Amount and temperature effects responsible for precipitation isotope variation in the southern slope of Himalayas

Seasonal variation of stable isotopes in precipitation of Kathmandu Valley on the southern slope of Himalaya was carried out to understand the controlling mechanism of amount and temperature effect on the basis of one year stable isotope data from 2010 to 2011. Highly depleted isotope values in major rainy period are obtained just after the onset of precipitation in summer, which accounts for "amount effect" due to saturation isotopic compositions in high moisture condition, whereas, the higher values in winter are indicative to regional vapors (temperature effect) recycling of various sources. An abrupt depletion of isotope values in mid-June, indicates the onset date of monsoon precipitation, by the replacement of winter air mass with southern monsoon. Thus, precipitation isotopes are a tool revealing the onset date of summer monsoon and temporal features of variability, in local and regional monsoons precipitations. A comparison of long term monthly values of δ 18 O, temperature, and precipitation with GNIP δ 18 O data shows the temporal variations of stable isotopes are mostly controlled by amount and temperature effects. During summer monsoon, the amount effects are stronger for high values of precipitation (R=0.7) and altitude effect appears for low moisture in late rainy season, thus from December to June (winter to pre-monsoon) the controlling features of isotopes remains under the temperature effect. A temporal rate of temperature effect is derived as 0.04‰ per year which indicates a dry signal of atmospheric condition and a temperature relation δ 18 O=(0.371±0.08)T+(0.156±0.05) is obtained from this analysis. The meteoric water lines of Kathmandu before and after monsoon onset of 2011, are found as δD=(4.36±0.3)δ 18 O+(15.66±1.2) and δD=(6.91±0.2)δ 18 O (7.92±2.26) from lab samples result, and δD=9.2δ 18 O+11.725 and δD=8.53δ 18 O+16.65 from GNIP data, which lacks the consistency both for slopes and intercepts values for the study period. The mean lapse rate values of δ 18 O and δD from GNIP data are obtained as 0.002‰/m and 0.015 ‰/m, which indicate the altitudinal effects in regional precipitation of the southern slope of Himalayas. This study estimates new stable isotopes data in recent precipitation using simple methodology which can be important for regional precipitation monitoring systems, environmental change and paleo-climatic studies.     

Distribution features of stable oxygen isotopes in the typical monsoon temperate-glacier region, Mountain Yulong in China

During the summers of 1999 and 2000, sampling was carried out in Mt. Yulong, for the investigation of the spatial distribution of oxygen stable isotope in the atmospheric glacial hydro system and similar results obtained in the two years have confirmed our conclusion. There is an evident negative correlation between stable isotopic composition and air temperature precipitation amount, suggesting that there exits a strong "precipitation amount effect" in this typical monsoon temperate glacier region. There are marked differences between the δ 18 O values in winter accumulated snow, glacial meltwater, summer precipitation and glacier feeding stream. Under the control of varied climatic conditions, spatial and temporal variations of above glacial hydro mediums are apparent. Isotopic depletion or fractionation and ionic changes had occurred during the phase change and transformation processes of snow ice, ice meltwater, flowing of runoff and contact with bedrock. The variation of stable isotope in a runoff can reflect not only its own flowing process but also its different feeding sources.     

Amount and temperature effects responsible for ecipitation isotope variation in the southern slope of Himalayas

Seasonal variation of stable isotopes in precipitation of Kathmandu Valley on the southern slope of Himalaya was carried out to understand the controlling mechanism of amount and temperature effect on the basis of one year stable isotope data from 2010 to 2011. Highly depleted isotope values in major rainy period are obtained just after the onset of precipitation in summer, which accounts for "amount effect" due to saturation isotopic compositions in high moisture condition, whereas, the higher values in winter are indicative to regional vapors (temperature effect) recycling of various sources. An abrupt depletion of isotope values in mid- June, indicates the onset date of monsoon precipitation, by the replacement of winter air mass with southern monsoon. Thus, precipitation isotopes are a tool revealing the onset date of summer monsoon and temporal features of variability, in local and regional monsoons precipitations. A comparison of long term monthly values of δ¹⁸O, temperature, and precipitation with GNIP δ¹⁸O data shows the temporal variations of stable isotopes are mostly controlled by amount and temperature effects. During summer monsoon, the amount effects are stronger for high values of precipitation (R=0.7) and altitude effect appears for low moisture in late rainy season, thus from December to June (winter to pre-monsoon) the controlling features of isotopes remains under the temperature effect. A temporal rate of temperature effect is derived as 0.04‰ per year which indicates a dry signal of atmospheric condition and a temperature relation δ¹⁸O=(0.371±0.08)T+(0.156±0.05) is obtained from this analysis. The meteoric water lines of Kathmandu before and after monsoon onset of 2011, are found as δD=(4.36±0.3)δ¹⁸O+(15.66±1.2) and δD=(6.91±0.2)δ¹⁸O?(7.92±2.26) from lab samples result, and δD=9.2δ¹⁸O+11.725 and δD=8.53δ18O+16.65 from GNIP data, which lacks the consistency both for slopes and intercepts values for the study period. The mean lapse rate values of δ¹⁸O and δD from GNIP data are obtained as ?0.002‰/m and ?0.015 ‰/m, which indicate the altitudinal effects in regional precipitation of the southern slope of Himalayas. This study estimates new stable isotopes data in recent precipitation using simple methodology which can be important for regional precipitation monitoring systems, environmental change and paleo-climatic studies.     

δ~(18)O, δD and d-excess signatures of ground ice in permafrost in the Beiluhe Basin on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China

In this paper, stable isotope(δ~(18)O, δD) investigations were completed in ground ice from a deep borehole in the Beiluhe Basin on northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to unravel the isotopic variations of ground ice and their possible source water. The δ~(18)O and δD of ground ice show distinctive characteristics compared with precipitation and surface water. The near-surface ground ice is highly enriched in heavier isotopes(δ~(18)O and δD), which were gradually depleted from top to bottom along the profile. It is suggestive of different origin and ice formation process. According to isotopic variations, the ice profile was divided into three sections: the near-surface ground ice at 2.5 m is frozen by the active-layer water which suffered evaporation. It is possible that ground ice between 3 and 4.2 m is recharged by the infiltration of snowmelt. From 5 to 6 m, the ground ice show complex origin and formation processes. Isotopic variations from 6 to 11.1 m and 20.55 m indicate different replenishment water. The calculated slope of freezing line(S=6.4) is larger than the experimental value(5.76), and is suggestive of complex origin and formation process of ground ice.     

长江口外海域沉积物中有机物的来源及分布

The spatial distribution patterns of total organic carbon and total nitrogen show significant correlations with currents of the East China Sea Shelf. Corresponding to distributions of these currents, the study area could be divided into four different parts. Total organic carbon, total nitrogen, and organic carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes in sediments show linear correlations with mean grain size, respectively, thus ＂grain size effect＂ is an important factor that influences their distributions. C/N ratios can reflect source information of organic matter to a certain degree. In contrast, nitrogen stable isotope shows different spatial distribution patterns with C/N and organic carbon stable isotope, according to their relationships and regional distributions. The highest contribution （up to 50%） of terrestrial organic carbon appears near the Changjiang Estuary with isolines projecting towards northeast, indicating the influence of the Changjiang dilution water. Terrestrial particulate organic matter suffers from effects of diagenesis, benthos and incessant inputting of dead organic matter of plankton, after depositing in seabed. Therefore, the contribution of terrestrial organic carbon to particulate organic matter is obviously greater than that to organic matter in sediments in the same place.     

Simulations of an isotopic fractionation by freezing in an open system

This paper presents a model of isotopic fractionation by freezing under near equilibrium conditions in an open system and uses the model to predict the fractionation curve and slope gradient of δ 18 O versus δD. The simulation results show that 1) the fractionation curve and slope gradient are determined by the ratio of freezing rate to input rate, 2) the isotopic value in the initial stage of freezing is determined by the isotopic value of initial water; 3) in the latter half of freezing in an open system, the isotopic value converges to a certain value determined by that of input water. These results suggest that the shape of the fractionation curve is the method to distinguish whether freezing occurred in a closed or open system. This analysis is applied to an isotopic curve observed in basal ice of Hamna Glacier, Sya drainage, East Antarctica. The isotopic curve indicates formation by regelation in an open system with a ratio of freezing/input rates of about 10/4.     

Effect of sub-cloud evaporation on the δ~(18)O of precipitation in Qilian Mountains and Hexi Corridor,China

The sub-cloud evaporation effect refers to the evaporation process for raindrops that fall from the cloud base to the ground, which is usually accompanied by depleted light isotopes and enriched heavy isotopes in the precipitation. Based on 461 event-based precipitation samples collected from 12 weather stations in the Qilian Mountains and the Hexi Corridor from May to August of 2013, our results indicated that sub-cloud evaporation has a great influence on the δ¹⁸O of precipitation, especially in small-amount precipitation events. In May, June, July, and August the δ¹⁸O composition was enriched by 35%, 26%, 39%, and 41%, respectively, from the cloud base to the ground. This influence clearly strengthened with temperature rise, from the Qilian Mountains to the Hexi Corridor. When falling raindrops are evaporated by 1.0% in the Qilian Mountains and the Hexi Corridor, the composition of δ¹⁸O would be enriched by 1.2% and 2.6%, respectively. Temperature dominated the sub-cloud evaporation in the Qilian Mountains, whereas relative humidity controlled it in the Hexi Corridor. These results provide new proofs of the evolutional process of stable isotopes in precipitation in arid regions.     

塔里木河下游生态输水对沙漠化逆转的影响

1 IntroductionThe Tarim River (Figure 1), located in the X injiang U ygur A utonom ous Region in N orthw estChina,is the largestinland river in China.The annualaverage precipitation of the Tarim Rivervaries from 17.4 m m to 42.0 m m w hile the annual aver…     

Simulation and construction of the glacier mass balance in the Manas River Basin,Tianshan, China from 2000 to 2016

The glacier mass balance(GMB) is an important link between climate and water resources and has remarkable regulatory functions in river runoff. To simulate changes of the GMB and to analyze the recharge rates of glacier meltwater to runoff in the Manas River Basin(MRB) during 2000–2016, MOD11 C3, TRMM 3 B43 and other multi-source remote sensing data were used to drive the degree-day model. The results showed that:(1) the accuracy of the remote sensing meteorological data can be corrected effectively by constructing the temperature and precipitation inversion models, and the characteristics of glacial climate can be finely described through downscaling. The average annual temperature was –7.57 °C and the annual precipitation was 410.71 mm in the glacier area of the MRB. The zone at an altitude of about 4200 m was a severe climate change zone, and above and below that zone, the temperature drop rates were –0.03°C/100 m and –0.57°C/100 m, respectively, while precipitation gradients were –2.66 mm/100 m and 4.89 mm/100 m, respectively.(2) The overall GMB was negative with a cumulative GMB of up to –9811.19 mm w.e. and the average annual GMB fluctuated between –464.85 and –632.19 mm w.e. Besides, the glacier melted slowly during 2000–2002 and 2008–2010, but rapidly for 2002–2008 and 2010–2016, while the most serious loss of the glacier occurred in 2005–2009. Moreover, the vertical changes of the GMB increased at 244.83 mm w.e./100 m in the ablation zone but only at 18.77 mm w.e./100 m in the accumulation zone.(3) The intraannual runoff strongly responded to the change of the GMB especially in July and August when the loss of the GMB accounted for 75.4% of the annual loss, and when runoff accounted for 55.1% of the annual total. Due to differences in the annual precipitation and snow meltwater outside the glacier, the interannual glacier meltwater recharge rates fluctuated between 19% and 31%. The recharge rate of glacier meltwater to runoff in the MRB was close to that for other basins in the Tianshan Mountains, which may be used as a basis to confirm the reliability of the estimated GMB results. Furthermore, based on the present findings, it is recommended that the research community pursue studies on the GMB in other alpine river basins.     

Stable isotope techniques in plant water sources：a review

The stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes widely exist in various kinds of natural water.Plants have to cope with various water sources:rainwater,soil water,groundwater,sea water,and mixtures.These are usually characterized by different isotopic signatures (18O/16O and D/H ratios).Because there are relative abundance variations in water,and plant roots do not discriminate against specific water isotopes during water uptake,hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope ratios of water within plants provide new information on water sources,interactions between plant species and water use patterns under natural conditions.At present,the measurement of δD,δ18O composition of various potential water sources and stem water has become significant means to identify plant water sources.Based on previous studies,this review highlights recent advances such as theory basis,methodology,as well as different spatial and temporal scales,and existed questions and prospects.Stable isotope techniques for estimating plant water sources have provided valuable tools for conducting basic and applied research.Future studies emphasize the modification of preparing methods,isotope technique combined with other measurements,and aerial organs of plant water source should be en-couraged.     

Fractionation mechanism of stable isotope in evaporating water body

Under Rayleigh equilibrium condition, stable isotopic ratio in residual water increases with the decrease of the residual water proportion f exponentially, and the fractionation rate of stable isotopes is inversely proportional to temperature. However, under kinetic evaporation condition, the fractionation of stable isotopes is not only related to the phase temperature but also influenced by the atmospheric humidity and the mass exchange between liquid and vapor phases. The ratio δ in residual water will not change with f after undergoing evaporation of a long time for great relative humidity. The rate that the evaporating water body reaches isotopic steady state is mainly dependent on the relative humidity in atmosphere. The analysis shows that the actual mean linear variety rates, about -30.0, of the δ18O in residual water versus the residual water proportion at Nagqu and Amdo stations are consistent with the simulated process under temperature of 20 oC and relative humidity of 50%. The distillation line simulated under Rayleigh equilibrium condition is analogous to the global meteoric water line (MWL) as the temperature is about 20 oC. Under non-equilibrium condition, the slope and constant values of distillation line are directly proportional to temperature and relative humidity. According to the basic data, the simulated distillation line is very consistent with the actual distillation line of Qinghai Lake.     

长沙地区蒸发皿水体蒸发过程中稳定同位素的变化特征

蒸发过程中水体同位素分馏与蒸发时的气象要素密切相关。为此,于2013年6―9月份在长沙地区进行了4组室外蒸发皿蒸发实验,从而探讨蒸发剩余水体中稳定同位素与温度、相对湿度等气象要素之间的关系。实验结果表明：1）剩余水体中稳定同位素比率随着剩余水比例f的减少而富集,在高温无雨的伏旱天气下,蒸发剩余水体中稳定同位素分馏结果与瑞利分馏模式比较吻合;2）温度越高,分馏效应也将变大,蒸发过程中稳定同位素比率的改变量也将变大,随着水体质量的减小,稳定同位素比率的变化与相对湿度呈现负相关,尤其到蒸发后期,负相关关系更为明显,这可能是由于实验后期剩余水体绝对质量太小,易受空气中稳定同位素的影响;3）蒸发线δ2H＝3.89δ18O－24.55与δ2H＝3.38δ18O－24.96的斜率和截距明显小于同时期长沙降水线δ2H＝6.85δ18O－4.4的斜率和截距,与同时期湘江河水蒸发线δ2H＝3.9δ18O－13.2的斜率接近。以上结果说明本蒸发皿实验能一定程度上体现夏季自然水体蒸发分馏情况。     

Evaporative enrichment of oxygen-18 and deuterium in lake waters on the Tibetan Plateau

Stable isotopes (δ¹⁸O and δD) are useful tracers for investigating hydrologic and climatic variability on a variety of temporal and spatial scales. Since the early isotopic studies on mountainous glaciers in the late 1960s, a great deal of information has been generated on the isotopic composition of rainfall, snow, ice, surface waters, and lake carbonate sediments across the Tibetan Plateau. However, measurements of δ¹⁸O and δD values of lake water are scarce. Here we present a new dataset of δ¹⁸O and δD values of lake waters collected from 27 lakes across the plateau during a reconnaissance survey in summer 2009. δ¹⁸O and δD values of lake water range from −19.9 to 6.6‰ and from −153 to −16‰, respectively. The average values of δ¹⁸O and δD are −6.4 and −72‰, considerably greater than those of precipitation observed in this region. The derived Tibetan lake water line, δD = 5.2δ¹⁸O − 38.9, is significantly different from the global meteoric water line. Most of the lakes, including some freshwater lakes, contain water with negative values of d-excess (d). There is a negative correlation between d and total dissolved solids (TDS). Each of these findings indicates that evaporation-induced isotopic enrichment prevails in Tibetan lakes. Moreover, we develop an isotope modeling scheme to calculate E/P ratios for Tibetan lakes, using a combination of existing isotopic fractionation equations and the Rayleigh distillation model. We use the intersection of the local evaporation line and GMWL as a first approximation of δ¹⁸O and δD values of lake water inputs to infer an E/P ratio for each lake. Our modeling calculations reveal that although variable from lake to lake, the water budget across the plateau is positive, with an average E/P of 0.52. This is in good agreement with other observational and model data that show varying degrees of increases in lake size from satellite imagery and significant decreases in lake salinity in many lakes on the plateau over the last several decades. Together with the new isotopic dataset, the proposed modeling framework can be used to examine and quantify past changes in a lake’s hydrologic balance from the isotopic record of downcore carbonate sediments in the region.     

玉龙雪山冰川稳定同位素分馏冬夏对比

1 Introduction Under the dominance of South Asian monsoon, China’s temperate glaciers are distributed on Hengduan Mountains (southeast of Tibetan Plateau), the central part and southern slope of the Himalaya Mountains as well as the central and eastern p…     

海河流域降水稳定同位素的云底二次蒸发效应

云底二次蒸发导致的同位素动力分馏可显著影响观测的降水同位素组成和大气水线。本文利用海河流域7个监测站点的降水δ²H和δ¹⁸O数据,分析了云底二次蒸发对流域降水同位素的影响。结果表明：流域降雨水样的大气水线为δ²H=7.19δ¹⁸O-0.74,显著不同于降雪水样的大气水线(δ²H=8.42δ¹⁸O+15.88);流域降雨,特别是小降雨(<5 mm)事件,易受到云底二次蒸发的影响,导致其大气水线的斜率和截距均随着降雨量的减小而减小。流域降雨同位素的云底二次蒸发主要受气温和相对湿度控制,随着气温的升高和相对湿度的减小,云底二次蒸发加剧,导致观测的地面降雨富集重的同位素,同时伴随的同位素动力分馏导致流域降水过量氘(d)值以及大气水线的斜率和截距均减小。与平原地区相比较,流域山间盆地地区受“雨影效应”影响,气候相对干燥,其降雨同位素受更强的云底二次蒸发影响。观测期间,流域小的降雨事件占总降水事件的42%,故云底二次蒸发对流域降水同位素具有重要的影响。     

印度河上游Bagrot山谷降水稳定同位素变化及与水汽来源的关系

利用2015年8月至2016年7月在印度河上游流域Bagrot山谷降水稳定同位素（δ18O和δD）观测结果以及当地气象资料，利用同位素示踪及统计分析方法，并结合HYSPLIT模型，对研究区降水稳定同位素变化特征、大气水线以及水汽来源进行了分析。结果表明，观测期间Bagrot山谷降水稳定同位素的季节变化明显，δ18O与δD秋冬季偏低，春夏季偏高，且与气温变化一致，存在显著的温度效应，而降水量效应不明显。而且发现，研究区局地大气水线截距和斜率均低于全球的，反映了降水过程中云下二次蒸发作用较为强烈，特别是，不同的降水形态导致该研究区局地大气水线的斜率和截距不同。当液态降水（降雨）发生时，由于在较为干旱的气候环境下，雨滴在降落的过程中受到二次蒸发相对较强，使得局地大气水线的斜率和截距偏低；而当固态降水（降雪）发生时，由于温度较低，受再循环水汽和二次蒸发的影响较小，导致局地大气水线的斜率和截距均偏高。Bagrot山谷及其周边地区，从南到北局地大气水线的斜率相差不大，而其截距总体上随着纬度升高而降低，可能与云下二次蒸发导致稳定同位素发生的不平衡分馏逐渐强烈有关。通过Bagrot山谷站点降水稳定同位素观测结果并结合HYSPLIT模型的后向追踪，研究还发现，研究区全年主要受西风环流以及局地环流的影响。但与研究区以北的临近站点（慕士塔格、和田等）相比有所不同，由于Bagrot山谷位置更靠南，其仍然偶尔受到来自南方的海洋性水汽影响。这一研究结果可能对该地区树轮稳定同位素记录的解译具有一定的指示意义。     

基于氢氧稳定同位素的兰州市南北两山土壤蒸发时空变化及影响因素研究

基于2018年4—10月在兰州市南北两山采集的降水、河水及土壤样品,对不同水体中的氢氧稳定同位素进行测定,并应用Craig-Gordon模型分析了南北两山土壤蒸发的时空变化及其成因。结果表明：① 兰州市局地大气水线LMWL斜率相比全球大气水线GMWL较小,主要是相对湿度小,雨滴在下落过程中受到云下二次蒸发的影响。由表层0~10 cm至深层60~120 cm,土壤水δ²H和δ¹⁸O逐渐贫化,土壤水线SWL的斜率均呈现规律性增大,说明表层土壤受到的蒸发分馏最为强烈,随着土壤深度的增加,蒸发分馏逐渐减弱。② 时间变化上,局地蒸发线斜率S_LEL在4月较大,土壤蒸发较小,4—6月减小,土壤蒸发增大,6—8月趋于稳定,其中7月土壤蒸发最为强烈,自8月S_LEL增大,土壤蒸发开始减小,一直减小至10月。③ 空间变化上,北山相比南山蒸发损失量f更为强烈,主要原因是北山气温、相对湿度和土壤含水量均高于南山。④ 2018年4—10月,各采样点蒸发损失量f达到峰值和谷值的时间相比降水δ ¹⁸O均存在明显的滞后,主要原因是降水在土壤基质入渗过程中存在滞留。     

西北干旱地区大气降水δ18O的特征及水汽来源

In order to reveal the characteristics and climatic controls on the stable isotopic composition of precipitation over Arid Northwestern China, eight stations have been selected from Chinese Network of Isotopes in Precipitation (CHNIP). During the year 2005 and 2006, monthly precipitation samples have been collected and analyzed for the composition of δD and δ18O. The established local meteoric water line δD=7.42 δ18O+1.38, based on the 95 ob-tained monthly composite samples, could be treated as isotopic input function across the region. The deviations of slope and intercept from the Global Meteoric Water Line indicated the specific regional meteorological conditions. The monthly δ18O values were characterized by a positive correlation with surface air temperature (δ18O (‰) =0.33 T (℃)-13.12). The amount effect visualized during summer period (δ18O (‰) = -0.04P (mm)-3.44) though not appeared at a whole yearly-scale. Spatial distributions of δ18O have properly portrayed the atmospheric circulation background in each month over Arid Northwestern China. The quan-titative simulation of δ18O, which involved a Rayleigh fractionation and a kinetic fractionation, demonstrated that the latter one was the dominating function of condensation of raindrops. Furthermore, the raindrop suffered a re-evaporation during falling processes, and the pre-cipitation vapor might have been mixed with a quantity of local recycled water vapor. Multiple linear regression equations and a δ18O-T relation have been gained by using meteorological parameters and δ18O data to evaluate physical controls on the long-term data. The estab-lished δ18O-T relation, which has been based on the present-day precipitation, could be considered as a first step of quantitatively reconstructing the historical environmental climate.     

长沙降水中稳定同位素的昼夜差别

基于长沙地区降水稳定同位素的实测数据,对不同季节（暖半年、冷半年）、不同降水类型（对流降水、平流降水）、不同降水强度下昼、夜降水中稳定同位素的变化特征进行分析和比较,旨在揭示昼夜降水中稳定同位素的差异及其影响因素,深化对季风区降水稳定同位素变化规律的认识。结果表明：降水中δ¹⁸O在暖半年时段夜间比白天偏正,而在冷半年时段白天比夜间偏正,且均与降水量呈反比;无论在暖半年还是冷半年,相较于白天,夜间温度低相对湿度大,降落雨滴中重同位素蒸发富集作用较弱,从而降水中过量氘d在夜间偏正;由于下垫面水汽再循环对大气水线（LMWL）的影响大于雨滴云下二次蒸发的影响,LMWL的斜率在白天较夜间偏正。在对流降水主导条件下,强烈的辐合气流携带低层具有相对富集同位素的水汽上升,形成降水中的δ¹⁸O明显偏正;相较于对流降水主导,平流云中微弱的空气垂直运动使得高层具有相对贫化同位素的水汽辐合,形成降水中的δ¹⁸O较为偏负;LMWL的斜率则在平流降水主导时更大。随降水强度的增加,降水中稳定同位素逐渐偏负,LMWL斜率和截距均明显增大;在降水强度≥0.1 mm/12 h时,LMWL的斜率在白天更大,截距在暖半年晚上和冷半年白天更大;降水强度≥5.0 mm/12 h时,LMWL的斜率和截距在暖半年白天和冷半年晚上更大。     

基于稳定氢氧同位素的盐水与纯水蒸发差异分析

水面蒸发是水循环的重要部分,目前大量的研究集中在淡水或低盐度咸水体蒸发,仅以淡水的蒸发特性或计算方法应用于全部水体并不准确。研究盐水蒸发与淡水蒸发的差异对蒸发过程机理研究、推动蒸发模型的创新改进至关重要。研究中使用蒸发皿对比盐水与纯水的蒸发过程,利用稳定氢氧同位素比较盐水与纯水蒸发的动力学分馏过程,结果表明：盐水蒸发量较纯水少,但仍存在蒸发日内变化规律,蒸发速率与气温变化规律同步,并在正午前后达日最大值;随着蒸发的进行,重同位素在液相富集,盐度对于H/D分馏有更显著的抑制作用;盐水与纯水的蒸发线拟合均有良好的线性关系,盐分使水体蒸发受到更强的非平衡分馏影响;热红外拍摄液面观测到蒸发过程中盐水液面温度始终高于纯水0.1~2.2℃,平均温差达1℃,这是因为盐水蒸发量较纯水小,更少的热量通过潜热释放;Craig & Gordon模型计算蒸发水汽同位素特征值,表明随着蒸发的进行,蒸发水汽组分重同位素也在不断富集,但程度不如剩余水体,检验盐水与纯水蒸发水汽氢氧同位素拟合方程却无明显差异,与前述结论相悖,说明该方程在小尺度上的应用还有待研究。