频谱分析法在识别米兰科维奇旋回及高频层序中的应用——以塔里木盆地塔中－巴楚地区下奥陶统鹰山组为例

在巴楚地区露头高频层序研究及塔中地区钻测井三级层序划分的基础上,对塔里木盆地塔中地区塔中162井和塔中43井下奥陶统鹰山组层序OSQ2的自然伽马能谱测井ln（Th/K）曲线进行了滤波处理、快速傅里叶变换处理、小波时频分析以及调谐处理,识别出具有米兰科维奇旋回特征的高频旋回。结果表明：斜度（黄赤交角）旋回最为明显,周期为37.0 ka,是以向上变浅为主的六级米级旋回的主要控制因素,其主旋回平均厚度在台地边缘相带的塔中162井及塔中43井中分别为4.55 m及3.97 m,在巴楚地区半局限-开阔台地相带中为2～4 m;95 ka的短偏心率周期是形成五级准层序的主要控制因素,而大致代表四级准层序组形成时限的413 ka长偏心率周期在地层记录中表现并不明显。据高频层序叠置关系分析及平均主旋回个数初步估算,塔中-巴楚地区下奥陶统鹰山组层序OSQ2的形成时限大约为4.92 Ma,塔中43井鹰山组层序OSQ2受后期构造隆升而被剥蚀约192  m。结合四级层序（准层序组）发育时限（413 ka）及其叠置关系,以及与其调谐的小波变换曲线特征,初步将塔中-巴楚地区鹰山组层序OSQ2划分出12个准层序组。自然伽马能谱测井ln（Th/K）曲线包含沉积古水深相对变化的信息,是反映气候变化生成的米兰科维奇旋回层序的良好指标。     

松辽盆地东岭地区泉头组高频沉积旋回的叠加型式分析

根据自然伽马测井曲线计算的旋回厚度,采用Fischer图解识别高频旋回的叠加型式,试图揭示湖相沉积中GR测井曲线反映的泥质含量波动与气候旋回的关系。选择松辽盆地东岭地区顶底清楚,地层连续的SN109井泉头组测井曲线中作为实验数据,根据极值点法共识别出1166个高频沉积旋回,旋回厚度变化于0.25~2.75 m之间,旋回平均厚度为0.62 m;根据Fischer图解,估算高频旋回的平均周期为17.2 ka,中频旋回周期在86.1~103.3 ka之间,低频旋回周期在305~416 ka之间,分别与米兰科维奇旋回岁差周期19~24 ka,轴斜率周期85~140 ka,偏心率周期350~400 ka存在着对应关系,说明SN109井泉头组湖相沉积旋回的形成受米兰科维奇气候旋回机制的控制。     

利用米兰科维奇旋回划分柴达木盆地第四系层序地层

对柴达木盆地第四系自然伽马测井曲线的频谱分析结果表明, 地层中保存着厚度稳定的地层旋回.按柴达木盆地第四纪沉积速率0.87～0.90 m/ka计算,地层中保存的地层旋回厚度在厚度比值和沉积时间周期上都与米兰科维奇旋回周期一致,且主要受控于米兰科维奇旋回中的地轴倾斜度周期, 其引起的地层旋回厚度变化范围为25.0～36.1 m.据此采用Fischer图解法, 求取其可容纳空间变化曲线,以指导层序地层的正确划分.     

大庆长垣姚家组高频层序地层与米兰科维奇旋回对应性

选取典型取心井对大庆长垣姚家组进行高频层序划分,共识别出98个超短期旋回,33个短期旋回,9个中期旋回和3个长期旋回。同时大庆长垣姚家组自然伽马曲线频谱分析结果表明,该地层中很好地保存了米兰科维奇旋回。其中,偏心率短周期引起的沉积旋回厚度为2.679～3.972 m,地轴倾角周期引起的沉积旋回厚度为1.379～2.131 m,岁差周期引起的沉积旋回厚度为0.601～0.901 m。高频层序与米兰科维奇旋回之间存在着较好的一致性,高频层序中期旋回、短期旋回和超短期旋回大致分别与米兰科维奇旋回的偏心率长周期、偏心率短周期以及岁差周期对应。地球轨道变化所引起的湖平面变化是高频层序形成的主控因素。     

四川盆地中二叠统茅口组米兰科维奇旋回及高频层序

四川盆地中二叠统茅口组形成于中二叠世中晚期。通过分析四川盆地中二叠统茅口组露头剖面岩性特征、对比广元上寺长江沟露头剖面碳氧同位素变化趋势与沉积层序发育特征,将茅口组划分为2个可全盆地追踪的Ⅱ型三级层序,并分析了茅口组三级层序的主控因素。在此基础上,对钻穿中二叠统茅口组典型井的自然伽马能谱测井曲线开展频谱分析,识别出多种具有米兰科维奇旋回特征的高频旋回,并计算出茅口组沉积的平均速率及沉积时限等相关参数。最后,采用数字滤波消除掉其他次要旋回因素的影响而仅保留与主控因素相关的旋回信息,建立茅口组的高频层序划分方案。结果表明,茅口组三级层序在形成过程中主要受控于构造升降及全球海平面变化;茅口组米兰科维奇旋回特征明显,其中长偏心率旋回(413.0 ka)和短偏心率旋回(123.0 ka)分别是形成四级层序(准层序组)和五级层序(准层序)的主控因素,与之对应的平均旋回厚度在龙17井区分别为13.44m和4.31m,在安平1井区分别为16.03m和4.68m;茅口组大约发育15个四级层序,其发育时限大约为6.11Ma;根据构造背景曲线和长偏心率旋回曲线的叠加曲线划分高频层序,其高频层序界面更加接近实际地层的发育情况。     

北黄海东部坳陷始新统米兰科维奇旋回特征

米兰科维奇旋回是记录在沉积地层中的表现形式, 其代表的时间涵义是进行高分辨率地层划分和对比的有效手段, 从地层中揭示的米兰科维奇旋回, 可以完善地层学尤其是旋回地层学理论.以北黄海东部坳陷为研究对象, 根据J. Laskar的解决方案计算出该区始新统的米兰科维奇旋回周期为: 125 ka和99 ka的偏心率周期, 51 ka和39 ka的地轴斜率周期, 23 ka和19 ka的岁差周期.通过对3口井的GR(自然伽马)和SP(自然电位)测井曲线进行频谱分析, 发现其频谱峰值与天文周期存在着良好的对应关系, 因此可以判定该区域地层中保存着完好的米兰科维奇沉积旋回.地层旋回厚度存在13.03~15.89 m的长周期、3.70~5.21 m的中周期和2.17~2.94 m的短周期, 并由此计算地层的沉积速率为121.20~127.12 m/Ma.从隆起沿着斜坡往湖盆中心, 沉积持续时间越长且沉积厚度也越厚, 但沉积速率相对稳定.通过连续小波变换对始新统地层进行小层划分, 划分出6期沉积体, 以每个沉积体为独立窗口进行频谱分析计算出沉积的持续时间和速率, 从气候变化的影响分析每个阶段的沉积环境.从下往上层序地层E₆期为低水位体系域, E₅和E₄为湖泊扩张体系域, E₃为高位体系域, E₂和E₁为湖泊收缩体系域.以上方法可以证明米兰科维奇进行沉积旋回分析是一种有效的方法.      

塔里木盆地塔中-巴楚地区上奥陶统良里塔格组米兰科维奇旋回性沉积记录研究

通过露头、钻井岩芯沉积相观察及高频旋回识别,结合全岩碳氧同位素旋回、自然伽玛能谱测井ln(Th/K)值频谱分析及地震反射特征,研究了塔里木盆地塔中—巴楚地区分布的上奥陶统良里塔格组开阔台地及外缓坡相碳酸盐岩中发育的四～六级高频层序(旋回)特征及其叠置关系。认为其六级米级旋回、五级准层序及四级准层序组可能分别与20～40ka、100ka及400ka周期的Milankovitch日-地轨道气候旋回有关,并识别出该区良里塔格组由11～12个400ka周期的准层序组构成。提出海相碳酸盐岩全岩或生物壳碳同位素值可作为反映全球海平面相对变化的指标及识别形成三级层序的主控因素(全球海平面变化、地区性构造沉降-抬升运动)的方法——碳同位素-沉积旋回对比分析法。晚奥陶世良里塔格组沉积时期,塔中台地北缘总体表现为向上变浅的加积型沉积叠置型式,主要与塔中I号断裂活动控制形成的高陡型镶边台地边缘有关;巴楚台地西北缘则表现为向上变浅的加积-进积复合型沉积叠置型式,主要与其断裂活动弱、受沉积作用控制为主的缓坡台地边缘有关。塔中-巴楚台地良里塔格组表现为一个完整三级层序的形成与演化,主要受控于该台地的构造(沉降-抬升)运动而不是全球海平面变化,属于典型的地区性构造层序及不具有全球对比意义。     

米兰科维奇旋回识别与天文标尺的建立:以莫索湾地区莫21井三工河组一段为例

依据米兰科维奇理论识别划分旋回,是对传统层序地层学的有力补充,具备高等时约束性,可实现高分辨率旋回识别与高精度等时地层格架的建立。莫索湾地区是准噶尔盆地油气勘探的有利区域之一,其中三工河组一段发育了有效的、成规模的致密气储集层。利用自然伽马测井数据,通过频谱分析等方法,对研究区目标层位进行了米兰科维奇信号识别与旋回划分。以405 ka周期滤波曲线作为基准,借助三工河组底界地质年龄,建立了浮动天文标尺。研究表明,三工河组一段存在米兰科维奇旋回。短期偏心率125 ka周期控制厚度约为29.73 m的旋回;斜率54 ka周期控制厚度约为12.47 m的旋回;岁差24 ka周期控制厚度约为5.62 m的旋回。三工河组一段地质年龄为189.951～190.800 Ma,共识别出了7个短期基准面旋回,由此划分出了7个五级层序,沉积速率从下到上,虽呈现出"减小-增大-持续减小-持续增大"的趋势,但整体变化不大;发育了B1、B2、C1三种类型的短期基准面旋回。     

准噶尔盆地腹部地区中部4区块层序地层分析

中部4区块位于准噶尔盆地腹部的昌吉凹陷,侏罗纪时堆积了浅水辫状三角洲相粗粒砂砾岩与深水湖泊相泥岩沉积,这些沉积在D2井区显示出多个明显的旋回.根据沉积相序变化、准层序叠加样式、测井曲线特征,通过伴生的低水位域底界面的识别及附近的超失、削截特征分析,仔细追踪和查明了10条关键层序界面,划分出9个三级层序,识别出低水位、湖进和高水位体系域.由于处于关键坡折带的下倾方向,每个层序均具有完整的三分结构,年限平均约5Ma,共识别出27个体系域,准层序组62个,准层序148个.单个层序厚度平均209.3m,单个准层序组平均厚30.4m,单个准层序平均厚13.0m.     

四川盆地东北部二叠系层序发育的动力学分析

运用可容空间分析法,在野外剖面岩性、岩相厚度和旋回变化分析的基础上,对川东北地区宣汉县渡口镇羊鼓洞二叠系剖面的旋回层序进行研究,识别出3种类型5种亚类型的高频旋回层序类型,并将剖面中栖霞组、茅口组以及吴家坪组下部划分为118个高频旋回层序。根据测井曲线的旋回变化,将普光4井的长兴组划分出49个高频旋回层序,据此运用Fischer图解绘制了二叠系可容空间变化曲线。将可容空间变化曲线与相对海平面升降曲线之间进行对比发现,二者之间存在着良好的对应关系。采测井曲线的频谱分析,对研究区长兴组进行了米兰科维奇沉积周期进行研究,结果表明:长兴组中广泛地保存着124,44.89,35.11,21.16和17.72ka的米兰科维奇沉积周期;地层中的沉积旋回主要受古气候变化的控制,偏心率、地轴倾角和岁差周期引起的地层旋回厚度变化范围分别为:12.47—13.74m,3.56—5.21m,1.78—2.41m,其中受偏心率周期的影响最大。在构造活动相对较弱的川东北二叠系中,层序发育的动力学因素主要为相对海平面的变化和气候变化两个方面。相对海平面的变化主要是三级层序的控制因素,而气候变化则是高频层序旋回的主要动力。     

Firmgrounds – key surfaces in the recognition of parasequences in the Aptian Lower Greensand Group, Isle of Wight (southern England)

Aptian Lower Greensand Group exposures in the cliffs of the Isle of Wight (southern England) display a consistent coarsening-up cyclicity on the scale of centimetres to tens of metres that reflects the bed, bed-set, parasequence, parasequence set and sequence hierarchy. These coarsening-up cycles are most commonly recognized at the scale of parasequences (20 cm to 10 m thick), genetically related groups of which form parasequence sets. Both parasequences and parasequence sets contain the succession of biofacies that culminate in firmground development. Numerous episodes of erosion, deposition and colonization are recorded, reflecting multiple erosion/bypass events. The increase in mean grain-size through each cycle is reflected by changes in physical sedimentary structures; ichnofauna or bioturbational fabric; fossil fauna and diagenesis. Interbedded mudstones, siltstones and sandstones in the lower beds of each cycle display a variety of structures ranging from low-angle, hummocky, or tabular cross-strata, sandstone-filled erosional gutters and planar lamination. The cleaner sandstones found in the upper parts to each cycle are often completely bioturbated with only rare stratification and pebble/plant debris-filled scours preserved. Bioturbational fabrics change upward through each cycle from small, subhorizontal, mud- or sandstone-filled burrows to large, branching, clay-filled or cemented burrow systems. The top surface of each cycle is marked by a fossil epifauna indicative of firm to hard substrate conditions. Concentrations of bivalves, brachiopods, bryozoa, crinoids and corals are preferentially cemented by iron oxide, carbonate or phosphate. Such cements were early and thus utilized by firm or hard substrate dwellers. This fossiliferous, cemented sandstone is overlain by a flooding surface marked by the mudstone and silt-rich sandstones at the base of the next cycle. Together, the fauna and ichnofauna in each cycle represent the gradual development of firm substrate conditions, culminating in the diverse firmground fauna preserved at the top of each cycle. The fauna and changing substrate conditions reflect the hiatuses developed during successive episodes of marine flooding. High species diversity is matched by complex patterns of taphonomic feedback in the mature firmground faunas that mark major flooding surfaces. Increasing faunal maturity allows recognition of a hierarchy of hiatuses. This hierarchy is analogous to the parasequence–parasequence set division. The stratigraphic condensation of firmgrounds can be used to empirically define the condensed section, the thickness of sediment between firmgrounds being a function of sediment supply and water depth (accommodation space).     

Sequence stratigraphic analysis and the origins of Tertiary brown coal lithotypes, Latrobe Valley, Gippsland Basin, Australia

The methods of sequence analysis have been applied to the onshore Gippsland Basin and in particular to the Latrobe Valley Group coal measures which include up to five coal seams each exceeding 100 m in thickness. The methods appear to provide new depositional concepts to the evolution of these seams, and the development of coal lithotypes. In the eastern half of the Latrobe Valley evidence for marine transgressions into the coal measures are recorded in most of the interseam sediment splits by the presence of contained foraminifera and dinoflagellates. To the west (inland) these splits pinch out into continuous coal. However, they can be followed westwards as enhanced organic sulphur levels along sharply defined boundaries between light coal lithotypes below and dark coal lithotypes above. The dark lithotype immediately overlying each of these boundaries contains the highest sulphur value and warmer climate pollen assemblages (Sluiter et al., 1995, this volume).Colorimeter and lithotype logging strongly supports an upwards lightening cyclicity to coal colour at 12–20 m intervals through the approx. 100 m thick seams, with cycle boundaries defined at sharp planar to undulating surfaces. The lightening upward lithotype cycles together with their unique boundary conditions (i.e. enhanced organic sulphur levels, warm climatic indicators and laterally equivalent marine clay splits) are interpreted as parasequences and parasequence boundaries respectively. Each major coal seam can comprise up to five parasequences and is interpreted to represent deposition during an outbuilding high stand systems tract at one of several maximum periods of Tertiary coastal onlap. The top of each major seam shows evidence of truncation (erosion?) on a regional scale and these surfaces are interpreted to represent the sequence boundaries. The major seams are usually conformably underlain by marine clays and extensive aquifer sands, being deposits of the late transgressive systems tracts. The low stands and early parts of the transgressive systems tracts appear not to be represented in the Latrobe Valley due to its (more) basin margin location, but are probably present down-dip in the equivalent marine facies of the Seaspray Group.Stratigraphic correlation of the sequence boundaries identified in the coal measures to the adjacent, internationally dated marine Seaspray Group, provides a basis for chronostratigraphic correlation of the coal successions to the coastal onlap charts of Haq et al. (Exon Mesozoic-Cenozoic chronostratigraphic chart, version January 1988, and August 1989). From this dating it appears that each major seam is confined to high stands of third order eustatic cycles. It therefore follows that the lithotype cycles (parasequences) that comprise each seam are related to fourth order eustatic cycles. By analogy all the coal cycles may have developed under subtropical conditions as ombrogenous forested peat swamps in a similar manner to the Holocene, though tropical, swamps of Indonesia.     

Trace fossils and ichnofabrics on the Lower Muschelkalk carbonate ramp (Triassic) of Germany: tool for high-resolution sequence stratigraphy

In the German Triassic of Thuringia, the Lower Muschelkalk sequence can be subdivided by application of ichnological methods. Three ichnofacies with five ichnofabrics are described. In accordance with the lithological features, trace fossils are found to defining parasequences on the basis of a regular change of bioturbation. Furthermore, it is possible to establish deepening-upward cycles. The reconstruction of parasequences allows the establishment of a high-resolution sequence stratigraphy. The position of the maximum flooding surface can be identified in the Terebratula Member and is developed in a condensed interval. The most significant of the additional major marine flooding surfaces is found at the top of the Upper Oolith Bed, characterized by lithostratigraphy, ichnology, biostratigraphy and parasequence thickness trends.     

准层序、岩性变换带在陆相红盆中的应用——以民和盆地1∶5万红古城、新寺乡幅的白垩纪地层为例

陆相红盆与海相盆地在层序地层的基本单元和沉积作用等方面存在巨大差异。层序地层的基本概念、基本理论具体在陆相盆地中的应用 ,应紧密结合陆相盆地自身的发育特点 ,创造出一套真正适合于陆相盆地层序地层学的概念和模式。陆相地层与海相地层相比规律性不明显 ,“层板对比”模式不适合陆相盆地地层分布实际。准层序和岩性变换带的使用 ,是根据内陆红盆层序地层发育的自身特点 ,通过民和盆地白垩纪地层工作实践而提出的。它可以揭示陆相红盆层序地层的主控因素 ,把横向无序变为与成因相关的同期有序地层 ,使陆相层序、区域地层划分对比的研究不但可能 ,而且十分有效。     

准层序、岩性变换带在陆相红盆中的应用——以民和盆地1∶5万红古城、新寺乡幅的白垩纪地层为例

陆相红盆与海相盆地在层序地层的基本单元和沉积作用等方面存在巨大差异。层序地层的基本概念,基本理论具体在陆相盆地中的作用,应紧密结合陆相分地自身的发育特点,创造了一套真正适合于陆相盆地层序地层学的概念和模式。陆相地层与海相地层相比规律性不明显,“层板对比”模式不适合陆相盆地地层分布实际。     

湘西王村剖面寒武系花桥组浊积岩特征及其大地构造意义

湘西王村地区的寒武系代表江南斜坡相沉积序列，传统的下寒武统划分为杷榔组、清虚洞组；中寒武统划分为敖溪组、花桥组（下部）；上寒武统划分为花桥组（上部）、追屯组。其中，花桥组中浊流沉积发育，可识别出7次规模较大的浊流活动期，第一期浊积岩包括69个浊积序列，分别归属于11个副层序；第二期浊积岩包括37个浊积序列，分别归属于7个副层序。每个副层序的下部表现为近源浊积岩，上部表现为远源浊积岩，所代表的海水深度变化由浅变深。第一期浊流活动发生在海平面上升时期，形成三级层序的海侵体系域；第二期浊流活动发生在海平面较低、斜坡较陡时期，形成三级层序的低水位体系域。江南斜坡带中—上寒武世浊积岩频繁出现反映台地边缘深大断裂周期性活动强，断裂两盘升降差异运动显著。     

准噶尔盆地中部2区块高分辨层序地层研究

根据沉积相序变化、准层序叠加样式、测井曲线特征,运用关键坡折带知识,通过伴生的低水位域底界面的识别及附近的超失、削截特征分析,仔细追踪和查明了准噶尔盆地腹部地区中部2区块9条关键界面.进行了侏罗系的高分辨层序地层的划分。研究表明C1井区J_1b_2-J_2t沉积时期可划分出8个三级层序,均具有完整的三分结构:LST、TST和HST;共划分出27个体系域,共识别出准层序组56个,准层序118个。单个层序的厚度105.6～176.8 m,平均140.7 m;单个准层序组平均24.9 m;单个准层序平均11.8 m。     

High-resolution sequence stratigraphy of a Hettangian-Sinemurian paralic succession, Bornholm, Denmark

Sequence stratigraphic interpretation of paralic successions is complicated by the complex interfingering of marine and continental strata. The successions may also include terrestrial extensions of marine parasequences and completely independent lacustrine parasequence analogues. Failure in recognizing the possible interbeddding of these two independent parasequence types may lead to construction of sequence stratigraphic schemes based on incompatible data sets. We have studied a Lower Jurassic paralic section from the Baltic island of Bornholm, situated in the Tornquist Zone, which demarcates the transition from the stable Precambrian Baltic Shield to the subsiding Danish Basin and Danish-Polish Trough. The Hettangian-Sinemurian Sose Bugt Member (Rønne Formation) of Bornholm includes lacustrine, fluvial and restricted marine, estuarine deposits reflecting the basin-margin position. Biostatigraphic resolution is poor and a sequence stratigraphic interpretation of the paralic succession is far from straightforward. A multidisciplinary approach including facies analysis, recognition and lateral trading of key surfaces, palynostratigraphy, palynofacies, coal petrography, palaeopedology, clay mineralogy and source rock geochemistry is applied in order to obtain a high degree of precision in the interpretation of the paralic facies. In this way four sequences are recognized in the overall backstepping lacustrine to estuarine succession. Marine and marginal marine parasequences are distinguished from their purely lacustrine analogues, and an internally consistent sequence stratigraphic scheme is proposed. This is compared and tentatively correlated with fossiliferous marine sediments in the Danish Basin and with published eustatic cycle charts.     

北京西山寒武系——奥陶系主要副层序类型及其形成机制探讨

北京西山寒武系－奥陶系出露良好，根据岩性组合特征，结合沉积结构，生物，地球化学等指杆标志，可区分出的副层序类型主要有６种，它们形成于不同的环境，其厚度一般几米，少数几十厘米或十几米，每类副层序中岩性可达４－６种，但单个副层序可仅由两种岩性构成，每一副层序反映的水叫是自下而上持续变浅，而在每两个副层序之间总是由浅水到深水的相跳跃。根据这些副层序的特征，可以推断在每两个副层序之间有一次海水突然加深过程     

鄂尔多斯盆地中部马五1亚段高分辨率层序地层格架中风化成岩模式和储层特征

以层序地层学理论为指导,研究了鄂尔多斯盆地中部奥陶系风化壳储层的层序地层特征,建立了马五₁亚段的高分辨率层序地层格架,在其内识别出了4个准层序;通过建立海平面变化与风化成岩（ 岩溶） 作用的关系模式,从成因上阐明了层间岩溶和后期高级别的风化成岩（ 岩熔） 作用的发生过程和控制因素,揭示了在碳酸盐岩高分辨率层序地层格架中,不同级别的海平面变化周期控制着不同级别的沉积层序和风化成岩（ 岩溶） 作用;分析了准层序与储层物性的关系,认为在鄂尔多斯盆地中部奥陶系风化壳储层中,准层序界面控制着层间岩溶的发育,是影响马五₁亚段风化壳储层性质的主要因素。