基于改进SPH模型的溃坝洪水演进模拟方法

溃坝洪水演进模拟的准确性是制约水库洪水预演有效性的关键。基于光滑粒子流体动力学(Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics, SPH)方法提出了适用于溃坝洪水演进分析的数值模拟方法。通过设置溃口粒子与粒子库,基于黎曼不变量对SPH粒子状态进行修正,构建施加边界条件的改进SPH溃坝洪水演进模型,将SPH瞬时全溃整体模型转换为考虑溃口水流变化的入流边界模型,实现SPH方法与溃口计算模型的耦合。以Malpasset溃坝事件为例,检验了该模型计算溃坝洪水的精度,结果表明该模型精度相对较高,与实测值吻合较好;应用该模型模拟了某水库溃坝洪水演进预演过程,评估其对下游输水干渠及交叉建筑物排水倒虹吸的洪水冲击风险,结果表明在上游水库遭遇超标准洪水漫顶溃坝工况下,洪水演进至排水倒虹吸处的最大洪水位未超过校核洪水位。改进SPH模型精度高,可靠性强,与溃口计算模型耦合性好,可作为溃坝洪水演进模拟的通用手段之一。     

溃坝洪水分析及影响研究——以陕北地区瑶镇水库为例

为研究溃坝洪水带来的影响,以陕北地区的瑶镇水库为例,采用洪水演进模拟和GIS技术等先进的溃坝分析技术,对水库遭遇五十年一遇洪水下右岸与非溢流坝连接的副坝段溃坝洪水演进过程、水深及淹没范围、流速分布及流速矢量分布展开评估,重点对溃坝洪水对水库下游产生的影响进行分析,从而得出相应结论。研究结果认为:受溃坝洪水影响最大的是瑶镇地区,水流最大流速均发生在主河道区域,五百年一遇洪水淹没范围与五十年一遇洪水淹没面积相比增加明显。瑶镇水库溃坝不会对下游的采兔沟水库安全产生很大影响。研究结果对本区域溃坝洪水及未来研究提供了参考依据。     

某水库溃坝洪水模拟研究

大坝是水利工程中的重要设施之一,由于外界因素导致水库大坝发生溃坝破坏会严重影响到大坝的运行,溃坝洪水会对沿岸村落安全产生严重威胁。本文以某水库大坝为例建立溃坝模型,模拟溃坝洪水的流量、水位、发展等,设置不同的模拟方案,分别研究溃决水位、溃决历时、溃坝原因等因素对溃坝洪水的时程流量、沿程流量、沿程水位的影响,并运用溃坝洪水参数进一步分析洪水对沿岸村落的淹没情况。结果表明,溃决水位、溃决历时都是影响溃坝洪水的重要因素,且不同参数对溃坝洪水不同特性的影响规律也不尽相同。利用洪水抵达时间以及最高溃坝洪水水位可以估算出沿程村落的淹没情况,对后续沿线村民撤离及采取合理防洪措施具有重要意义。     

溃坝洪水特征及计算方法探析

溃坝的发生和溃坝洪水的形成属于非正常和难于预测的事件,计算溃坝洪水的大小可以大致确定水库下游影响范围和到达下游的时间,为溃坝洪水的防范提供依据。本文以甘肃某水库为研究对象,对溃坝洪水进行计算,可计算出下游各断面溃坝洪峰与溃坝水位,确定溃坝洪水淹没范围,并根据下游淹没的重要城镇的社会经济状况,估算下游溃坝淹没损失,最终发现溃坝后果比较严重,而水库实际抗洪能力略低于国家现行规范要求,需采取坝顶加高处理措施,使坝顶高程与溢洪道顶高程齐平,使水库防洪标准达到500 a,保证水库安全运行,为下游重点城市和人民群众提供安全保障。     

溃坝洪水计算概况

大坝溃决后,水库蓄水量及上游入库洪水经溃口下泄可形成骤发性的洪水,给下游人民的生命、财产带来严重危害。五十年代以来,印度、意大利、法国、美国及我国共有60余座大、中型水库大坝失事,造成了重大损失。因此,许多国家十分重视溃坝洪水计算工作的研究,并制定了法律、规程,规定在工程设计阶段必须预估大坝一旦失事后,溃坝洪水对下游造成的危害,以便作出防范措施和编制应急计划。 1892年,德国里特尔首次提出溃坝流量计算公     

江苏省水库下游洪水风险图的分析与编制

针对水库发生校核洪水和溃坝洪水两种情况,分析了用于计算水库下游淹没范围的几种水文水力学方法及适应条件,解决了如何统计分析洪灾所造成的损失,并最终成功编制了江苏省４６座大中型水库下游洪水风险图。     

土石坝漫顶溃决及洪水演进研究进展

土石坝漫顶溃决往往在其下游产生巨大的洪水灾难,研究坝体溃决及洪水演进是防灾减灾的需要。对土石坝漫顶溃决过程现象、机理及其模拟的研究进展进行了综述。讨论了物理模型试验的尺度设计,总结了不同尺度、不同类型、不同条件溃坝试验的研究成果;按照参数模型、简化物理模型、精细物理模型,分类总结了漫顶溃坝数学模型研究进展;阐述了溃坝洪水演进方面的试验与模拟研究。在此基础上,对该研究领域今后的研究工作提出了若干展望,包括河道边界对溃坝过程及溃坝洪水传播过程的影响、非均质土石坝溃决机理、溃坝过程中挟沙水流冲蚀规律、溃坝下游河床的冲淤调整及泥沙分选、溃坝对水生态环境的冲击影响等。     

土石坝漫顶溃决及洪水演进研究进展

土石坝漫顶溃决往往在其下游产生巨大的洪水灾难,研究坝体溃决及洪水演进是防灾减灾的需要。对土石坝漫顶溃决过程现象、机理及其模拟的研究进展进行了综述。讨论了物理模型试验的尺度设计,总结了不同尺度、不同类型、不同条件溃坝试验的研究成果;按照参数模型、简化物理模型、精细物理模型,分类总结了漫顶溃坝数学模型研究进展;阐述了溃坝洪水演进方面的试验与模拟研究。在此基础上,对该研究领域今后的研究工作提出了若干展望,包括河道边界对溃坝过程及溃坝洪水传播过程的影响、非均质土石坝溃决机理、溃坝过程中挟沙水流冲蚀规律、溃坝下游河床的冲淤调整及泥沙分选、溃坝对水生态环境的冲击影响等。     

受水库调蓄影响的设计洪水分析——以格尔木河大干沟水电站为例

以青海省海西州格尔木河大干沟水电站为例,研讨了受上游水库调蓄影响时设计洪水的计算方法。根据水电站上游洪水的地区组成,采用同频率地区组成法定量分析了温泉水库对大干沟水电站洪水的消减作用,推荐选用最不利组合方案"以区间来水为主、上游水库相应的洪水组合"作为设计洪水成果,200年一遇洪水时温泉水库对大干沟水电站的削峰率为19%。计算方法可为大干沟水电站及青海省受水库调蓄影响的流域设计洪水提供参考。     

基于贝叶斯网络的梯级水库连溃风险

为研究梯级水库漫坝连溃的风险,并探索贝叶斯网络在水库连溃风险分析中的可行性,通过构建洪水作用下双库连溃的贝叶斯网络模型,并选取四川省大渡河上两相邻梯级水库进行分析,以推求水库漫（溃）坝概率及评估连溃风险。分析过程表明贝叶斯网络方法能直观、简便地分析多风险源共同作用下的水库群连溃风险问题。结果表明,两水库天然洪水漫坝条件概率的数量级均为10-6,洪水引发单库漫坝风险较小;正常蓄水位以上,上游水库溃坝洪水致下游水库漫坝条件概率超0.8,即上游水库溃坝导致水库连溃的风险很大。     

滑坡堵江坝溃决洪水及其演进的理论分析

崩滑堵江事件在世界范围内，尤其在山区广泛存在。溃坝后形成的洪水异常凶猛，洪峰高达几米至几十米，演进过程中常造成下游严重灾害。因此，崩滑堵江事件及其灾害链已严重影响人类的工程经济活动。本文对溃决洪水流量，洪峰及其演进过程进行了理论分析，建立了一套预测溃坝洪水特征的计算公式，并用实例验证，取得了较好的效果。     

Modelling flash flood propagation in urban areas using a two-dimensional numerical model

This paper reports on the numerical modelling of flash flood propagation in urban areas after an excessive rainfall event or dam/dyke break wave. A two-dimensional (2-D) depth-averaged shallow-water model is used, with a refined grid of quadrilaterals and triangles for representing the urban area topography. The 2-D shallow-water equations are solved using the explicit second-order scheme that is adapted from MUSCL approach. Four applications are described to demonstrate the potential benefits and limits of 2-D modelling: (i) laboratory experimental dam-break wave in the presence of an isolated building; (ii) flash flood over a physical model of the urbanized Toce river valley in Italy; (iii) flash flood in October 1988 at the city of Nîmes (France) and (iv) dam-break flood in October 1982 at the town of Sumacárcel (Spain). Computed flow depths and velocities compare well with recorded data, although for the experimental study on dam-break wave some discrepancies are observed around buildings, where the flow is strongly 3-D in character. The numerical simulations show that the flow depths and flood wave celerity are significantly affected by the presence of buildings in comparison with the original floodplain. Further, this study confirms the importance of topography and roughness coefficient for flood propagation simulation.     

Study of the comprehensive risk analysis of dam-break flooding based on the numerical simulation of flood routing. Part II: Model application and results

The present model and methodology described in Part I of this work are applied to perform a comprehensive risk analysis of the dam-break flood of five reservoirs in the Haihe River Basin, China. The results indicate that the three-dimensional numerical simulation considering complex terrain can reflect the characteristics of flood routing and the three-dimensional phenomena. Based on the simulation results, it can be concluded that the risk grades of the consequences induced by a gradual or instantaneous dam break of the Dongwushi reservoir are extremely serious, as determined through the attribute synthetic approach. The results obtained from ranking the risk by the technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution method are that the Dongwushi reservoir has the most serious consequences when the dam breaks followed by the Lincheng reservoir, the Miaogong reservoir and the Yunzhou reservoir, and the Youyi reservoir has the least severe consequences. Though the ranking of the relatively comprehensive risk coincides with that of the consequences, the dam safety measured by the dam failure probability plays an important role in ranking the risk. A sensitivity analysis is performed by individually increasing the weight of each criterion by 20 %, and the ranking order is not changed, suggesting that the evaluation model is reasonable, stable and reliable.     

Study of the comprehensive risk analysis of dam-break flooding based on the numerical simulation of flood routing. Part I: model development

Dam-break floods have been of increasing concern to safety engineers and decision makers. The presence of complex terrain in inundation areas multiplies the simulation difficulty of flood routing. In previous studies, representing the flood routing parameters empirically does not reflect the characteristics of flood routing, which strongly influences the accurate assessment of the dam-break consequences. The basis for carrying out dangerous reservoir reinforcement is just engineering safety, without considering the actual situation of downstream areas. In this study, a comprehensive risk analysis of the dam-break flood was implemented based on the numerical simulation of flood routing. First, coupled with the volume of fluid method, a three-dimensional k–? turbulence mathematical model was developed for flood routing in complex inundation areas. Then, based on the flow parameters obtained through computational fluid dynamics modeling, the attribute measure methodology was used for the evaluation of consequences combined with the calculation of the dam-break consequences (loss of life, economic loss, social and environmental influence). Furthermore, a methodology containing the combined weight method and the technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution method was proposed for risk ranking of dangerous reservoirs due to its logical consideration of scalar values that simultaneously account for both the best and worst alternatives. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was performed to provide information about the stability of risk ranking. The aforementioned model and methodology are applied to a case involving five reservoirs in the Haihe River Basin in China for Part II of this study.     

基于力学过程的蓄滞洪区洪水风险评估模型及应用

为定量评估分蓄洪工程启用过程中蓄滞洪区的洪水风险等级,创建了基于力学过程的蓄滞洪区洪水风险评估模型。该模型采用二维水动力学模块计算蓄滞洪区的洪水演进过程,利用洪水中人体跌倒失稳公式及洪水中房屋、农作物损失的计算关系式,评估各类受淹对象的洪水风险等级。然后将二维水动力学模块计算的洪水要素与两个物理模型试验值进行对比,表明二维水动力学模块的计算精度良好。最后计算了荆江分洪工程启用时分洪区内洪水的演进过程,并评估洪灾中群众的危险等级和财产损失。计算结果表明:洪水演进至140 h时,蓄滞洪区群众、房屋、水稻和棉花的平均损失率分别为85%、59%、63%和72%。模型中提出的采用基于受淹对象失稳机制的洪水风险分析方法,比以往经验水深法划分风险等级的适用性更好,不仅能为洪水风险管理及蓄滞洪区启用标准制定提供参考,也能推广应用于溃坝或堰塞湖溃决等极端洪水风险评估。     

复杂边界条件多洪源防洪保护区洪水风险分析

为了定量获取防洪保护区在多洪源和复杂边界条件下的溃堤洪水风险信息,以非恒定流控制方程为理论基础,建立了多洪源一维河网水动力学模型和防洪保护区二维洪水演进模型,利用溃坝模型实现河道与保护区的耦联,并采用局部网格加密和相似建筑物模拟等方法处理保护区内道路等复杂边界的导阻水作用。利用所建模型模拟了长江、汉江和东荆河3种不同洪水来源, 在4种不同位置溃堤情况下汉南至白庙长江干堤防洪保护区的洪水淹没情景,采用基于淹没水深的损失率关系法对比分析了4种计算方案的淹没面积、经济损失和受灾人口。结果表明:模型构建合理、稳定性和适应性好,复杂边界对洪水演进过程影响明显,不同洪源溃堤情形的风险信息差异较大;在计算条件下,以长江发生1954年型300年一遇洪水向新溃口情形下的淹没损失最严重,其淹没面积达3 790 km2,受灾人口为196.8万人,经济损失约802亿元。研究成果可为洪水风险管理与避洪转移决策提供有力的技术支撑。     

Three-dimensional flood routing of a dam break based on a high-precision digital model of a dense urban area

Dense buildings are the major factor affecting urban flood routing. Currently, the study of urban dam-break flood routing primarily focuses on a simplified terrain model and 2D shallow water equations, which ignore the effects of dense urban buildings. Furthermore, the complex interactions between the dam-break wave and the wall surfaces of buildings are not reflected in the results. To tackle these problems, three-dimensional flood routing with a high-precision digital model of an urban area is studied in this paper. Firstly, the vector data of various land types is extracted from a remote sensing image, and the NURBS algorithm based on the TIN algorithm is introduced to construct a three-dimensional terrain model. Coupled with the vector data and the terrain model, a three-dimensional digital model of the urban area is established. Next, a three-dimensional \(k{-}\varepsilon\) turbulence model is proposed for the flood routing simulation. A polyhedral grid with a second-order accuracy and a discrete format is used to divide the digital model of the urban area, and the governing equations are solved using the PISO algorithm. Finally, the superiority of the 3D mathematical model and the computational efficiency of the polyhedral mesh model are validated according to the urban flood routing experiments of Testa and Soares-Frazão. An urban reservoir, located in SZ City, China, is modelled to show that a dam-break flood in an urban area exhibits significant three-dimensional characteristics. Moreover, due to the surrounding buildings, the flood exhibits complex three-dimensional turbulence phenomena, including collision, reflection and vortices.     

An Assessment of Structural Measures for Flood-prone Lowlands with High Population Density along the Keelung River in Taiwan

Midstream of the Keelung River Basin in Northern Taiwan has become highly urbanized and densely populated area. Flood inundation along riversides frequently occurred during typhoons or rainstorms. Three protection measures, including constructions of high-level protection levees, a diversion channel, and a detention reservoir, were proposed for flood mitigation. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the flood mitigation performance of the three proposed structural measures by using combined hydrologic analyses and hydraulic routings. A semi-distributed parallel-type linear reservoirs rainfall-runoff model was used for estimating the surface runoff. Furthermore, a 1-D dynamic channel routing model was coupled with a two-dimensional inundation model to simulate the hydraulic characteristics of river flooding and overland flow. Simulation results of flood stages, runoff peak discharges, and inundation extent under design rainfall scenarios were chosen as the criteria for evaluation. The results showed a diversion channel is superior to the other two measures for flood mitigation of the study area. After the process of environmental impact assessment, a revised diversion channel approach has been approved for construction as the major structural measure.     

2001—2008年天山西部山区积雪覆盖及NDVI的时空变化特性

对于以融雪及融冰补给为主的山区河流,融雪及融冰量的多少对当地可供利用水资源量的大小起着决定作用,对河流所在的水库的正常蓄水、防洪及发电产生一定的影响.积雪时空变化规律的影响因素较多,除气温这个主要因素外,还与当地植被覆盖情况、风向、风速及太阳辐射等因素有关,因此,基于2001—2008年的MODIS积雪数据和NDVI数据分析了研究区的积雪覆盖度与NDVI时空变化特性.结果表明:天山西部山区积雪分布极不均匀,边缘山区多雪,腹地少雪,边缘山区南坡比北坡积雪多;积雪期主要集中在10月到翌年5月,积雪年际变化差异较大,积雪有减少趋势.近8a来研究区的植被有较好的改善且与降水有一定的联系,但部分区域NDVI也有减小的趋势,不同区域植被返青时间不同.通过对比分析发现,除积雪消融与NDVI有其自有的变化规律外,二者之间也有很好的相关性,但关于植被覆盖是否会对积雪的消融起加速或减缓的作用,基于此两种MODIS数据产品无法得知,有待于通过其它方法或进行野外实验确定.     

三峡为中心的长江防洪系统实时优化调度模型研究

主要介绍以三峡为中心的长江防洪系统联合调度运行的数学模型--洪水模拟模型和水库优化调度模型.前者包括水文学洪水演进模型,一维非恒定流模型,一维和二维组合洪水模拟模型,荆江分洪区与洪湖分洪区联合运用模型,用于反映洪水在河湖中的运动及防洪措施蓄泄效果;后者由总体控制模型与模糊决策,大系统解耦以及网络分析等模型组成,用于确定使库群起到最佳防洪效果的优化调度策略.