生态空心块体水沙动力效应研究

生态空心块体是一种兼有调控水流与生态修复功能的工程结构物,在海堤、丁坝等近海工程中被广泛应用。通过室内水槽试验,设计多种来水来沙工况,研究生态空心块体与柔性植被共同影响下的水沙动力特性,重点探究生态空心块体内的水沙动力效应。结果表明:生态空心块体组成的坝体结构缓流效果显著,坝体内外侧水流流速分布差异明显,坝体内部的水流流速远小于外侧水流流速;生态空心块体内紊动强度、雷诺应力在空心块体上方出现拐点,空心块体内紊动强度、雷诺应力均小于外侧;近底层水流在受壁面阻水作用下产生回流,易出现小范围旋涡;由于生态空心块体内水流流速、紊动强度的减小,内部悬沙浓度由表至底逐渐增大;柔性植被的冠层部分对水流减速、促淤效果最为明显,柔性植被会减缓前后相邻侧空心块体的水流流速,增大悬沙浓度。     

厦门市环境灾害防治与区域可持续发展的关系

可持续发展作为一种发展战略已普遍被世界各国所接受。然而,环境灾害的危害是制约一个城市可持续发展的主要因素。厦门市存在包括纯自然作用产生的灾害、纯人为作用产生的灾害和两者结合型的灾害3大类10个亚类。在探讨了厦门市10种灾害的分布与危害后,又讨论集美一高崎的跨海海堤、员当港口海堤（西堤）和马銮海堤3项重大海岸工程对自然环境的重要影响,以及它们引起的对海洋生态的破坏、危及港口的发展和后来人们为了恢复其环境所付出的代价和成功经验,进而阐述环境灾害的预防对厦门市可持续发展的关系。     

水下柔性鱼形机构原理及单尾鳍板水动力试验研究

柔性鱼形机构是模拟鱼类运动的一种仿生机械系统。对鱼类运动的观察与研究 ,实质上是寻求水域中最优推进形式的过程 ,是工程优化设计的途径之一。在研究及优化柔性鱼形机构时涉及到水动力学及控制模型的问题 ,因此取出鱼形机构的尾鳍部分进行敞水试验 ,既能为有关模型的建立提供依据 ,更重要的是对鱼形机构的可行性进行论证     

Extended equilibrium beach profiles

The idea of an equilibrium beach profile has been a useful concept in both theoretical and practical coastal engineering studies. In essence, the subject has thus far evolved to a choice of shape functions, which are described by a small set of parameters. Additional efforts have attempted to relate these parameters to more fundamental quantities, such as average grain size of the bottom sediment, wave environment, geometric aspects of the beach, and the like. This approach has a long history and can rightly claim a certain level of success. However, the usual collections of shape functions are well-known to have difficulties very near the shoreline, let alone on the nearshore portion of the beach. This study extends the equilibrium profile up to and somewhat past the shoreline. Three shape functions are used in conjunction with a Taylor expansion for the nearshore and above water portions of the profile. A nonlinear fitting technique is applied to estimate the model's best parameter values. Moreover, reduced versions of the proposed models can be employed for prediction based only on parameters related to sediment characteristics or wave conditions and geometry of the visible beach. The approach is compared with data from the East Coast of Australia, the East Coast of North America and the South Shore of the Mediterranean Sea.     

Influence of Dams on Downstream Beaches: Eressos,Lesbos, Eastern Mediterranean

Small water storage dams are nowadays regarded as the ideal solution for the water-thirsty islands of the Greek Archipelago. Several of these dams have been already constructed and more are planned for the near future. However, dams can also create problems to coastal areas, particularly to the beaches found at the lower reaches of the dammed rivers. The present contribution reports the results of a study undertaken on the effects of such a dam located at Eressos, Lesbos (E. Mediterranean), using both morphological and sedimentological information and a GIS-based sediment erosion model. The results showed that Eressos Beach is currently under erosion, which however is spatially variable. The spatial variability of the beach erosion can only partly be explained by the patterns of longshore sediment transport, suggesting also a negative sedimentary balance. The results of the sediment erosion model showed that the dam retains more than half of the sediment produced in the basin, irrespective of the scenario used. Thus, it is likely that the effects of the dam on the downstream beach are already apparent.     

潮汐河口坝田长宽比对泥沙淤积特征影响试验研究

在航道治理工程中,往往通过丁坝群来实现其稳定航槽等目的,而坝田作为缓流区,其与主槽的水沙交换主要取决于横向的紊动交换。基于长江口北槽丁坝群实测资料分析和物理模型水槽试验研究发现不同长宽比坝田内的流态、淤积形态、坝田与相邻河段水沙交换的机理均不同,在长江口北槽丁坝群坝田建成后的淤积初期阶段,长宽比为0.30～0.40的坝田内的平均淤积强度最大。水槽试验研究表明,长宽比为0.50的坝田内淤积的主要部位即为主环流所在位置(坝田外侧),而在副环流位置,则出现微淤或冲刷的趋势;而长宽比为0.33的坝田内的淤积分布相对比较均匀。长宽比为0.33的坝田内淤积速率明显大于长宽比为0.50的坝田,长宽比为0.33的坝田达到冲淤平衡的时间较长。坝田淤积强度与随坝田回流强度、坝田与主槽水沙交换系数的增加而增加。     

Earthquake response of sea-based storage tanks

An effective method for the linear analysis of dynamic response of submerged underwater oil storage tanks resting on a horizontal seabed to horizontal earthquake excitations is presented. The tank is axisymmetric in shape, has a flexible wall/roof, and is filled with oil and water. A general hybrid-finite element solution procedure has been formulated, wherein the tank structure, the interior fluids, as well as the near-field of the exterior water region are discretized into a toroidal finite-element network. The tank displacement is calculated as a superposition of the first few modes of the structure's free vibration. Contribution from the hydrodynamic interaction to the coupled motion is obtained by solving the Laplace equation with the appropriate boundary conditions, which includes a matching to the exterior far-field pressure (analytic) representation to simplify the computation process. The effects of fluids surrounding and inside the tank are studied. It is demonstrated that these effects have, in general, a significant impact on the tank earthquake response analysis.A comprehensive and predictive computer program for use in such tank response analysis has been developed for engineering applications.     

The relation of conducting polymer actuator material properties to performance

Materials used in many branches of engineering are of low molecular weight and not flexible. As we develop more sophisticated engineering devices one can look to nature for inspiration and advocate the use of high molecular weight flexible materials. Conducting polymer actuators will soon be used in applications where traditional low molecular weight actuator systems are incapable of mimicking the functionality provided by nature's muscle. To incorporate conducting polymer actuators into engineering systems it is of high importance to not only model and predict the behavior of these actuators but also understand the connection of material properties to performance. In this paper, the importance of fundamental actuation mechanisms and the fundamental material properties of conducting polymer muscles such as ionic diffusion rate, electrochemical operating window, strain to charge ratio, ratio of charge carried by positive versus negative ions, and salt draining are discussed and their effect on performance is demonstrated. The relevance of engineered geometry to the performance of conducting polymer muscles is also shown. Our understanding of what limits the performance of existing conducting polymers actuators provides directions for the improvement of the next generation of conducting polymer actuators.     

四叉树网格下的椭圆型缓坡方程数值模型研究

波浪是近岸海域关键的水动力因素之一。考虑到近岸地形复杂、波浪演化显著的特点,建立了四叉树网格体系下的椭圆型缓坡方程数值模型,采用有限体积法对模型进行数值离散,应用GPBiCG(m, n)算法求解离散后的控制方程。模型中根据波浪波长布局计算网格,生成多层次四叉树网格,对复杂计算域有较好的适应性,并且在离散和方程求解中无需引入形函数、不产生复杂的交叉项,节约了存储空间和计算时间。将模型成功应用于物理模型实验及Acapulco海湾的波浪场数值模拟,结果表明该模型能够准确、高效地模拟近岸波浪场,可为近岸波浪场的模拟提供一定的理论和技术支持。     

Non-local impact of large-scale engineering in harbors and gulfs on the environment

A system of numerical tools to predict the non-local long-term impact of large-scale constructions on the environment is described. The predictions have to be results of successive examination of free water oscillations, turbulent boundary layers on the sea bottom, and turbulent pulsation effects on sediment transport. Numerical results related to free water oscillations in diverse gulfs are shown, and non-local effects of the dam construction are found for an example of the Baltic Sea. Feasibility of suggested tools for turbulent flow is manifested.     

Robust source localization in shallow water based on vector optimization

Owing to the multipath effect, the source localization in shallow water has been an area of active interest. However, most methods for source localization in shallow water are sensitive to the assumed model of the underwater environment and have poor robustness against the underwater channel uncertainty, which limit their further application in practical engineering. In this paper, a new method of source localization in shallow water, based on vector optimization concept, is described, which is highly robust against environmental factors affecting the localization, such as the channel depth, the bottom reflection coefficients, and so on. Through constructing the uncertainty set of the source vector errors and extracting the multi-path sound rays from the sea surface and bottom, the proposed method can accurately localize one or more sources in shallow water dominated by multipath propagation. It turns out that the natural formulation of our approach involves minimization of two quadratic functions subject to infinitely many nonconvex quadratic constraints. It shows that this problem (originally intractable) can be reformulated in a convex form as the so-called second-order cone program (SOCP) and solved efficiently by using the well-established interior point method, such as the software tool, SeDuMi. Computer simulations show better performance of the proposed method as compared with existing algorithms and establish a theoretical foundation for the practical engineering application.     

水质参数在线监测及远程传输系统的研制

本文讨论了 1种具有远程数据传输功能的水质在线监测系统的研制与实现。它以 AT89C51单片机为核心器件 ,构成监测 5项水质常规参数的在线监测仪器 ,并通过公共电话网 ,将这些水质参数传送到远端的监控中心 ,提高了水环境监测的自动化水平 ,降低了水质在线监测设备的成本 ,在基层水环境监测部门及水处理厂具有推广价值。     

A quasi-cloaking phenomenon to reduce the wave drift force on an array of adjacent floating bodies

The mooring of offshore floating structures, such as offshore platforms, in large waves against drift forces and rotational moments is a challenging problem in offshore engineering. To accurately investigate such problems, called positioning problems, the time-averaged steady forces of the second order known as the wave drift forces must be taken into account. Fortunately, a cloaking phenomenon occurs under certain conditions and dramatically reduces the wave drift force acting on such a floating body, as previously reported by several researchers. In the diffraction problem of water waves, cloaking refers to the condition where there is no scattering in the form of radial outgoing waves. The reduction of wave drift force on a truncated cylinder with the occurrence of cloaking phenomenon has been numerically and experimentally confirmed. In this paper, the arrangement of several small circular cylinders at regular intervals in a circle concentric with a fixed floating body is considered as an effective means of reducing the wave drift force. Using a combination of a higher-order boundary element method (HOBEM) and wave interaction theory, the influences of the geometric parameters of the outer surrounding cylinders on the wave drift force and the total scattered-wave energy are systematically investigated and discussed. A quasi-cloaking phenomenon is first found and reported in the present study, which is beneficial and flexible for application in practical engineering. More than one quasi-cloaking trigger (where a trigger is an occurrence condition) can be found simply by varying the distance between the inner and outer floating bodies.     

底部透空不透水建筑物波压力研究

底部透空不透水建筑物是近海工程中的一种新型结构,与传统水工建筑物相比,其能灵活适应基床不发生变形、阻止波浪进入后方造成破坏。本文通过构建物理模型,在波浪水槽中进行试验,测试了底部透空不透水直立建筑物不规则波作用,得到了不同水深、相同波浪要素时,该型直立建筑物迎浪面和底面的水平总力最大时各测点正向波压力和负向波压力数据。对比分析了不同水深下底部透空不透水直立建筑物的水平总力及垂直力,总结了波峰和波谷作用下波浪力沿建筑物表面的分布规律,可为海岸工程结构设计提供依据。     

海洋工程对觉华岛国家级海洋公园海域生态环境影响研究

文章根据2016—2019年觉华岛周边海域生态环境监测结果,并结合期间大规模海洋开发活动,分析了觉华岛国家级海洋公园海域环境变化趋势。结果表明:2016—2019年,觉华岛周边海域水质要素监测结果均符合《海水水质标准》中的二类标准,沉积物要素监测结果均符合《海洋沉积物质量》中的一类标准。水质与沉积物大部分监测要素的平均含量年际变化呈先降低再上升的变化趋势,生物环境状况整体水平变化情况与水质和沉积物的变化趋势有良好的对应关系,说明海洋工程建设对觉华岛国家级海洋公园海域生态环境造成了一定的负面影响,但影响程度不大。     

Fluid—Structure Interaction Analysis of Flexible Plate with Partitioned Coupling Method

The development and rapid usage of numerical codes for fluid-structure interaction(FSI) problems are of great relevance to researchers in many engineering fields such as civil engineering and ocean engineering. This multidisciplinary field known as FSI has been expanded to engineering fields such as offshore structures, tall slender structures and other flexible structures applications. The motivation of this paper is to investigate the numerical model of two-way coupling FSI partitioned flexible plate structure under fluid flow. The adopted partitioned method and approach utilized the advantage of the existing numerical algorithms in solving the two-way coupling fluid and structural interactions. The flexible plate was subjected to a fluid flow which causes large deformation on the fluid domain from the oscillation of the flexible plate. Both fluid and flexible plate are subjected to the interaction of load transfer within two physics by using the strong and weak coupling methods of MFS and Load Transfer Physics Environment, respectively. The oscillation and deformation results have been validated which demonstrate the reliability of both strong and weak method in resolving the two-way coupling problem in contribution of knowledge to the feasibility field study of ocean engineering and civil engineering.     

A Study on Hydroelastic Response of Box-Type Very Large Floating Structures

The application of very large floating structure (VLFS) to the utilization of ocean space and exploitation of ocean resources has become one of the issues of great interest in international ocean engineering field. Owing to the advantage of simplicity in structure and low cost of construction and maintenance, box-type VLFS can be used in the calm water area near the coast as the structure configuration of floating airport. In this paper, a 3D linear hydroelastic theory is used to study the dynamic response of box-type VLFS in sinusoidal regular waves. A beam model and a 3D FEM model are respectively employed to describe the dynamic characteristics of the box-type structure in vacuum. A hydrodynamic model (3D potential theory of flexible body) is applied to investigate the effect of different dry models on the hydroelastic response of box-type structure. Based on the calculation of hydroelastic response in regular waves, the rigid body motion displacement, flexible deflection, and the short term and long     

非黏结柔性管道抗拉铠装层腐蚀机理与安全评价研究进展

非黏结柔性管道是海洋油气开发的重要装备,在海水环境中,抗拉铠装层发生腐蚀会对安全运行产生严重威胁,因此明确抗拉铠装层腐蚀机理、对柔性管道的检测和对抗拉铠装层的腐蚀评估十分重要。抗拉铠装层腐蚀与环空的气体环境和水环境有关,采用合适的检测方法和设备检测环空,可以帮助判断其腐蚀情况,并为腐蚀疲劳寿命评估和应对策略制定提供参考。针对抗拉铠装层腐蚀机理、非黏结柔性管道检测、腐蚀疲劳寿命评估和腐蚀应对措施进行了总结,指出机理研究和检测评估方法的不足,为国内柔性管道抗拉铠装层腐蚀研究和完整性管理提供参考。     

Wave setup and setdown generated by obliquely incident waves

An analytical theory is developed for the wave setup and setdown induced by obliquely incident waves on an impermeable swell-built beach profile. The wave setup and setdown are found to decrease as wave obliquity increases. The incorporation of wave obliquity in wave setup and setdown formulation offers the physical reality in engineering applications. The general solutions presented in this paper yield the limiting case of normal wave incidence and the result is consistent with the classical theories published. The present theory is primarily applicable to the spilling and plunging breaker across the surf zone, within which wave amplitude is assumed to be linearly related to the local water depth. Experiments were conducted in a large-scale wave basin to compare with theoretical results and especially to investigate the applicability of this assumption to the case of obliquely incident waves. The dimensionless setup versus the distance offshore within the surf zone is found to depend on wave breaking angle and the shape of the beach profile; and it has a non-zero value at the original shoreline position. This implies that the original shoreline will advance landwards, and that the extent of this movement can be related to wave angle at breaking and the beach profile under consideration. The results of the present theory are in good agreement with experimental data and field measurements available.     

废黄河口海岸防护工程规划研究

本文回顾了废黄河口岸段海岸演变及海岸防护的历史过程,分析了本段海岸的侵蚀特征及动力条件,进行了海岸工程防护的效果计算及主海堤和离岸潜堤设计。综合以上各项研究结果,对本海区的海岸防护工程规划具有指导性意义。