碱熔沉淀分离-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定伴生重晶石稀土矿中的稀土元素

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定伴生重晶石轻稀土矿中的稀土元素时,Ba以及轻稀土元素La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm等对中重稀土造成严重的质谱重叠干扰,因此在保证矿石完全消解的同时,若能选择合适的前处理方法实现目标元素与基体的有效分离,将有利于减少质谱干扰。本文采用过氧化钠-碳酸钠熔融分解伴生重晶石的稀土矿样品,熔融物用三乙醇胺溶液提取,将沉淀过滤去除硅、铁、锰、铝等大量基体元素,而稀土元素与钡、锶、钙等留存于沉淀中,沉淀经盐酸溶解后再用氨水进行二次沉淀,将稀土元素与伴生的高含量钡、锶、钙等元素分离,分离率超过96%,从而极大地降低了由钡的氧化物和氢氧化物对~(153)Eu等元素质量数的质谱干扰。轻稀土元素对中重稀土元素的干扰则通过测定高浓度的单元素标准溶液在m/z 138～175处的表观浓度来计算干扰校正系数,对干扰量进行扣除校正。该方法通过稀土矿石标准物质GBW07187、GBW07188验证,测定值与认定值的相对误差10%;应用于伴生重晶石稀土矿石实际样品分析,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=12)为0.5%～4.6%,证明了本方法可用于分析高钡矿石中的稀土元素。     

微堆中子活化分析测定碳酸盐岩中痕量元素

研究了微堆中子活化分析测定碳酸盐岩中痕量元素的测量条件和测定中的影响因素。一般样品采用仪器中子活化分析直接测定;痕量元素含量太低的样品,用1mol/LHCl浸取试样,在pH8的NH4Cl NH3·H2O缓冲溶液中用1 (2 吡啶偶氮) 2 萘酚沉淀富集痕量元素,去除大量的钙、镁基体,可降低方法测定下限,检出限为0.001～20μg/g。方法经国家碳酸盐岩标准物质GBW07108和GBW07114分析验证,结果与标准值相符,RSD(n=11)<12%。     

高压密闭消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定海洋沉积物中稀土元素

样品用HNO3-HF高压密闭消解,电感耦合等离子体质谱测定海洋沉积物中15种稀土元素。研究了消解方法、酸体系和质谱干扰对稀土元素测定的影响。结果表明,相比于电热板消解和微波消解,高压密闭消解具有酸用量少、消解完全、消解过程损失少等优点;HNO3-HF体系能有效地分解海洋沉积物样品;利用干扰离子校正方程,能有效地校正Ba和轻稀土元素所形成的多原子离子干扰。15种稀土元素的方法检出限为3～15 ng/g。使用水系沉积物标准物质GBW 07309和GBW 07311、海底沉积物标准物质GBW 07313进行验证,测定值与标准值基本吻合,相对标准偏差和相对误差均低于5%。方法用于长江口沉积物样品的测定,精密度(RSD,n=6)小于5%,加标回收率为95.8%～104%。该方法检出限低,精密度和准确度高,适用于大批海洋沉积物样品的分析。     

微波消解电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定黑色页岩中稀有稀土元素

采用硝酸-氢氟酸-过氧化氢于微波消解仪中分解样品,电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定贵州遵义地区某黑色页岩中稀有稀土元素的含量。对页岩标准物质(GBW 07107)和水系沉积物地球化学成分分析标准物质(GBW07305、GBW 07310)的分析,测定值与标准值相一致。对黑色页岩的分析结果较好,方法精密度(RSD,n=6)各元素均小于4%,加标回收率为97.9%~100.1%。方法准确度高、简单、快捷,一次溶样可同时测定多种元素。     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定铝土矿中的稀土氧化物

采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法（ICP-OES）测定铝土矿中的稀土氧化物时,酸溶往往造成溶样不彻底,高温碱熔时大量的熔剂会降低稀土元素的发射强度,同时由于稀土氧化物含量（0.0010%~0.050%）较低,存在铝、铁等基体干扰,难以准确测定。本文采用氢氧化钠熔融铝土矿样品,熔融物用热水浸取,三乙醇胺溶液掩蔽铝和铁,乙二胺四乙酸二钠溶液络合钙、镁等干扰元素,稀土氢氧化物留存于沉淀中,沉淀经盐酸溶解进入待测液,从而将稀土元素与熔剂和基体元素分离。实验结果表明：标准溶液无需基体匹配,各稀土氧化物标准曲线的线性相关系数均不小于0.9999,检出限在0.0002%~0.0015%之间;按照实验方法分析实际样品中稀土氧化物的含量,测定结果的相对标准偏差（RSD,n=6）为2.0%~4.6%,回收率为85.2%~104.4%。本方法与电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）相比,两种方法的测定结果无显著性差异。     

草酸铵为基体改进剂石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定碳酸盐岩中的痕量银

目前采用酸溶分解试样,以硫脲或磷酸氢二铵为基体改进剂,应用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法(GFAAS)可以直接测定各类地质样品中的痕量银;但应用于测定碳酸盐岩中的痕量银时,基体元素钙镁会产生干扰,同时影响石墨管的使用寿命。本文采用盐酸-硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸四酸溶样,硝酸提取,以草酸铵(45.5 g/L)作基体改进剂,试液中的钙镁与草酸铵快速反应生成白色沉淀物而分离,并形成了具有挥发性的铵盐介质环境,可显著提高石墨炉的灰化温度进一步除去铵盐介质,从而消除了基体元素的各种影响。本方法操作简单,经国家标准物质验证,其测定值与标准值的相对偏差均小于10%,检出限为0.010μg/g,精密度(RSD,n=12)小于1.0%。本方法不仅分离了干扰基体,而且比前人采用的一米光栅发射光谱法的检出限(0.04μg/g)更低。     

亏损上地幔中的富钾熔体和碳酸盐交代作用:来自CCSD预先导孔橄榄岩的地球化学证据

中国大陆科学钻探工程预先导孔(CCSD-PP1) 打在苏鲁超高压变质带芝麻坊超镁铁岩体上,钻孔穿透超镁铁岩体115m.超镁铁岩体由二辉橄榄岩、方辉橄榄岩和少量单辉橄榄岩和纯橄岩组成,与上下围岩接触的橄榄岩被强烈蛇纹石化.多数橄榄岩含有石榴石或其假象,普遍含有金云母和菱镁矿,少量样品中有钛斜硅镁石.在化学成分上,橄榄岩的Mg#指数变化于90.392.6之间,MgO含量(36.61%49.15%,平均45.17%) 与Na2O (0.01%0.25%)、Al2O3 (0.07%3.71%,多数 < 2.0%,平均1.46%)和CaO (0.12%2.53%,一个高达3.30%,平均1.00%) 呈负相关关系.与主量易熔元素相对亏损的特点相反,橄榄岩中显示了稀土元素富集、分馏和配分曲线显示近于平行和相似的特点,(La/Lu) N比值为3.1833.05;此外,多数样品具有高Ba (最高比原始地幔高100多倍) 含量,在蛛网图上显示Rb、Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf和Sr的负异常,Ti/Eu比值均低于1300.岩相学特征和难熔主量元素与不相容元素之间的无相关性表明橄榄岩至少受到了形成金云母和菱镁矿的2次交代作用.富含金云母的橄榄岩(例如C25-143-61,C32-149-71) 具有富钾趋势,并且显示K2O与Rb、Ba和Th等大离子亲石元素的正相关关系,未见K2O和稀土元素、Sr和Ca之间的相关关系.这些特征表明橄榄岩被含水、硅铝质碱性熔体交代,之后又被高Ba低Rb和高场强元素的镁质(菱镁矿) 碳酸岩熔体交代,并且强烈地改变了Ba的丰度和显示了特定地幔碳酸盐的稀土元素配分型式.全岩具有不均一的高放射性Sr (87Sr/86Sr=0.70840.7201)和低放射性Nd (εNd (t) =-1.14-8.55) 组成,结合已有的氧同位素研究资料,表明预先导孔PP1中的橄榄岩所代表的地幔可能在早期就遭受了来自深部的介质的交代作用.      

碳酸钠-四硼酸钠碱熔-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定铬铁矿石中11种元素

建立了用碳酸钠-四硼酸钠熔融分解样品,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定铬铁矿石中铁、铝、钙、镁、硅、锰、磷、钛、钒、钴、镍等11种元素的方法。对熔剂用量、元素分析谱线、仪器条件参数选择和基体效应等进行讨论,考察了铬量对测定结果的影响。结果表明,铬对各元素的测定结果影响明显,采取在标准溶液中加入一定量铬、熔剂和盐酸,保持基体与试样一致,消除了基体效应。方法检出限为0.12～3.83μg/g,精密度(RSD,n=12)为0.65%～3.86%。经国家标准物质(GBW 07201、GBW 07202)进行验证,测定值和标准值一致,加标回收率为91.4%～107.2%。     

微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定痕量银的研究

传统的应用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定化探样品中的痕量银,一般采用盐酸-硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸电热板加热溶样,使用铱、铂为基体改进剂,但存在分析流程繁琐、成本高等缺点。相比于电热板消解法,微波消解技术的高压密闭消解和微波快速加热等特点,具有酸用量少、消解完全、消解过程损失少等优点。本文对传统的微波消解和仪器工作参数进行了改良,确定了最佳测定条件。建立了HNO_3-H_2O_2高压密闭消解样品,石墨炉原子吸收法测定水系沉积物、土壤、岩石中痕量银的方法。采用65%的HNO_3和H_2O_2微波消解溶样,加入12 g/L硫脲为介质,消除了基体干扰。方法检出限为0.018μg/g,将所建立的分析方法用于沉积物标准物质(GBW07309、GBW07311)、土壤标准物质(GBW07402、GBW07404)和岩石标准物质(GBW07103、GBW07104)验证,结果显示测定值与推荐值吻合,准确度△lg C(GBW)≤±0.024、RE(GBW)≤±5.71%,精密度RSD(GBW)≤5.97%。该分析方法适用于大批化探样品中痕量银的测定。     

干法灰化和微波消解-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定植物样品中22个主次量元素

采用干法灰化和微波消解两种样品分解方法处理植物试样,用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定样品中铝、钡、钙、铜、钾、镁、钠、铁等22个主、次量元素的含量,用两种前处理方法对国家一级标准物质进行测定,比对测定值与标准值,验证两种方法的准确度和精密度。结果表明,不同的样品分解方法对各元素的测定结果会产生不同程度的影响。选择适宜的分解方法可以大大提高植物样品中铝、铁、硫等元素测定结果的准确度。干法灰化和微波消解两种前处理方法的精密度(RSD,n=11)均小于5%。     

Stable boron isotope fractionation between dissolved B(OH)3 and B(OH)4

The stable boron isotope ratio (¹¹B/¹⁰B) in marine carbonates is used as a paleo-pH recorder and is one of the most promising paleo-carbonate chemistry proxies. Understanding the thermodynamic basis of the proxy is of fundamental importance, including knowledge on the equilibrium fractionation factor between dissolved boric acid, B(OH)₃, and borate ion, B(OH)₄⁻ (, hereafter α_(B3-B4)). However, this factor has hitherto not been determined experimentally and a theoretically calculated value (Kakihana and Kotaka, 1977, hereafter KK77) has therefore been widely used. I examine the calculations underlying this value. Using the same spectroscopic data and methods as KK77, I calculate the same α_(B3−B4) = 1.0193 at 300 K. Unfortunately, it turns out that in general the result is sensitive to the experimentally determined vibrational frequencies and the theoretical methods used to calculate the molecular forces. Using analytical techniques and ab initio molecular orbital theory, the outcome for α_(B3-B4) varies between ∼1.020 and ∼1.050 at 300 K. However, several arguments suggest that α_(B3-B4) ? 1.030. Measured isotopic shifts in various ¹⁰B-, ²D-, and ¹⁸O-labeled isotopomers do not provide a constraint on stable boron isotope fractionation. I conclude that in order to anchor the fundamentals of the boron pH proxy, experimental work is required. The critics of the boron pH proxy should note, however, that uncertainties in α_(B3-B4) do not bias pH reconstructions provided that organism-specific calibrations are used.     

K-H3OFe3(SO4)2(OH)6铁矾的XRD研究

根据X射线衍射(XRD)分析发现: A Fe₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆(A=K⁺、H₃O⁺)系列铁钒的XRD数据十分相近,难以用XRD区别,需通过能谱(EDS)辅助分析,才能区分此类铁矾。另外,此类铁矾的003和107面网间距d随K⁺含量增大而增大,且呈一元三次方程的关系;而033和220面网间距d随K⁺含量增大而减小,呈一元二次方程的关系。对该现象从铁矾晶体结构方面进行解释:K⁺、H₃O⁺离子位于较大空隙中,且沿着Z轴方向排列,当K⁺、H₃O⁺离子之间相互替换时,会导致该铁矾晶体结构在Z轴方向有较明显的变化。     

Free energy of formation for green rust sodium sulphate (NaFe6Fe3(OH)18(SO4)2(s))

In a recent study, sulphate-bearing green rust (GR_SO4) was shown to incorporate Na⁺ in its structure (NaFe^II₆Fe^III₃(OH)₁₈(SO₄)_2(s); GR_Na,SO4). The compound was synthesised by aerial oxidation of Fe(OH)_2(s) in the presence of NaOH. This paper reports on its free energy of formation .Freshly synthesised GR_Na,SO4 was titrated with 0.5 M H₂SO₄ in an inert atmosphere at 25 °C, producing dissolved Fe²⁺ and magnetite or goethite. Solution concentrations, PHREEQC and the MINTEQ database were used to calculate reaction constants for the reactions:

     

Acid dissociation mechanisms of Si(OH)4 and Al(H2O)6 in aqueous solution

Silicic acid and the hexa-aqua of Al³⁺ are fundamental model aqueous species of chemical importance in nature. In order to investigate their hydroxyl dissociation mechanisms, Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics (CPMD) simulations were carried out, which allow treating the solutes and solvents on the same footing. The method of constraint was employed to trigger the reactions by taking coordination number as the reaction coordinate and the thermodynamic integration was used to obtain the free-energy profiles. The approximate transition states were located and the reactant and product states were also characterized. The free-energy changes of dissociation are found about 15.0 kcal/mol and 7.7 kcal/mol for silicic acid and Al-aqua, respectively. From the simulation results, the first pKas were calculated by using two approaches, which are based on the pristine thermodynamic relation and the RDF (radial distribution function)-free energy relation, respectively. Because of more uncertainties involved in the RDF way, it is suggested that the pristine way should be favored, which shows an error margin of 1 pKa unit. This study provides an encouraging basis for applying the present methodology to predict acidity constants of those groups that are difficult to measure experimentally.     

The kinetics of oxygen exchange between the GeO4Al12(OH)24(OH2)12(aq) molecule and aqueous solutions

We report rates of oxygen exchange with bulk solution for an aqueous complex, ^IVGeO₄Al₁₂(OH)₂₄(OH₂)₁₂⁸⁺(aq) (GeAl₁₂), that is similar in structure to both the ^IVAlO₄Al₁₂(OH)₂₄(OH₂)₁₂⁷⁺(aq) (Al₁₃) and ^IVGaO₄Al₁₂(OH)₂₄(OH₂)₁₂⁷⁺(aq) (GaAl₁₂) molecules studied previously. All of these molecules have ε-Keggin-like structures, but in the GeAl₁₂ molecule, occupancy of the central tetrahedral metal site by Ge(IV) results in a molecular charge of +8, rather than +7, as in the Al₁₃ and GaAl₁₂. Rates of exchange between oxygen sites in this molecule and bulk solution were measured over a temperature range of 274.5 to 289.5 K and 2.95 < pH < 4.58 using ¹⁷O-NMR.Apparent rate parameters for exchange of the bound water molecules (η-OH₂) are k_ex²⁹⁸ = 200 (±100) s⁻¹, ΔH^‡ = 46 (±8) kJ · mol⁻¹, and ΔS^‡ = −46 (±24) J · mol⁻¹ K⁻¹ and are similar to those we measured previously for the GaAl₁₂ and Al₁₃ complexes. In contrast to the Al₁₃ and GaAl₁₂ molecules, we observe a small but significant pH dependence on rates of solvolysis that is not yet fully constrained and that indicates a contribution from the partly deprotonated GeAl₁₂ species.The two topologically distinct μ₂-OH sites in the GeAl₁₂ molecule exchange at greatly differing rates. The more labile set of μ₂-OH sites in the GeAl₁₂ molecule exchange at a rate that is faster than can be measured by the ¹⁷O-NMR isotopic-equilibration technique. The second set of μ₂-OH sites have rate parameters of k_ex²⁹⁸ = 6.6 (±0.2) · 10⁻⁴ s⁻¹, ΔH^‡ = 82 (±2) kJ · mol⁻¹, and ΔS^‡ = −29 (±7) J · mol⁻¹ · K⁻¹, corresponding to exchanges ≈40 and ≈1550 times, respectively, more rapid than the less labile μ₂-OH sites in the Al₁₃ and GaAl₁₂ molecules. We find evidence of nearly first-order pH dependence on the rate of exchange of this μ₂-OH site with bulk solution for the GeAl₁₂ molecule, which contrasts with Al₁₃ and GaAl₁₂ molecules.     

Solubility of Fe-ettringite (Ca6[Fe(OH)6]2(SO4)3 · 26H2O)

The solubility of Fe-ettringite (Ca₆[Fe(OH)₆]₂(SO₄)₃ · 26H₂O) was measured in a series of precipitation and dissolution experiments at 20 °C and at pH-values between 11.0 and 14.0 using synthesised material. A time-series study showed that equilibrium was reached within 180 days of ageing. After equilibrating, the solid phases were analysed by XRD and TGA while the aqueous solutions were analysed by ICP-OES (calcium, sulphur) and ICP-MS (iron). Fe-ettringite was found to be stable up to pH 13.0. At higher pH-values Fe-monosulphate (Ca₄[Fe(OH)₆]₂(SO₄) · 6H₂O) and Fe-monocarbonate (Ca₄[Fe(OH)₆]₂(CO₃) · 6H₂O) are formed. The solubilities of these hydrates at 25 °C are:      

Rates of oxygen exchange between the Al2O8Al28(OH)56(H2O)26(aq) (Al30) molecule and aqueous solution

Rates of steady exchange of oxygens between bulk solution and the largest known aluminum polyoxocation: Al₂O₈Al₂₈(OH)₅₆(H₂O)₂₆¹⁸⁺(aq) (Al₃₀) are reported at pH≈4.7 and 32-40°C. The Al₃₀ molecule is a useful model for geochemists because it is ≈2 nm in length, comparable to the smallest colloidal solids, and it has structural complexity greater than the surfaces of most aluminum (hydr)oxide minerals. The Al₃₀ molecule has 15 distinct hydroxyl sites and eight symmetrically distinct bound waters. Among the hydroxyl bridges are two sets of μ₃-OH, which are not present in any of the other aluminum polyoxocations that have yet been studied by NMR methods. Rates of isotopic equilibration of the μ₂-OH and μ₃-OH hydroxyls and bound water molecules fall within the same range as we have determined for other aluminum solutes, although it is impossible to determine rate laws for exchange at the large number of individual oxygen sites. After injection of ¹⁷O-enriched water, growth of the ¹⁷O-NMR peak near 37 ppm, which is assigned to μ₂-OH and μ₃-OH hydroxyl bridges, indicates that these bridges equilibrate within two weeks at temperatures near 35°C. The peak at +22 ppm in the ¹⁷O-NMR spectra, assigned to bound water molecules (η-OH₂), varies in width with temperature in a similar fashion as for other aluminum solutes, suggesting that most of the η-OH₂ sites exchange with bulk solution at rates that fall within the range observed for other aluminum complexes. Signal from one anomalous group of four η-OH₂ sites is not observed, indicating that these sites exchange at least a factor of ten more rapidly than the other η-OH₂ sites on the Al₃₀.