基于频变AVO反演的页岩储层含气性地震识别技术

结合地震岩石物理技术,研究了叠前频变AVO反演在四川盆地龙马溪组页岩储层含气性识别中的应用.首先,应用Backus平均理论将测井数据粗化为地震尺度储层模型,应用传播矩阵理论进行高精度地震正演及井震标定,分析页岩气储层地震响应特征.其次,基于岩心观测结果,应用Chapman多尺度裂缝理论设计页岩气储层理论模型,研究储层衰减、频散以及对应的地震反射特征.应用该理论模型测试频变AVO反演方法,计算结果表明：对于研究区地层结构和地震数据,区分流体类型的优势频率不是地震子波的主频,还受层间调谐干涉等储层结构因素控制,也进一步说明理论模型测试和标定的重要性.最后,将频变AVO反演技术应用到四川盆地龙马溪组页岩地层,计算得到的频散属性为页岩气储层含气性识别提供依据.     

子波拉伸校正

依赖于偏移距的反射波调谐是AVO分析的不利因素.无论动校正还是偏移,都会引起子波拉伸、频谱向低频移动.在频率域对动校正或偏移后的地震数据进行反拉伸校正是本文消除子波拉伸采用的方法.从射线参数时距方程出发推导的地震映射压缩因子与反射角存在较精确的余弦关系.角度道中动校正或偏移子波拉伸因子是反射角余弦的倒数.用无拉伸子波频...     

任意点震源τ-P域地震图的解及AVO分析

用严格的数学推导得出τ-P域地震图的解析解。分析表明,τ-P域中地震图的子波可表示为激发震源子波的积分形式,决定反射波振幅的因素是平面波反射系数、反射界面上覆介质的波速以及方向因子。这些结果说明:1.在τ-P域进行AVO分析是可行的,并具有更高的精度;2.从一种新的途径可以进行速度函数的反演计算。     

构造煤AVO特征及正演模拟研究

瓦斯突出是当前影响我国煤矿安全生产的主要因素之一.由于不同性质的煤层其瓦斯突出的可能性不同,原生煤具有低瓦斯炙出可能性,构造煤瓦斯突出可能性较大,而具有软分层特征的构造煤其瓦斯突出的可能性极高.由于不同性质煤层间的岩性差异较大,构造煤的泊松比要比原生煤的泊松比大0.1～0.2.因此,不同煤层与其顶、底板岩性差异不同,从而其顶、底板反射波的AVO曲线存在较大差异.从而可以通过AVO分析技术探测瓦斯突出可能性较高的构造煤的分布,特别是具有软分层特征构的造煤的分布.通过这种方式可以为煤矿安全生产提供第一手的地质资料.但目前AVO技术是以石油工业为基础发展而来的,并不完全适用于煤系地层.通过对煤层顶、底板AVO曲线的对比分析,发现目前常用的AVO近似方程对煤系地层来说精度较低,严重影响AVO分析精度.本文通过对Zoeppritz方程及其主要近似方程的分析对比,提出了一种改进的Hilterman近似方程,从而极大地提高了煤系地层AVO曲线的近似精度,使高精度的煤系地层AVO分析成为可能.另外,通过对构造煤顶、底板AV0曲线的分析,发现构造煤底板反射波较复杂并不适合AVO分析,而其顶板反射波规律性较强有利于AVO分析.     

扩展AVO技术在渤海油田的应用

本文将扩展AVO分析技术用于渤海油田油气刻画,给出了详细的应用流程.文中将扩展AVO分析技术与常规AVO分析技术的应用效果进行了对比.渤海油田的应用结果表明:应用扩展AVO分析技术检测气层分布,和传统AVO属性分析技术相比,气层异常明显,连续性强且边界清晰,背景干净,多解性大幅度降低.     

薄互层地震成像中高分辨率处理方法

地震子波在叠前时间偏移前、偏移过程中以及偏移后具有不同特性和非稳态性,使得基于子波压缩原理的反褶积和基于绕射叠加原理的叠前时间偏移不能有效地提高薄互层地震分辨率.本文基于叠前时间偏移前后以及偏移过程中地震子波频率特性的分析,联合三种高分辨率处理方法对薄互层进行成像,即偏移前CMP道集应用反Q滤波补偿高频衰减、偏移过程中应用最优加权Kirchhoff叠前时间偏移降低高频损失、偏移后在CRP道集上应用子波调谐反褶积拓展频带.数值分析和实例证明,本文采用的三种高分辨率处理方法是必要的,对刻画薄互层厚度与边界能够取得好的效果,利于后续的岩性储层预测与AVO/AVP/AVA反演.     

AVO技术进展

AVO技术是Zoeppritz方程在地球物理勘探中的重要应用.本文在回顾Zoeppritz方程及其简化形式的基础上对AVO技术的最近发展进行了介绍.AVO技术是利用地震资料研究岩性和含油气性不可或缺的工具.近年来AVO理论和技术发展呈现新的方向,主要表现在以下几个方面:利用多波多分量地震数据进行纵波、横波、转换波的AVO分析,预测储层的含气性和检测裂缝发育;利用AVO技术定量表征岩性和储层的流体性质;进行3DAVO分析研究等.本文对此进行了介绍,并对AVO技术的前景进行了展望.     

基于等效Thomsen参数的P-SV波AVO属性研究

在等效Thomsen各向异性参数的P-SV波反射系数近似公式基础上研究了反射系数的多种AVO(振幅随炮检距变化)属性特征,针对不同的属性特征构建了多属性AVO交绘图;并利用反射系数公式对三类含气砂岩AVO的特征进行分析.结果表明P-SV波反射系数公式可以有效的区分第三类含气砂岩;岩石的孔隙度、流体饱和度等信息是影响地震波AVO的重要因素.利用Gassmann方程进行了对上层为HTI介质,下层为孔隙储层的介质模型进行了流体替换计算,分析了孔隙度、含气饱和度和各向异性参数变化对地层AVO的影响.     

地震数据处理中的相位校正技术综述

提高地震剖面的信噪比和分辨率始终是地震数据处理中研究的重要内容.在动静校正后的同一道集内振幅和相位相同的假设条件下,地震叠加技术能明显提高资料的信噪比.实际资料中相位差问题是影响有效反射信号实现同相叠加的重要因素之一.相位校正技术能够消除子波的相位谱差异,使子波接近或达到零相位,从而达到提高叠加剖面质量的目的.对相位校正的国内外研究现状,影响相位变化的因素,相位校正的方法原理以及判别准则进行了系统的总结和概述.通过分析总结得出:随着勘探形势的发展,地震资料中的相位问题将越来越受到人们的关注和重视,对相位的研究也将成为今后的攻关课题和研究热点.     

球面波的反射P波AVO分析

本文对球面波反射P波反射系数计算公式进行了推导,根据推导公式计算出第I类AVO和第Ⅲ类AVO介质中反射系数及相位随入射角的变化,并与基于平面波的Zoeppritz方程计算的结果进行对比.结果显示,对于第I类AVO介质,球面波反射系数在临界角附近较基于平面波的Zoeppritz方程计算结果更精确;同时受界面深度的影响较大,随深度的增加,球面波AVO趋势接近平面波AVO.最后,通过数值模拟技术,对模型数据和实际数据进行模拟,对平面波AVO道集和球面波AVO道集进行了验证分析.浅层的第I类AVO现象,在近临界角和超临界角处折射引起反射系数与相位的变化较大,对于第Ⅲ类AVO现象,由于不存在临界角问题,球面波模拟结果与基于平面波的Zoeppritz计算结果差别较小.上述计算分析,可为实际资料的大偏移距道集的AVO分析提供理论基础.     

AVO signatures of actual and synthetic reflections from different petrophysical targets1

We use a marine seismic dataset to examine the reflections from two gas sands, a lignitic sand and a cineritic bed, by means of their amplitude versus offset (AVO) responses. This offset-dependent signature is related to specific petrophysical and thus elastic situations or to peculiar interference patterns and may help to distinguish the nature of the amplitude anomalies on the stack sections. The prestack analysis is carried out on seismic data which have undergone an accurate true-amplitude processing. It is found that the lignitic-sand reflections exhibit a decreasing AVO while the two-gas sands show markedly increasing AVO trends. Also the reflections from the cineritic layer show increasing amplitudes with offset that may be due either to the petrophysical nature of the cinerites or to thin-layer interference or to both. In order to verify the reliability of the actual AVO responses we develop a detailed model from well data and compute a synthetic CMP seismogram. In order to account for mode conversions and thin-layer effects, the synthetic seismograms are computed using the reflectivity method. The wavelets used in the synthetics are retrieved from actual seismic and borehole data by means of wavelet processing. When finely layered structures are present, the estimation of a reliable wavelet is extremely important to get the correct synthetic AVO response. In particular, the AVO responses of the cineritic layer differ substantially if we make use in the computation of the synthetics of a Ricker wavelet or of a wavelet estimated through wavelet processing. The good match between the observed and modelled data confirms the reliability of the processing sequence and of the final AVO signatures.     

基于共炮偏移的AVO反演

常规AVO多是利用CMP道集的振幅进行反演。主要有三个方面影响其精度:首先,CMP道集假设地下为水平层状介质,但是实际地下介质多为倾斜地层,地层倾角越大CMP道集的振幅所反映地下介质的位置与实际位置差距就越大。其次,NMO、DMO和反褶积等常规处理流程,都会造成振幅值失真。第三,反演所用的反射系数公式是与入射角有关的量,而欲从CMP道集得到准确的入射角与振幅之间的对应关系,则十分困难。波动方程叠前深度偏移除对复杂介质和陡倾角地层具有较强的成像能力,还可以最大限度的减少常规处理所带来的误差并使振幅归位。本文综合了保幅偏移、角度道集提取以及AVO反演等前人的工作,提出直接从炮集数据反演AVO属性的方法,以期显著减少上述三个因素对AVO反演精度的影响。     

Joint AVO inversion, wavelet estimation and noise-level estimation using a spatially coupled hierarchical Bayesian model

The main objective of the AVO inversion is to obtain posterior distributions for P-wave velocity, S-wave velocity and density from specified prior distributions, seismic data and well-log data. The inversion problem also involves estimation of a seismic wavelet and the seismic-noise level. The noise model is represented by a zero mean Gaussian distribution specified by a covariance matrix. A method for joint AVO inversion, wavelet estimation and estimation of the noise level is developed in a Bayesian framework. The stochastic model includes uncertainty of both the elastic parameters, the wavelet, and the seismic and well-log data. The posterior distribution is explored by Markov-chain Monte-Carlo simulation using the Gibbs' sampler algorithm. The inversion algorithm has been tested on a seismic line from the Heidrun Field with two wells located on the line. The use of a coloured seismic-noise model resulted in about 10% lower uncertainties for the P-wave velocity, S-wave velocity and density compared with a white-noise model. The uncertainty of the estimated wavelet is low. In the Heidrun example, the effect of including uncertainty of the wavelet and the noise level was marginal with respect to the AVO inversion results.     

AVO analysis with partial stacking to detect gas anomalies in the GÜEPAJÉ-3D project

We applied analysis AVO with partial stacking to an onshore gas field in order to detect gas at the top of the Ciénaga de Oro formation (FCO), by using seismic gathers of the Güepajé-3D project. The technique was supported by petrophysical analysis of the Ayombe-1 well.The sensitivity of seismic response to changes in the saturating fluid was evaluated by fluid substitution technique in an interval of the Ayombe-1 well. As a result, a class I AVO anomaly at the top of the FCO was observed, even though the gas and water responses were similar. After applying AVO with partial stack technique at the top of FCO, AVO class I anomalies were observed in the Ayombe-1 and Güepajé-1 gas wells and none in the dry Güepajé-3 well. In spite of being reported with gas, the results in the Güepajé-2 well indicated any to an incipient class I anomaly related to a weak seismic response associated to gas.When the technique was applied to the seismic volume of the Güepajé-3D Project, a map of the direct gas indicator was obtained. The map shows a high correlation with the structural surface at top of FCO. Lithic factors such as compaction, cementation and carbonate overlaying the FCO and variable thickness of partial and full saturated layers, may cause anomalies in zones unlikely to contain gas.     

单相介质AVO反演的精度分析

振幅随偏移距变化（AVO）反演是一个非线性的组合最优化过程，理论上可先将该非线性问题线性化，然后求解线性问题；或者直接利用非线性的模拟退火、遗传算法等方法求解.但无论哪种反演思路，实际中影响其精度的因素很多，因此分析AVO反演中的误差来源对提高反演精度和评价反演方法的可靠性非常重要.本文对能造成反演误差的主要因素，噪音、薄层调谐、地震数据处理中的误差、入射角范围等进行了分析，讨论了这些因素可能对反演结果造成的影响，发现在AVO反演过程中可以从优化参数选择和针对性处理方面来减小这些误差，提高反演精度.     

Constant normal-moveout (CNMO) correction: a technique and test results

We introduce a processing technique which minimizes the 'stretching effects' of conventional NMO correction. Unlike conventional NMO, the technique implies constant normal moveout (CNMO) for a finite time interval of a seismic trace. The benefits of the proposed method include preservation of higher frequencies and reduction of spectral distortions at far offsets. The need for severe muting after the correction is reduced, allowing longer spreads for stack, velocity and AVO analysis. The proposed technique has been tested on model and real data. The method may improve the resolution of CMP stack and AVO attribute analysis. The only assumptions for this stretch-free NMO correction are (i) all time samples of a digital reflected wavelet at a particular offset have the same normal moveout, and (ii) reflection records have an interference nature.     

Coherence methods in mapping AVO anomalies and predicting P-wave and S-wave impedances

Filters for migrated offset substacks are designed by partial coherence analysis to predict ‘normal’ amplitude variation with offset (AVO) in an anomaly free area. The same prediction filters generate localized prediction errors when applied in an AVO‐anomalous interval. These prediction errors are quantitatively related to the AVO gradient anomalies in a background that is related to the minimum AVO anomaly detectable from the data. The prediction‐error section is thus used to define a reliability threshold for the identification of AVO anomalies. Coherence analysis also enables quality control of AVO analysis and inversion. For example, predictions that are non‐localized and/or do not show structural conformity may indicate spatial variations in amplitude–offset scaling, seismic wavelet or signal‐to‐noise (S/N) ratio content. Scaling and waveform variations can be identified from inspection of the prediction filters and their frequency responses. S/N ratios can be estimated via multiple coherence analysis. AVO inversion of seismic data is unstable if not constrained. However, the use of a constraint on the estimated parameters has the undesirable effect of introducing biases into the inverted results: an additional bias‐correction step is then needed to retrieve unbiased results. An alternative form of AVO inversion that avoids additional corrections is proposed. This inversion is also fast as it inverts only AVO anomalies. A spectral coherence matching technique is employed to transform a zero‐offset extrapolation or near‐offset substack into P‐wave impedance. The same technique is applied to the prediction‐error section obtained by means of partial coherence, in order to estimate S‐wave velocity to P‐wave velocity (V_S/V_P) ratios. Both techniques assume that accurate well ties, reliable density measurements and P‐wave and S‐wave velocity logs are available, and that impedance contrasts are not too strong. A full Zoeppritz inversion is required when impedance contrasts that are too high are encountered. An added assumption is made for the inversion to the V_S/V_P ratio, i.e. the Gassmann fluid‐substitution theory is valid within the reservoir area. One synthetic example and one real North Sea in‐line survey illustrate the application of the two coherence methods.     

AVO探测煤层瓦斯富集的理论探讨和初步实践——以淮南煤田为例

以煤层瓦斯富集地质理论为基础，根据煤层瓦斯与常规砂岩储层天然气赋存机理的对比，提出了以煤层割理裂隙为探测目标的煤层瓦斯富集AVO技术预测理论. 根据AVO理论模拟，煤层顶面反射振幅通常是随着炮检距的增大而减小；不同结构煤体在AVO响应上存在明显的差异，随着煤层割理裂隙发育程度的增强，煤层顶面AVO的截距和梯度都会增大；煤层厚度的调谐作用对其AVO特征有明显的影响. 通过对淮南煤田实际地震资料的处理和分析，探讨了煤田地震资料AVO的处理和解释方法，认为AVO梯度和伪泊松比反射系数是对煤层割理裂隙发育程度最为敏感的属性，获得了研究区内有工程使用价值的瓦斯突出区预测成果，初步证实了应用AVO技术检测煤层割理裂隙、预测煤层瓦斯富集部位的可行性.