中国天山冰川区降水、积雪pH和电导率季节变化特征分析

根据乌鲁木齐河源区2003-2004年度的大气降水样品、1号冰川一个完整年周期的连续雪坑样品及哈密庙儿沟平顶冰川和奎屯51号冰川雪坑样品的pH和电导率资料,系统探讨大气降水、表层雪、雪坑样品中pH和电导率的季节变化特征和沉积过程中pH和电导率的变化特点,以及不同冰川区雪坑中pH值和电导率的空间差异。结果表明:大气降水及表层雪中pH和电导率有着相似的季节变化趋势,主要受冰川所在区域大气中可溶性离子浓度和沉积后过程的影响;对1号冰川大气降水、表层雪和雪坑样品中pH和电导率的对比分析发现,从降水到表层雪,最后到雪坑样品的演化过程中,pH和电导率均呈减小趋势,而且pH和电导率的最高值均出现在春季;自西向东随着地理环境的变化,雪坑中样品的pH值呈升高趋势,哈密庙尔沟平顶冰川最大,乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川次之,奎屯哈希勒根51号冰川最小,但电导率却呈现出了不同的变化规律。     

天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川冰芯记录形成过程及年代划分

冰川冰芯记录了历史时期的气候环境信息.天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川位于亚洲大陆干旱半干旱地区的腹地,1991 -1998年在1号冰川钻取的4根深冰芯(To ～T3),用于探究该地区历史时期各项气候环境信息记录.通过化学离子季节变化特征以及δ18O和Mg2+的剖面与树轮重建的温度记录对比,分别对冰芯T2(80.1 m)的32...     

天山东部冰芯pH值和电导率的大气环境空间差异

冰芯电导率是大气环境变化的替代性指标.对我国天山东部三个研究点奎屯哈希勒根48号冰川、乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川以及哈密庙儿沟平顶冰川粒雪芯中pH值和电导率的近期环境记录进行了分析研究.结果显示,三个研究点粒雪芯反映的近期pH值和电导率变化趋势不同:奎屯电导率随冰芯深度增加表现出升高趋势,哈密庙尔沟平顶冰川和乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川随冰芯深度增加表现出一定下降趋势;冰芯电导率平均值在哈密庙儿沟冰川最大,而其他两个点相对较小,这与矿物粉尘浓度和离子浓度的分布一致;雪冰电导率与粉尘及离子相关性分析表明,电导率主要受中亚粉尘活动影响,同时与Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+等相关性很高.通过比较显示,天山东部与我国西部其他研究点以及极地雪冰电导率的差异可以很好地反映大气环境的空间差异.     

天山东部冰川积雪中大气粉尘的沉积特征

对我国天山东部三个研究点乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川、奎屯哈希勒根51号冰川和哈密庙尔沟平顶冰川积雪中大气粉尘沉积进行了分析研究。微粒特征分析表明,自西向东随着研究点地理环境的变化,积雪中不溶微粒的质量浓度、沉积通量和体积粒径分布众数都表现出增高趋势：奎屯哈希勒根51号冰川最小,乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川次之,哈密庙尔沟平顶冰川最大;三个研究点粒径0．57〈d〈26μm微粒的平均质量浓度分别是969μg／kg、1442μg／kg、3690μg／kg,年均沉积通量分别是58．2μg／cm^2、72．1μg／cm^2、73．8μg／cm^2。表明,哈密冰川受粉尘源影响较大．而乌鲁木齐河源与奎屯河源区受影响则相对较小。雪坑微粒浓度剖面和离子相关性分析表明,天山东部冰川积雪中污化层富含亚洲粉尘的富Ca^2＋、Na^2＋矿物;微粒体积一粒径分布众数介于3-22μm．粒径分布显示了单结构模式。研究区最近4年积雪的污化层剖面揭示了春季零星的粉尘浓度峰值以及沉积数量上较大的年际变化,意味着天山东部雪冰中粉尘沉积对大气环境变化的敏感性。     

东南极内陆地区和乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川表层雪内NO^—3沉积后过程差异

酸性气体成分（如ＮＯ－３）的强挥发性导致其在雪面沉降后,具有沉积后气／雪交换作用,即其在表层雪内是“可逆”沉降的。通过比较东南极内陆雪坑的ＮＯ－３剖面和乌鲁木齐河源１号冰川表层雪内ＮＯ－３的浓度变化,认为沉积后气／雪交换作用在东南极内陆较显著,而在乌鲁木齐河源１号冰川则不然。表层雪内ＮＯ－３存在方式的不同和沉降机制的差异应是导致两地ＮＯ－３沉积后过程差异的原因所在。     

天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川的气候敏感性研究

依据山地冰川规模对于气候变化平衡态响应的一种统计模型,探讨了天山乌鲁木齐河源１号冰川东,西支在不同气候情景下的平衡态规模大小,根据该冰川的历史变化并应用这一统计模型,对于乌鲁木齐河源地区气候变化的趋势进行了研究。     

近期中国天山冰川状况和气候变化

据中国冰川目录和天山南北树木年轮年表恢复近500年的气候要素我国天山现代冰川8900条,面积9192.43km~2,冰储量1010.5km~3,主要分布在天山西部5000m以上的高山地带。近30年的天山冰川考察及29年乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川物质平衡:观测资料分析表明,中国天山现代冰川普遍处于退缩阶段。预计2000年气候将出现降水偏多的趋势。     

人类活动与天山现代冰川退缩

在系统分析了中亚天山山两个长期进行物质平衡监测的乌鲁木齐河源１号冰川和图尤克苏冰川的资料,并引用其他研究成果后,发现中亚天山现代冰川１９７０年－１９９０年比１９３０年－１９７０年明显的退化。近２０年多来,中亚天山冰川加速退缩,解体,与被工业排放污染了大气有关。     

积雪淋溶作用对冰川雪层内主要阴、阳离子记录的影响

利用乌鲁木齐河源１号冰川初始消融季节的连续雪坑离子浓度剖面,初步探讨本区冰川雪层中离子淋溶作用的特征及其对雪冰化学记录的影响。结果表明原始积雪内的大部分化学成分随融水向下渗浸,并富集在雪／冰界面处或附加冰内。当冰川消融进一步加剧,导致大部分离子成分随融水进入冰川径流,则会最终形成离子浓度很低的冰川冰,冰芯之定量记录将蜕变为定性结果。     

天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川致冷效应的小气候观测

高山冰川以其下垫面的致冷效应形成独特的冰川小气候.为研究冰川小气候特征,2007年7月在天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川表面及末端冰碛上架设5台自动气象站,并进行了为期一个月的基本气象要素的观测.以观测数据为基础,描述和分析了与冰川致冷效应有关的冰川区温度与湿度变化特征、冰面逆温、温跃现象、冰川风现象,并就冰川致冷效应对局地对...     

云南丽江树轮δ18O记录的大气环流变化信息

通过对云南玉龙雪山丽江冷杉年轮晚材纤维素氧同位素 (δ¹⁸O) 的分析,建立了1902-2004时段年分辨率的树轮δ¹⁸O序列。将所得序列与相邻的丽江市气象站记录的气候资料对比,分析了树轮δ¹⁸O对气候要素的响应。结果表明,丽江冷杉年轮晚材中的δ¹⁸O与其生长季气候因子密切相关。主要与季风期 (8-10月) 的降水和相对湿度、6-10月总云量、5-6月平均温度显著相关,尤其和总云量相关性最高 (r = -0.45,P = 0.01)。同时,树轮δ¹⁸O年际变化与南亚季风指数、东亚夏季风指数呈反相关关系,并与1-5月南方涛动指数负相关显著,在一定程度上反映了大尺度的大气环流影响。     

亚洲降水中δ18O沿不同水汽输送路径的变化

利用IAEA/WMO全球监测网和青藏高原的监测站,建立了由赤道地区经我国西南水汽通道至长江中下游的南方水汽输送路径、沿西风带自我国西部经华北至日本的北方水汽输送路径以及自南亚穿喜马拉雅山到我国青藏高原的水汽输送路径的取样剖面,比较了三条水汽路径在不同季节降水中啄18O的变化及其与温度、降水量的关系。沿南方水汽路径,低纬度地区取样站降水中平均啄18O的季节差异较小。沿北方水汽路径,郑州以西取样站平均啄18O的季节差均大于郑州以东的取样站。随着经度的增加,降水中平均啄18O的季节差减小。沿高原水汽路径,印度次大陆南部降水中的啄18O相对较高,随着纬度的增加,降水中啄18O逐渐减小。在翻越喜马拉雅山后,由于强烈的洗涤作用,降水中啄18O急剧下降。     

盐生荒漠土壤水稳定氢、氧同位素组成季节动态

对准噶尔盆地东南缘降水和土壤水稳定氢、氧同位素组成（δ¹⁸O和δD）进行了测定,分析了降水中δ¹⁸O和δD值的季节变化规律,表层土壤水中δ¹⁸O和δD值对降水脉冲的动态响应以及不同深度土壤水中δ¹⁸O和δD值的变化特征。结果表明：该区域大气降水线为δD=7.691δ¹⁸O+4.606;降水与表层土壤水中δ¹⁸O和δD值表现出明显的季节变化特征;表层土壤水中δ¹⁸O和δD值、质量含水量对降水脉冲响应显著,且不同量级的降水导致不同程度的响应。利用LSD法对0~300 cm土层内土壤水中δ¹⁸O和δD值进行多重比较分析,可将土壤在垂直方向上分为3层,表层（0~50 cm）土壤水分活跃,稳定同位素值随深度的增加而迅速减小;中间层（50~180 cm）土壤水分相对活跃,既受到降水入渗和蒸发作用的影响,也有地下水的补给;深层（180~300 cm）水分来源稳定,土壤水中δ¹⁸O和δD值基本不变。     

Lake evolution and hydroclimate variation at Lake Qinghai (China) over the past 32 ka inferred from ostracods and their stable isotope composition

We used ostracod species assemblages and their δ¹⁸O values in a 32-m sediment core from Lake Qinghai, China, along with information from cores collected at other sites in the lake, to infer lake evolution and hydroclimate changes since the last glacial. Dominant ostracod species Ilyocypris bradyi and its low δ¹⁸O values showed that Lake Qinghai was small in size or even consisted of several playa lakes, and the 1F core site could have even been in a wetland setting, under cold and dry climate conditions before 15.0 ka. Presence of Limnocythere inopinata with low δ¹⁸O values, and absence of I. bradyi after 15.0 ka, indicate the lake area increased or that the playas merged. The decrease or disappearance of ostracods with high δ¹⁸O values showed that the lake shrunk under dry climate from 12.0 to 11.6 ka. After 11.6 ka, hydroclimate shifts inferred from ostracod species changes (Eucypris mareotica and L. inopinata) and their δ¹⁸O values were as follows: (1) 11.6–7.4 ka—larger, but still small lake area with greater moisture availability under primarily dry climate conditions, (2) 7.4 to 3.2 ka—increasing lake level under a warmer and wetter climate, and (3) 3.2 ka to present—stable, large, brackish lake. The low ratio of lake water volume to runoff, and close proximity of the core site to freshwater input from the river mouth would have resulted in relatively lower ostracod δ¹⁸O values when Lake Qinghai was small in area during the interval from 32.0 to 15.0 ka. Lower ostracod δ¹⁸O values during interstadials and throughout the entire Last Glacial Maximum and early deglacial (ca. 24.0–16.0 ka) were caused by a greater contribution of seasonal meltwater from ice or snow and low incoming precipitation δ¹⁸O values related to cold climate conditions in the region at that time.     

Temporal and spatial variations of δ^18O in precipitation of the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin

This paper reveals the temporal and spatial variations of stable isotope in precipitation of the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin based on the variations of δ^18O in precipitation at four stations （Lhaze, Nugesha, Yangcun and Nuxia） in 2005. The results show that δ^18O of precipitation has distinct seasonal changes in the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin. The higher value of δ^18O occurs in spring prior to monsoon precipitation, and the lower value occurs during monsoon precipitation. From the spatial variations, with the altitude-effect and rainout process during moisture transport along the Yarlung Zangbo River Valley, δ^18O of precipitation is gradually depleted. Thus, δ^18O of precipitation decreases gradually from the downstream to the upstream, and the lapse rate of δ^18O in precipitation is approximately 0.34‰/100m and 0.7%J‰/100km for the two reasons. During monsoon precipitation, spatial variation of δ^18O in precipitation is dominated by the amount effect in the large scale synoptic condition.     

Stable isotopic composition of riverine dissolved inorganic carbon of the Xijiang River Inner Estuary

For researching the spatio-temporal variation of the stable isotopic composition of the riverine dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), we had carried out a survey throughout the hydrologic year during which the δ13CDIC of the surface water and its physicochemical pa-rameter were examined along the Xijiang River Inner Estuarine waterway from September 2006 to June 2007. There was a striking seasonal variation on the average δ13CDIC, as the average δ13CDIC in summer (?13.91‰) or autumn (?13.09‰) was much less than those in spring (?11.71‰) or winter (?12.26‰). The riverine δ13CDIC was controlled by decomposed condition of the riverine organic matter linking the seasonal variation of the physicochemical parameter in the surface water according to the correlation analysis which indicated notable relations between δ13CDIC and water temperature (p = 0.000; r = ?0.569) or between δ13CDIC and oxide-reduction potential (p = 0.000; r = 0.646). The striking positive correlation between δ13CDIC and the sampling distance happened in the summer rainy season, while striking negative correlation happened in the spring dry season, indicating that river-sea interaction influenced water physicochemical parameters and controlled the riverine DIC property in the survey waterway. In view of the riverine δ13CDIC decreasing for the decomposition of the ter-restrial organic matter in the rainy season in summer and increasing for the briny invaded zone extending in the spring dry season along the waterway from the Makou gauging station to the Modaomen outlet, the δ13CDIC spatio-temporal variation was closely related to the geographical environment of the Xijiang drainage basin.     

台风“灿鸿”期间中国东部沿海城市降水中稳定同位素的变化及影响因素

为探讨极端天气降水中稳定同位素的变化,应用2015年9号台风“灿鸿”影响期间中国东部沿海城市台北、温岭、海宁、南通降水中稳定同位素资料,分析降水中稳定同位素的时空变化。结果表明：台风“灿鸿”影响期间,台北降水的δ18O平均值为-4.40‰,为最高值;温岭降水δ18O的平均值最低,为-9.80‰;海宁与南通降水的δ18O平均值居于两者之间,分别为-8.83‰和-7.88‰。4地降水δ18O均呈现出2个阶段的“厂”型变化特征。“灿鸿”降水δ18O值在时空分布上冲刷效应明显,采样站点距离台风中心越近降水δ18O值越低d值越高。台风灿鸿影响期间整个降水过程以湿润的热带海洋气团为主,台北阶段1降水受台风外围云系影响,降水的冲刷程度较轻,δ18O值偏高;台北阶段2降水与温岭降水受单一水汽团冲刷效应影响,降水δ18O不断降低;海宁和南通与灿鸿中心的距离基本相似,且水汽源相同,降水δ18O值波动比较接近。     

Isotopic composition of precipitation over Arid Northwestern China and its implications for the water vapor origin

In order to reveal the characteristics and climatic controls on the stable isotopic composition of precipitation over Arid Northwestern China, eight stations have been selected from Chinese Network of Isotopes in Precipitation (CHNIP). During the year 2005 and 2006, monthly precipitation samples have been collected and analyzed for the composition of δD and δ18O. The established local meteoric water line δD=7.42δ18O+1.38, based on the 95 obtained monthly composite samples, could be treated as isotopic input function across the region. The deviations of slope and intercept from the Global Meteoric Water Line indicated the specific regional meteorological conditions. The monthly δ18O values were characterized by a positive correlation with surface air temperature (δ18O (‰) =0.33 T (℃)–13.12). The amount effect visualized during summer period (δ18O (‰) = –0.04P (mm)–3.44) though not appeared at a whole yearly-scale. Spatial distributions of δ18O have properly portrayed the atmospheric circulation background in each month over Arid Northwestern China. The quantitative simulation of δ18O, which involved a Rayleigh fractionation and a kinetic fractionation, demonstrated that the latter one was the dominating function of condensation of raindrops. Furthermore, the raindrop suffered a re-evaporation during falling processes, and the precipitation vapor might have been mixed with a quantity of local recycled water vapor. Multiple linear regression equations and a δ18O–T relation have been gained by using meteorological parameters and δ18O data to evaluate physical controls on the long-term data. The established δ18O–T relation, which has been based on the present-day precipitation, could be considered as a first step of quantitatively reconstructing the historical environmental climate.     

Sclerochronological oxygen and carbon isotope ratios in Radix (Gastropoda) shells indicate changes of glacial meltwater flux and temperature since 4,200 cal yr BP at Lake Karakul,eastern Pamirs (Tajikistan)

We report δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values of 21 fossil shells from the aquatic gastropod Radix from a sediment core taken in the eastern basin of Lake Karakul, Tajikistan (38.86–39.16°N, 73.26–73.56°E, 3,928 m above sea level) and covering the last 4,200 cal yr BP. The lake is surrounded by many palaeoshorelines evidencing former lake-level changes, most likely triggered by changes in meltwater flux. This hypothesis was tested by interpreting the isotope ratios of Radix shells together with δ¹⁸O values of Ostracoda and of authigenic aragonite. The mean δ¹⁸O values of Radix and Ostracoda fall along the same long-term trend indicating a change in the isotopic composition of precipitation, which contributed to the glaciers in the catchment as snow and finally as melt water to the lake. The sclerochronological δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C patterns in Radix shells provide seasonal weather information, which is discussed in context with previously proposed climatic changes during the last 4,200 cal yr BP. The period between ~4,200 and 3,000 cal yr BP was characterized by stepwise glacier advance in the catchment most likely due to a precipitation surplus. Subsequently the climate remained relatively cold but the lake level fluctuated, as indicated by ostracod shell isotope data. From ~1,800 cal yr BP the sclerochronological patterns provide evidence for increasing melt water flux and transport of allochthonous carbon into the lake, most likely due to an accelerated glacier retreat. The period around 1,500 cal yr BP was characterized by strong warming, increasing meltwater flux, glacier retreat and an increasing lake level. Warm conditions continued until ~500 cal yr ΒP probably representing the end of the Medieval Warm Period. A short relatively cold (dry?) period and a lower lake level are assumed for ~350 cal yr BP, possibly an analogue to the Maunder Minimum cooling in the North Atlantic region. Our results show that the lake system is complex, and that changes were triggered by external forcing and feedbacks. The similarity of δ¹⁸O values in Radix and ostracod shells demonstrates that both archives provide complementary information.     

Regional climate gradients in precipitation and temperature in response to climate teleconnections in the Greater Everglades ecosystem of South Florida

Precipitation and temperature in Florida responds to climate teleconnections from both the Pacific and Atlantic regions. In this region south of Lake Okeechobee, encompassing NWS Climate Divisions 5, 6, and 7, modern movement of surface waters are managed by the South Florida Water Management District and the US Army Corps of Engineers for flood control, water supply, and Everglades restoration within the constraints of the climatic variability of precipitation and evaporation. Despite relatively narrow, low-relief, but multi-purposed land separating the Atlantic Ocean from the Gulf of Mexico, South Florida has patterns of precipitation and temperature that vary substantially on spatial scales of 10¹–10² km. Here we explore statistically significant linkages to precipitation and temperature that vary seasonally and over small spatial scales with El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Over the period from 1952 to 2005, ENSO teleconnections exhibited the strongest influence on seasonal precipitation. The Multivariate ENSO Index was positively correlated with winter (dry season) precipitation and explained up to 34 % of dry season precipitation variability along the southwest Florida coast. The AMO was the most influential of these teleconnections during the summer (wet season), with significant positive correlations to South Florida precipitation. These relationships with modern climate parameters have implications for paleoclimatological and paleoecological reconstructions, and future climate predictions from the Greater Everglades system.