塔里木盆地中奥陶世一间房组沉积时期构造-沉积环境与原型盆地特征

盆地原型研究有助于恢复盆地构造-岩相古地理和揭示盆山耦合,对油气勘探具有重要的指导意义。文中利用最新的钻井、地震及露头资料,以沉积相为研究实体,运用盆-山结合的思路,由点→线→面进行分析,重建了塔里木盆地中奥陶世一间房组沉积时期的构造-沉积环境,研究了原型盆地特征及性质。一间房组沉积时期,巴楚—塔中和塘南台内隆起为暴露剥蚀区;顺南—塘古巴斯—玉东台内洼地区发育低能的泥晶灰岩相;塔北和古城台地区发育大面积的台内颗粒滩相;柯坪台盆区发育深水瘤状灰岩—黑色页岩相;塔东深水盆地区经历了黑色页岩相→陆源碎屑浊积岩相的演变;库鲁克塔格—罗西台地区为继承发育的开阔台地相。该时期塔里木盆地构造-沉积格局具有由早奥陶世东西分异的台盆格局向晚奥陶世南北分异的隆坳格局过渡的特征,表现为塔西台地古地貌的分异和塔东深水盆地沉积性质的反转。该时期塔里木盆地整体具有克拉通内拗陷与边缘拗陷复合的性质,但在塔西克拉通内坳陷的南部叠加了前陆盆地的性质(塘南前隆和顺南—塘古巴斯—玉东后隆坳陷),在其西北部叠加了裂陷盆地的性质(柯坪克拉通边缘裂陷)。该时期塔里木盆地构造-沉积环境与原型盆地特征是其对周缘大地构造运动的响应。     

塔里木盆地中奥陶世一间房组沉积时期构造-沉积环境与原型盆地特征*

盆地原型研究有助于恢复盆地构造-岩相古地理和揭示盆山耦合,对油气勘探具有重要的指导意义。文中利用最新的钻井、地震及露头资料,以沉积相为研究实体,运用盆-山结合的思路,由点→线→面进行分析,重建了塔里木盆地中奥陶世一间房组沉积时期的构造-沉积环境,研究了原型盆地特征及性质。一间房组沉积时期,巴楚—塔中和塘南台内隆起为暴露剥蚀区;顺南—塘古巴斯—玉东台内洼地区发育低能的泥晶灰岩相;塔北和古城台地区发育大面积的台内颗粒滩相;柯坪台盆区发育深水瘤状灰岩—黑色页岩相;塔东深水盆地区经历了黑色页岩相→陆源碎屑浊积岩相的演变;库鲁克塔格—罗西台地区为继承发育的开阔台地相。该时期塔里木盆地构造-沉积格局具有由早奥陶世东西分异的台盆格局向晚奥陶世南北分异的隆坳格局过渡的特征,表现为塔西台地古地貌的分异和塔东深水盆地沉积性质的反转。该时期塔里木盆地整体具有克拉通内拗陷与边缘拗陷复合的性质,但在塔西克拉通内坳陷的南部叠加了前陆盆地的性质(塘南前隆和顺南—塘古巴斯—玉东后隆坳陷),在其西北部叠加了裂陷盆地的性质(柯坪克拉通边缘裂陷)。该时期塔里木盆地构造-沉积环境与原型盆地特征是其对周缘大地构造运动的响应。     

塔里木盆地早古生代晚期构造-沉积响应

摘要：伴随相对海平面由上升转为下降的周期变化,塔里木盆地在早古生代经历了一次大规模的扩张→挤压→隆升的开合旋回,早期(震旦纪—中奥陶世)处于拉张的构造背景下,呈现西台(碳酸盐台地)东盆(满加尔．库鲁克塔格深水盆地)的古地理格局。中西部广大地区沉积了巨厚的浅水台地相碳酸盐岩,以中晚寒武世的下丘里塔格群和早中奥陶世的上丘里塔格群为标志;东部的满加尔-库鲁克塔格则以厚度不大的远洋硅-灰泥沉积为主。盆地构造性质的转换及沉积古地理的巨大改变发生于中奥陶世中晚期,以塔中、塔北的隆起和塘古孜巴斯坳陷及阿瓦提-满加尔坳陷的形成为标志,呈近南北向隆-坳相问的盆地格局。沉积记录的响应表现为碳酸盐台地的消失、陆源物质的逐渐注入和向上变粗、火山活动和火山碎屑的出现以及巨厚砂泥质浊积岩在塔东盆地内的充填等。因此,中晚奥陶世—中泥盆世是塔里木盆地海域逐渐萎缩、盆地不断隆升和相对海平面逐渐下降的一个过程。     

塔里木盆地寒武纪构造-沉积环境与原型盆地演化

寒武系是塔里木盆地当前油气增储上产的重点层系,恢复寒武纪的盆地原型是油气勘探的重要基础。利用最新的钻井、地震及露头资料,以沉积相为研究实体,将盆地充填与周缘构造演化相结合,由点→线→面进行分析,恢复了塔里木盆地寒武纪不同时期的构造-沉积环境,并建立了相应的盆地充填演化模式。塔里木盆地寒武纪经历了一次完整的海侵-海退旋回,包括早寒武世早期快速海侵→中寒武世海退、晚寒武世缓慢海侵→寒武纪末海退两个次级旋回,分别对应沉积演化的2个阶段：塔西克拉通内坳陷早寒武世的碎屑滨岸-陆棚相→局限台地相→中寒武世的蒸发台地相,晚寒武世的局限台地相→寒武纪末期的台地暴露不整合;塔东克拉通边缘坳陷为深水盆地相,经历了硅质泥岩→泥岩与灰岩薄互层→碳酸盐岩的岩相演化。寒武纪塔里木原型盆地特征及演化主要受控于Rodinia超大陆的裂解,其构造-沉积格局经历了由震旦纪末的南北分异格局向中-晚寒武世的东西分异格局的演变。     

塔里木盆地早古生代构造古地理演化与烃源岩

塔里木陆块为一具前寒武系基底的克拉通盆地,早震旦世—寒武纪陆块内和边缘发生裂解,至中奥陶世转为被动大陆边缘,组建塔北和塔中两个遥相对应的碳酸盐台地和边缘斜坡,其间的阿瓦提—满加尔地区为克拉通内浅海—深水盆。满参1井以东至满加尔为欠补偿的深海槽盆,早期沉积了富生物营养链的烃源岩,晚奥陶世克拉通转为前陆碎屑岩沉积,满加尔坳陷反转为浊流盆地。碎屑岩由东向西、由南东向北西迁移,造成向塔北和塔中海侵上超,结束碳酸盐台地演化的同时,沉积了局限台地型和台缘斜坡灰泥丘相的烃源岩。奥陶纪时塔里木盆地演化和沉积相的配置,是加里东期盆山转换的重要反响,形成多个沉积-构造转换面。早加里东运动,造成下早奥陶统与寒武系的假整合;中加里东运动即晚奥陶世始,塔里木转为前陆盆地,塔北和塔中分别为前陆隆起,阿瓦提—满加尔为复合隆间盆地;晚加里东运动(始于早志留世)发生了大规模的海退。     

塔里木盆地震旦系-中泥盆统层序地层分析

塔里木盆地震旦系-中泥盆统层序地层可划分为2个巨层序、6个超层序、17个层序。震旦纪-中泥盆世区域大地构造演化经历了古新疆克拉通板块的裂解与拼合,塔里木盆地演化则经历了震旦纪-奥陶纪克拉通边缘裂陷盆地和志留纪-中泥盆世弧后前陆盆地两个阶段。巨层序Ⅰ代表克拉通边缘裂陷盆地演化阶段的产物:其中超层序 Ⅰ A 代表震旦纪裂谷盆地充填沉积;超层序Ⅰ B 和Ⅰ C 代表寒武纪-早奥陶世克拉通边缘坳陷盆地的沉积;超层序Ⅰ D 代表中、晚奥陶世弧后拉张盆地充填沉积。巨层序Ⅱ代表弧后前陆盆地演化阶段的产物:其中塔东地区超层序Ⅱ A 代表志留纪挤压挠曲为主的弧后前陆盆地充填沉积;塔西南地区超层序Ⅱ B 代表中、晚泥盆世主要以构造负荷作用为主的周缘前陆盆地充填沉积。层序地层的研究表明,构造作用在大部分Ⅲ级层序形成中起着决定性的作用,只是在寒武纪-早奥陶世盆地处在稳定的被动大陆边缘盆地和克拉通盆地演化时期,全球海平面的升降变化才对其层序的形成起着重要的作用。     

柴达木盆地北缘早奥陶世台地-斜坡-盆地相沉积特征及控制因素

通过对柴北缘地区的野外地质调查及室内实验分析,根据地质剖面中发育的岩石组合类型、沉积构造等特征,对研究区早奥陶世台地斜坡盆地相沉积体系进行了详细研究。认为研究区早古生代持续的海平面上升、柴北缘洋陆俯冲及陆弧碰撞是控制该时期盆山格局及沉积充填演化的重要因素。柴北缘早奥陶世台地边缘颗粒滩相发育在多泉山组中下部,岩性以生物碎屑灰岩、鲕粒灰岩以及泥晶灰岩为特征。而研究区斜坡相深水物质主要是由重力流搬运的碳酸盐岩再沉积物组成,共识别出包括细粒沉降微晶泥、滑塌角砾岩、颗粒流、瘤状灰岩、碎屑流以及浊积岩等不同类型的斜坡异地沉积物。研究区盆地相处于碳酸盐岩沉积体系岛弧碎屑岩沉积体系两大沉积体系的转换位置。受到柴北缘洋陆俯冲及陆弧碰撞等影响,隆升的陆壳基底及大陆岛弧物质向盆地提供大量碎屑物质,因此在靠近岛弧边缘地区发育了砂质碎屑流、浊流等重力流沉积体系下的弧后盆地沉积产物。     

四川地区早志留世岩相古地理

四川地区早志留世沉积岩系形成于晚奥陶世-早志留世的前陆盆地演化阶段。早志留世龙马溪期主要为局限的深水陆棚环境。小河坝期表现为浅水陆棚的扩展和深水陆棚的萎缩,沉积分异作用加剧,呈现出碳酸盐台地、浅水陆棚、深水陆棚共存的古地理格局。韩家店期主要为潮坪-浅水陆棚沉积。早志留世四川地区表现为沉积盆地充填变浅和海退式的演化趋势,具多物源的混合型陆棚沉积性质,沉积体系展布和沉积演化主要受包括黔中古隆起在内的前陆隆起带的NW方向扩展作用控制。有利储集体的发育主要取决于沉积环境,浅海砂坝和碳酸盐台地边缘相是有利的储集相带,如川东地区的“小河坝砂岩”和川南及川北地区发育的生物礁灰岩。     

Sequence Stratigraphy of the Sinian

塔里木盆地震旦系—中泥盆统层序地层可划分为2个巨层序、6个超层序、17个层序。震旦纪—中泥盆世区域大地构造演化经历了古新疆克拉通板块的裂解与拼合,塔里木盆地演化则经历了震旦纪—奥陶纪克拉通边缘裂陷盆地和志留纪—中泥盆世弧后前陆盆地两个阶段。巨层序Ⅰ代表克拉通边缘裂陷盆地演化阶段的产物其中超层序ⅠA代表震旦纪裂谷盆地充填沉积;超层序ⅠB和ⅠC代表寒武纪—早奥陶世克拉通边缘坳陷盆地的沉积;超层序ⅠD代表中、晚奥陶世弧后拉张盆地充填沉积。巨层序Ⅱ代表弧后前陆盆地演化阶段的产物其中塔东地区超层序ⅡA代表志留纪挤压挠曲为主的弧后前陆盆地充填沉积;塔西南地区超层序ⅡB代表中、晚泥盆世主要以构造负荷作用为主的周缘前陆盆地充填沉积。层序地层的研究表明,构造作用在大部分Ⅲ级层序形成中起着决定性的作用,只是在寒武纪—早奥陶世盆地处在稳定的被动大陆边缘盆地和克拉通盆地演化时期,全球海平面的升降变化才对其层序的形成起着重要的作用。     

右江盆地北部中晚泥盆世层序充填特征分析

中晚泥盆世右江被动陆缘裂谷盆地北部发育北西向张性同沉积断裂和北东向走滑断裂.以层序充填动力学"构造控盆、盆控相,不同相带的时空配置形成层序的不同样式"的研究思想为指导,通过点、线和面相结合的方法,分析层序充填过程中充填物质组成和沉积相带演化特征.层序充填过程揭示了海侵期和高位期均发育两期脉动性的构造活动,且海侵期呈逐渐增强趋势,具有随北东向拉张作用增强诱发北西向同沉积断裂的时序性特征,并进一步佐证了右江盆地北部中晚泥盆世为盆地北缘台盆深入台地内,盆地中台、盆相间的沉积格局,且构造作用的时序性导致不同时期沉积格局展布的差异性.     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.