固体浮力材料海洋生物污损及其防护研究进展

固体浮力材料为水下设备设施提供必要的浮力,是海洋开发和作业不可缺少的重要材料,其长期在海洋环境中使用,容易受到海洋生物污损的影响。海洋污损生物附着在固体浮力材料表面,会对浮力材料本身和使用浮力材料的设备产生严重的危害,导致浮力材料性能下降、功能受损,严重影响了水下设施设备的使用寿命及经济价值。本文通过检索近阶段固体浮力材料及海洋生物污损领域的研究进展,总结了固体浮力材料的特性、海洋生物污损原理和污损防护技术。重点分析和比较了各类防护技术的作用机理、适用范围及优缺点,评估了复合防护法和新型防护法的发展及应用前景,基于工程实践经验针对固体浮力材料防污技术的未来发展趋势进行了探讨并提出了建议。     

深潜用空心玻璃微珠和固体浮力材料的研制及其研究现状

高强度固体浮力材料是现代深潜技术的重要组成部分之一，对保证潜器浮力、增大潜器有效载荷有着重要作用。本文以其关键原料——空心玻璃微珠的介绍为基础，论述了浮力材料的研究进展，并介绍了本实验室在空心玻璃微珠及其固体浮力材料制备方面的研究工作。本实验室制备的空心玻璃微珠的密度已低至0.21 g?cm–3，其在12MPa下的破碎率为40.6%；浮力材料密度为0.52 g?cm–3时，其压缩强度可达到40MPa。     

高强度轻质浮力材料研究

简要介绍了高强度轻质浮力材料的主要组份、制备工艺和技术指标。阐述了提高此种浮力材料强度以及降低其密度的途径和措施。     

大深度载人潜水器浮力材料的应用现状和发展趋势

在所有海洋装备中,大深度载人潜水器代表深海技术的制高点,而大深度载人潜水器的研制所要解决的关键问题之一就是浮力材料的选择。文章概述浮力材料的分类以及浮力材料在三代大深度载人潜水器上的应用情况,并对能够满足大深度尤其是全海深载人潜水器需求的浮力材料进行对比研究。研究结果表明:微珠复合泡沫虽然能满足7 000m载人潜水器的需求,但应用在全海深载人潜水器时存在密度大和吸水率高的缺点,且不能满足1.5倍安全压力要求;陶瓷等新型浮力材料的密度小和吸水率低,是未来浮力材料的重要发展方向。本研究可为大深度载人潜水器浮力材料的选择提供一定的理论支持。     

浮力调节舱进水上浮仿真分析

浮力调节舱是一种用于将自身负浮力的水下产品调整为弱浮力或者零浮力的装置,当水下产品与浮力调节舱分离后,浮力调节舱上浮。为了避免浮力调节舱上浮出水暴露位置目标,在浮力调节舱上设计有进水口。通过对浮力调节舱上浮进水和进水上浮的过程进行分析,验证了上浮进水和进水上浮的边界条件, 为工程应用提供了一定的指导,并在湖上进行了试验验证。     

氮化硅陶瓷空心浮力球在内爆临界状态下的失效分析

氮化硅陶瓷具有密度小强度高的优点，在深潜浮力设备领域具有广阔发展前景。然而陶瓷材料固有的脆性以及万米深海严苛的工作环境，使得氮化硅陶瓷空心浮力球在深水环境下面临着内爆的风险。为探究氮化硅陶瓷空心浮力球在内爆临界状态下的失效问题，设计并进行了三点弯曲试验，确定了氮化硅陶瓷材料的力学性能参数，包括弹性模量和破坏应力；随后对氮化硅陶瓷空心浮力球内爆试验的过程及结果进行了回顾总结；基于标准球壳模型与浮力球实物的CT扫描几何模型，对浮力球在内爆临界状态的失效过程进行了有限元仿真分析。结果表明：氮化硅陶瓷空心浮力球的性能存在一定不稳定性；结构内表面局部过大的拉应力是造成失效的主要原因，对内表面进行预加压处理或能提高其抗内爆性能。     

空心玻璃微珠固体浮力材料生产工艺及材料性能检测研究

固体浮力材料具有密度低、耐压高、吸水率低、稳定等特点,是一种理想的低密度高强度的轻质耐压复合材料。以玻璃微珠为填料,充分利用其微态、轻质、中空等优势,并借助环氧树脂与固化剂之间在一定条件下产生的固化反应,研制生产一种新型的玻璃微珠固体浮力材料。该材料具备高强度、低密度、耐腐蚀、可加工性强等优点,符合目前海洋水下监测平台的大深度、复杂环境的实际需求。目前,该浮力材料在西太平洋通过了1 a时间的现场布放试验,试验结果良好,并且在多种水下监测平台中已得到了实际应用。     

基于浮力调节的液压系统动态特性仿真

AUV在水下作业时浮力会受到海水温度、深度等的影响而发生变化,为了解决浮力变化引起的航行性能问题研制了浮力调节装置,它对于大航程、大潜深AUV的发展具有重要的意义。针对以上问题,设计了一套活塞缸式浮力调节装置,它利用液压系统驱动液压缸吸排海水改变浮力从而实现浮力调节的目的,浮力调节的大小是通过直线位移传感器测量油液的改变量间接计算得到的;接着利用AMESim进行液压系统仿真,重点分析了液压缸的动态特性,为实际系统的试验提供了理论的指导意义;最后为了验证液压库建模和HCD库建模的等效性,采用HCD库建模进行比较分析。     

浅海浮力平流效应

浮力平流直接影响着海洋内部的湍流混合过程，制约着海洋热盐结构的形成和变化。这一过程在浅海，尤其在象渤黄海那样具有较强浮力平流的中国大陆沿岸带海区，是十分重要的。本文主要讨论浅海浮力平流对温跃层和海洋锋的影响，从理论上导出在浮力平流效应作用下期混合锋的公式，并以南黄海为例进行了计算，计算结果是令人满意的。     

深海水下滑翔器浮力驱动系统设计

以微型轴向柱塞泵为核心的高压浮力驱动系统是1 000 m以深水下滑翔器和剖面浮标优先采用的重要动力单元。文中首先介绍了当前国际上水下滑翔器和剖面浮标两型剖面运动平台的浮力驱动系统的种类及应用,然后以1 000 m以深水下滑翔器为例,系统地阐述了其高压浮力驱动系统的工作原理和设计方法,以及绝对排油量测量、吸油口气锁防止和柱塞偶件精密配合等核心问题。设计制作出精密、高效而且可靠的高压浮力驱动系统,可以为我国剖面观测平台的进一步发展起到推进作用。     

Experimental Study on Mechanism and Shape Characteristics of Suspended Flexible Dam

Hydraulic structures such as groin, longitudinal dike and seawall are common in water conservancy and water transportation engineering projects at home and abroad, which have long been dominated by solid mass structural form. With brush and stone as building materials, this kind of structure has an obvious engineering effect. However, it not only requires huge capital investments, but also has negative impacts on the ecological environment. The suspended flexible dam is an innovative engineering measure, and few theoretical and experimental researches of this type dam can be found at present. This paper studies the mechanism and shape characteristics of this dam and obtains the dynamic equilibrium equation of flexible dam, the float buoyancy expression, and the condition for transformation among three forms of the underwater shape of the dam. The results are valuable in engineering application and can be used as the reference for the future work due to the distinctive design philosophy, the small negative effects on environment and the consistency for sustainable development.     

一种浮力式盐度计

于１９９５年综合应用液体浮力←→密度←→盐度←→溶液性质等原理研制浮力式盐度计,该盐度计具有操作简单,测试快速、不用电源和试剂、使用前无需标准海水标定、测试值不受样品成分变化影响的特点;其测增精度可达克纽森滴定法,适用于一般工业化生产,水产养殖、港湾河口区调查等．     

Optimum design of multiple intersecting spheres deep-submerged pressure hull

The multiple intersecting spheres (MIS) pressure hull is a logical derivative of the single unstiffened sphere, which is frequently used for deep operating, small submersibles because of its attractive low buoyancy factor. This paper investigates the optimum design of an MIS deep-submerged pressure hull subjected to hydrostatic pressure, using a powerful optimization procedure combined the extended interior penalty function method (EIPF) with the Davidon–Fletcher–Powell (DFP) method. In this study, the thickness of the shell, the width of the rib-ring, the inner radius of the rib-ring and the angle of intersection of the spherical shell are selected as design variables, and structural failure and human requirements are considered to minimize the buoyancy factor. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis is performed to study the influence of the design variables on the optimal structural strength design. The results reveal that the shell thickness is most important to lobar buckling strength, and that rib-ring width, rib-ring inner radius and spherical shell intersection angle are most important to rib-ring hoop strength. Optimization results may provide a valuable reference for designers.     

A conceptual design of an underwater vehicle

The paper presents a conceptual design of an underwater star wars’ system, which will be more difficult to detect by the enemy than a recently proposed ‘surface’ star wars’ system.The paper suggests that for the proposed structures needed for the underwater star wars’ system, the material of construction should be a composite and not a metal, as use of the latter for large deep diving underwater vessels will result in such structures sinking to the bottom of the ocean like stones, due to the fact that they will have no reserve buoyancy. The paper also shows that composites have better sound absorption characteristics, thereby making the underwater structures difficult to detect through sonar equipment. It is proposed that these underwater structures should operate up to a depth of 7.16 miles (11.52 km), as at this depth, all of the oceans’ bottoms can be reached.The author shows that current technology can be used to construct and operate such vessels, but more progress needs to be made with metal matrix and ceramic composites, so that the hulls of underwater missiles and torpedoes can be constructed in these materials.     

Spar平台与刚性立管及浮力罐耦合动力研究综述

Spar平台是深水和超深水海域中极具竞争力的平台类型。Spar平台中刚性立管顶端所需的张力由月池内部的浮力罐提供,浮力罐在水平方向由导向架支撑。平台运动过程中,浮力罐及立管与平台主体发生相对运动和相互动力作用,在水平方向上发生带有空隙效应的碰撞现象,在垂向产生库仑摩擦效应。这是一种复杂的非线性多点接触耦合动力现象,对平台主体和浮力罐的运动及性能都有着重要影响。因此,无论从平台主体设计及水动力性能方面,还是从浮力罐疲劳分析及安全性方面考虑,都有必要对Spar平台与浮力罐之间的耦合动力作用进行深入的研究。在介绍目前国际上Spar平台与浮力罐相关研究情况及进展的基础上,提出了今后研究的有关建议。     

潜标式海洋探测仪控制系统及模块设计

基于CORTEX M4内核的STM32嵌入式系统,设计并实现了用于长期监测海洋地理环境参数(温度、盐度、湿度等)的潜标式海洋探测仪,给出了主控系统及各个模块的设计方案及选型,通过合理的功能分配,可靠的硬件设计和有效的软件实现,使探测仪具备低功耗、高可靠的特点。海试实验表明,主控系统实现了对探测仪的浮力调节、能源供电及应急处置等状态控制,通过在SOFAR声道工作,完成了对深海海洋要素的实时监测。     

深水滑翔机器人耐压壳体结构优化设计

针对深水滑翔机器人耐压壳体在深水中压缩变形和海水密度随水深增大而变化等因素造成驱动浮力变化问题,利用压缩变形和密度变化对驱动浮力影响的互补特性,归纳了载体耐压壳体结构优化设计方法.保证耐压壳体抗压条件和质量最小前提下采用结构优化设计方法,降低耐压壳体压缩变形和海水密度变化对驱动浮力的影响,提高系统能源的利用率.     

A microstructure flux profiler control system design

A microstructure flux profiler (MFP) which uses variation of its buoyancy to maintain the speed required for data logging is detailed. The variation of buoyancy to control speed is uncommon among profilers, and the autonomous operation of this device allows a much greater degree of flexibility in the data collection. The complete development of the control system, from modeling through simulation and control system design to commissioning, is examined, and the performance is reviewed     

A review of the effects of particle types on oil-suspended particulate matter aggregate formation

Oil-suspended particulate matter aggregate (OSA) can form naturally when oil and particles interact. The interaction between oil and suspended particulate matter makes oil less sticky, and facilitates its dispersion in the water column. The high oil-water surface contact enhances the biodegradation of oil and thus increases the efficiency of remediation processes. There are many factors that affect OSA formation, but, particle type is one of the most important. Because different particle types have different physical, chemical, and biological properties, their interactions with oil differ greatly. Particle properties such as interlayer spaces, hydrophobicity, surface charges, polarity, organic content, and size affect the interactions between materials and oil. These different interactions determine the type, buoyancy, size, and stability of OSA that forms, thus determining its fate in the environment. This review provides a current understanding of (1) OSA formation mechanisms, (2) sources and classes of marine materials, (3) oil-particle interactions, (4) material properties and their effects on oil interaction, and (5) future research needs.