冰盖所覆盖。     

中国东部海岸带现代有孔虫碳同位素及其古环境意义

在第四纪海陆过渡相环境研究中,有没有能够确定古盐度的定量标志?本文作者针对中国东部第四纪海陆过渡相地层中常见的两种有孔虫Ammonia beccarii(Linne)vars.和Protelphidium glabrum(Ho, Hu et K. Wang)进行现代样品的碳同位素分析。在现代样品研究的基础上,确定了碳同位素与盐度存在线性关系,运用这一结果于第四纪几个钻孔样,并综合有孔虫化石群其他特征,推导古环境特点。     

第四纪作为地质年代和地层单位的国际争议与最终确立

第四纪(Quaternary)是地球科学中广泛使用的术语,代表地质年代中最晚的时段.在探讨全球环境变化趋势时,第四纪研究具有重要地位.但第四纪作为地质年代和地层单位的地位和底界问题,自18世纪提出以来,在国际学术界中就一直存在不同的观点;尤其是2004年部分权威学者和国际组织提出取消第四纪的方案,引发了激烈的国际大辩论.直到2009年,第四纪在地质年代中的正式地位及其底界划分方案,才最终获得了国际地科联的官方批准.回顾第四纪最初命名到正式地位确定的过程,特别强调了中国科学家立足于黄土等地质记录的研究工作,积极地参加了这场讨论,对于第四纪在地质学中的地位确立做出了重要贡献.     

甘肃的第四系

在全面系统分析、整理第四纪地层资料基础上，以岩石地层为基础，以古地磁、１４Ｃ、热释光测年资料为依据，以化石资料为参考，对更新统及全新统进行了岩石地层、磁性地层单位的对比和划分；重新厘定了一些地层单位的名称和含义；统一了各地层区的地层系统；建立并进一步完善了甘肃第四纪地层层序。确定了兰州、陇西及陇东地区黄土的开始沉积时间。对甘肃第四系的动物群及新构造运动的特征进行了论述。     

中国东部海岸带现代有孔虫碳同位素及其古环境意义

在第四纪海陆过渡相环境研究中,有没有能够确定古盐度的定量标志?本文作者针对中国东部第四纪海陆过渡相地层中常见的两种有孔虫Ammonia beccarii(Linne)vars.和Protelphidium glabrum(Ho, Hu et K. Wang)进行现代样品的碳同位素分析。在现代样品研究的基础上,确定了碳同位素与盐度存在线性关系,运用这一结果于第四纪几个钻孔样,并综合有孔虫化石群其他特征,推导古环境特点。     

The Evolution of the Quaternary Salt Lakes in the Qaidam Basin

The paper discusses the distribution of Quaternary sediments, occurrence of saline minerals and phases of neotectonic movements and their manifestations in the Qaidam basin. The formation of four successive lacustrine terraces in Tertiary anticlinal zones in the western part of the basin was related to the neotectonic movements that took place 100 Ka ago, and the distribution of such terraces discloses, in a way. the evolutionary history of the Quaternary salt lakes. According to the distribution of the terraces coupled with the distribution of Quaternary sediments and features of salt deposition, four periods of Quaternary salt lake evolution in the basin may be distinguished, which correspond to four stages of salt deposition respectively.     

Some regional indicators of the Tertiary–Quaternary geodynamics in the paleocoastal part of the Bengal basin (India)

Sedimentary processes in the paleocoastal part of the Bengal basin that occured in the Tertiary and Quaternary have been addressed. Three indicators were used: sedimentary bedding forms, microstructure of the sediment, and trace fossils. Various forms of sedimentary structures developed under the influence of dynamic geomorphic processes in the study area in the Quaternary. The microstructure analysis of the sedimentary materials was made by two methods: microphotography and Digital Color Analysis (DCA). The microstructure analysis shows that the geomorphic process remained very dynamic in the Quaternary, influencing the form, thickness, and mineral composition of the sediment strata. The enrichment of the sediments in heavy minerals evidences either oscillating or combined flow sedimentation, while under stable conditions light-mineral deposition took place. The digital data of microfabric study by the DCA method also show that larger particles deposited in the oscillating or high-flow environment and evidence a greater amount of heavy minerals like ferruginous materials. Trace fossils found in the sediments of this area also strongly support the concept that the environment remained dynamic during the Tertiary and Quaternary. The Late Tertiary deposition shows that, during these periods, the sediments were transported from tide-dominated marine coast with low flow energy, which is typical of hot and humid conditions. From Late Tertiary to Early Quaternary, the macrotidal coast became mesotidal (wave-dominated). The second phase is the Middle Pleistocene, when the environment was stable, favoring the continuous deposition of finer particles under low- to medium-flow energy conditions. The third phase, the Recent, is marked by the shoreline shift and modification of the environment. In the Early–Middle Holocene, the shoreline started to shift, which modified the geomorphic conditions of this place from coastal to estuarine and, finally, inland fluvial.     

泰国湾第四纪准层序建造及气候控制的旋回性

泰国湾第四系显示出很好的旋回性。通过高分辨率二维地震(布玛)剖面图及工程钻井资料,共识别出8个准层序。在典型准层序中,沉积物自下而上,从海相泥沉积逐渐过渡为泛滥平原沉积。在每个准层序顶部都发育下切河体系及古土壤层,说明在每个准层序形成之后,都曾暴露过地表并遭受到侵蚀。每个准层序都代表一个海进和海退的过程。这些准层序的厚度为6～22m不等,平均厚度13m左右。通过与第四纪氧同位素曲线对比得出,这8个旋回的形成年代可追溯到距今730～10ka,平均91ka为一个循环周期,表明这些旋回应该是由气候因素所驱使的海平面升降导致的。该频率的气候变化周期相当于Milankovitch旋回中地球围绕太阳运动椭球体偏心率的变化周期,因此,在更早的地质历史时期中,类似的旋回也应该存在,并具有全球可对比性。     

活断层的地震响应特征与瞬时地震属性

活断层探测是断层活动性评判的基础,也是天然地震灾害预防的依据,而浅层地震勘探是活断层探测的有效方法之一;而目前利用浅层地震方法评判断层活动性的能力亟待提高.通过构建了不同宽度破碎带的活断层理论模型,采用二维粘弹性波动方程有限差分法进行了波场响应特征模拟,运用希尔伯特变换方法提取了瞬时频率和相位属性.结果表明:地震水平叠加剖面和瞬时属性相结合可有效获取穿过第四系活断层的响应特征和实现断层活动性评判;当相干噪声达到30%时,水平叠加和瞬时频率属性剖面已难以追踪第四系中弱反射信号,而瞬时相位属性剖面仍可有效追踪;在实际活断层判定中,水平叠加、瞬时频率与瞬时相位地震属性剖面均可判断断层的存在,而穿过第四系的断层 (或破碎带) 特征瞬时相位属性最为明显和突出,水平叠加剖面次之,瞬时相位地震属性是判定断层活动性的重要和有效的属性.      

Einige Beispiele quartärer Tektonik in den Niederlanden

Quaternary deformations in the Netherlands are of several kinds. In the first place the country was part of the subsiding North-sea basin, as appears from the contour-map of the base of the Quaternary (fig. 1).In the SW. strong movements along faults took place, causing a horst and graben structure, being a continuation of that of the Lower Rhine. Quaternary terraces were affected by these (fig. 2). Recent levellings show that a general tilting and differential movements are still going on. Whether also true folding occurred during the Quaternary can not yet be said.     

Late Pleistocene and Holocene glacial history of James Ross Island, Antarctic Peninsula

Studies of Quaternary glacial stratigraphy and morphology around the Antarctic Peninsula have shown that James Ross Island in the western Weddell Sea probably has the best occurrences of stratigraphic sections with dateable material in the region. The stratigraphy includes sections with indefinite radiocarbon age, and three separate aminozones can be recognized. Except for indications of an early deglaciation around c . 10,000 BP, the field evidence from northern James Ross Island suggests a glacial readvance around 7000 BP. It is concluded that the readvance reflects the combined effects of eustatic sea level rise and Holocene warming, leading to increased precipitation and a positive mass balance. The most recent large-scale deglaciation in the area took place around 6000–5000 BP. This confirms the evidence from lake sediments and moss banks in other parts of the Antarctic Peninsula region, which shows that, in most cases, the initiation of organic deposition took place after c . 6000 BP. The literature on the Holocene glacial and environmental history of the region is reviewed in light of the new field evidence.     

东海陆架第四纪地层层序的初步研究

根据我局在东海陆架所获得的区域海洋地质和工程地质调查资料,对已有的第四纪地质孔进行统一的第四纪地层划分和对比,建立了东海陆架第四纪地层层序。将第四系四分,从老到新依次为下更新统西湖组、中更新统金鸡山组、上更新统西泠组、全新统海礁组或下全新统鸡骨礁组、中全新统大戟山组、上全新统嵊泗组。     

淮河流域(河南段)第四系含水层特征

本文确定了第四系含水层划分原则,根据该原则将工作区划分为第一、第二及第三含水层,阐述了各含水层岩性、水文地质参数、富水性及地下水循环特征,建立了地下水循环流动框图.