UTM投影及其变形分析

目前世界上已有100多个国家和地区使用UTM投影,不少国家的国家坐标系也采用UTM投影。为适应水利水电测绘人员从事海外测量的需要,介绍了UTM投影的基本特点、投影函数及其推导过程,并对投影变形进行了分析。     

UTM投影与高斯─—克吕格投影的差异

本文简要介绍UTM投影及其计算公式，将UTM投影与高斯─—克吕格投影进行分析比较，指出二者之间的差异．     

港口工程测量中一种解决UTM投影变形的独立坐标系建立方法

为解决国外港口工程测量中UTM投影变形问题,比较了UTM投影与高斯-克吕格投影的异同点,推演了UTM投影的长度变形的计算公式,探讨了一种建立独立坐标系的方法,并用工程实例证明此方法的可行性。     

探讨几内亚某铝土矿公路项目的控制测量

通过几内亚某铝土矿公路项目实例,简要介绍了项目特点,国外常采用的UTM投影及其特点,重点分析了投影变形问题、独立坐标系的建立方法,介绍了项目控制网的测设处理方法。     

国外项目中建立局域UTM坐标系的方法探讨

结合我院的国外项目采用局域UTM投影坐标系的建立方法,初步探索使用国内软件在国外工作的经验,供同行借鉴参考。     

国外工程中地图投影变形分析及解决方案研究

本文对高斯投影和UTM投影的长度变形进行分析,总结出其变形规律和特点。针对这个长度变形,提出了改变投影面高程、平移投影中央子午线、同时改变投影高程面和投影中央子午线、分带投影这四种解决方案,并详细分析了这四个方案的特点和适用性。以孟加拉国希拉甘杰某电厂工程和安哥拉共和国罗安达某输电线路工程为例,对变形解决方案进行验证,为国外工程中地图投影变形问题提供了有效的解决方案。     

对国外工程测量中控制测量的探析

在国际工程测量中,应该采用合理的坐标系统和投影方式,以及对应的比例系数,满足工程的需要和规范的要求。本文论述了高斯-克吕格投影和UTM投影之间对应的比例系数,便于在国际工程测量中采取合适的校正方法,保证测量工作的准确性和精密性。     

国外某发电厂测量控制网检核与精度分析

通过对国外工程现有的测量控制网进行校核,分析UTM投影的特点和长度变形,及应用国外已有控制网要注意的问题。     

UTM投影变形分析及解决方案

结合某国际工程项目案例,分析UTM投影变形的原因和对工程项目的不良影响,探讨了UTM投影变形的计算方法和特性,并提出建立独立坐标系来解决UTM投影变形的技术方案和措施。     

UTM投影坐标系下厂站工程控制测量

与我国采用的高斯投影坐标系统不同,赞比亚等一些非洲国家坐标系统大都采用UTM投影,本文通过对UTM投影坐标系下长度变形的分析,以及对工程控制网的理解,提出了国外UTM投影坐标系下的电厂及变电站工程控制测量方法。并通过赞比亚330 k V输变电工程3个变电站工程实例说明了这种方法的应用。     

Geodetic grids in authoritative maps – new findings about the origin of the UTM Grid

ABSTRACT

Recent discoveries of Wehrmacht Maps in the Military Archive of the Federal Archive of Germany in Freiburg im Breisgau raised the motivation for further investigations into the history of the internationally employed Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection which actually represents a prerequisite for the global use of Global Positioning System (GPS) – and thus of any type of navigation – instruments. In contrast to the frequently stated opinion that this map projection was first operationally used by U.S. Americans it turned out that presumably the first operational maps with indication of the orthogonal UTM grid were produced by German Wehrmacht officers prior to the post World War (WW) II triumph of this projection. Based on the authors´ recent discoveries this article reveals some hitherto hardly known facts concerning the history of cartography of the 1940s.     

实现遥感影像的3维漫游

实现遥感影像的2维可视化动态漫游则可以从不同的视角以不同的速度对地面信息进行观察,以实现重复再现和分析的效果。实现漫游首先要从遥感影像中提取特定的地理信息,并对特定投影的遥感影像进行坐标转换后逐帧绘制。本文利用对UTM投影的GeoTIFF卫星像片进行3维坐标转换,并实现第一和第三人称的3维漫游。     

The optimal Mercator projection and the optimal polycylindric projection of conformal type – case-study Indonesia

As a conformal mapping of the sphere S ² _R or of the ellipsoid of revolution E ² _A , _B the Mercator projection maps the equator equidistantly while the transverse Mercator projection maps the transverse metaequator, the meridian of reference, with equidistance. Accordingly, the Mercator projection is very well suited to geographic regions which extend east-west along the equator; in contrast, the transverse Mercator projection is appropriate for those regions which have a south-north extension. Like the optimal transverse Mercator projection known as the Universal Transverse Mercator Projection (UTM), which maps the meridian of reference Λ₀ with an optimal dilatation factor &ρcirc;=0.999 578 with respect to the World Geodetic Reference System WGS 84 and a strip [Λ₀−Λ _W ,Λ₀ + Λ _E ]×[Φ _S ,Φ _N ]= [−3.5^∘,+3.5^∘]×[−80^∘,+84^∘], we construct an optimal dilatation factor ρ for the optimal Mercator projection, summarized as the Universal Mercator Projection (UM), and an optimal dilatation factor ρ₀ for the optimal polycylindric projection for various strip widths which maps parallel circles Φ₀ equidistantly except for a dilatation factor ρ₀, summarized as the Universal Polycylindric Projection (UPC). It turns out that the optimal dilatation factors are independent of the longitudinal extension of the strip and depend only on the latitude Φ₀ of the parallel circle of reference and the southern and northern extension, namely the latitudes Φ _S and Φ _N , of the strip. For instance, for a strip [Φ _S ,Φ _N ]= [−1.5^∘,+1.5^∘] along the equator Φ₀=0, the optimal Mercator projection with respect to WGS 84 is characterized by an optimal dilatation factor &ρcirc;=0.999 887 (strip width 3^∘). For other strip widths and different choices of the parallel circle of reference Φ₀, precise optimal dilatation factors are given. Finally the UPC for the geographic region of Indonesia is presented as an example. Received: 17 December 1997 / Accepted: 15 August 1997     

地图投影系统进一步补充的可能性——关于多圆柱投影

本文指出了地图投影分类系统中还有若干“空白”有补充的必要和可能,并以多圆柱投影为例,阐述了它的建立原理,用三个实例说明了多圆柱投影的建立过程。作者认为补充这一类投影既使地图投影分类得到进一步充实,同时对教学活动也有积极意义。     

抵偿投影最大适用范围及最大投影变形最小参数确定方法

为了满足相关规范对测区最大投影变形的控制要求,需要采取措施抑制测区投影变形,无论是抵偿投影面高斯正形投影或者任意带高斯正形投影,或者以上两种方式的结合,都有必要确定该投影方法满足最大投影变形限差条件的最大可适用范围,还有必要根据项目确定的范围对投影最大投影变形进行判定,并进行投影参数的科学选择。研究了满足最大投影变形限差条件的最大可适用范围,对工程最大投影变形分析方法进行了讨论,并研究了基于最大投影变形最小化的抵偿投影参数确定方法。     

An adaptable equal-area pseudoconic map projection

Equivalence (the equal-area property of a map projection) is important to some categories of maps. However, unlike conformal projections, completely general techniques do not exist for creating new, computationally reasonable equal-area projections. The literature describes many specific equal-area projections and a few equal-area projections that are more or less configurable, but flexibility is still sparse. This work describes a new, highly configurable equal-area projection system consisting of arcs of concentric circles, placing it in the pseudoconic class. The system uses a novel technique to hybridize the Bonne pseudoconic projection and the Albers conic projection, subsuming many existing projections as degenerate cases. With the resulting system and the technique used to develop it, map projection designers will have greater choice in tailoring the projection to the need. The system may be particularly suited to maps that dynamically adapt to changing scale and region of interest, such as required for online maps.