Temperature And Wind Velocity Oscillations Along a Gentle Slope During Sea-Breeze Events

The flow structure on a gentle slope at Vallon dOl in the northern suburbs of Marseille in southern France has been documented by means of surface wind and temperature measurements collected from 7 June to 14 July 2001 during the ESCOMPTE experiment. The analysis of the time series reveals temperature and wind speed oscillations during several nights (about 60--90 min oscillation period) and several days (about 120–180 min oscillation period) during the whole observing period. Oscillating katabatic winds have been reported in the literature from theoretical, experimental and numerical studies. In the present study, the dynamics of the observed oscillating katabatic winds are in good agreement with the theory.In contrast to katabatic winds, no daytime observations of oscillating anabatic upslope flows have ever been published to our knowledge, probably because of temperature inversion break-up that inhibits upslope winds. The present paper shows that cold air advection by a sea breeze generates a mesoscale horizontal temperature gradient, and hence baroclinicity in the atmosphere, which then allows low-frequency oscillations, similar to a katabatic flow. An expression for the oscillation period is derived that accounts for the contribution of the sea-breeze induced mesoscale horizontal temperature gradient. The theoretical prediction of the oscillation period is compared to the measurements, and good agreement is found. The statistical analysis of the wind flow at Vallon dOl shows a dominant north-easterly to easterly flow pattern for nighttime oscillations and a dominant south-westerly flow pattern for daytime oscillations. These results are consistent with published numerical simulation results that show that the air drains off the mountain along the maximum slope direction, which in the studied case is oriented south-west to north-east.     

Winter‐time near‐surface currents in the strait of Juan de Fuca

Abstract

During November 1976 to February 1977 near‐surface wind, current and temperature measurements were made at three sites along the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Strong tidal currents and major intrusions of warmer, fresher offshore coastal water were superimposed upon the estuarine circulation of near‐surface seaward flow. The r.m.s. amplitudes of the diurnal and semidiurnal tidal currents were ～30 cms^‐1 and 30–47 cm s^‐1, respectively. The vector‐mean flow at 4 m‐depth was seaward and decreased in speed from 28 cm s^‐1 at 74 km from the entrance to 9 cm s^‐1 at 11 km from the entrance. On five occasions intrusions of 1–3 C warmer northeast Pacific coastal water occurred for durations of 1–10 days. The 25 cm s^‐1 up‐strait speed of the intrusive lens agreed to within 20% of the gravity current speed computed from Benjamin's (1968) hydraulic model. The near‐surface currents associated with the intrusions and the southerly coastal winds were significantly correlated, indicating that the intrusions were initiated when shoreward Ekman currents advected Pacific coastal water into the Strait. The reversals were not significantly coherent with the along‐strait sea surface slope measured along the north side of the Strait nor were they strongly related to local wind forcing.     

Observations and numerical modelling of Lake Ontario breezes

Abstract

Analysis of two years of land‐based data shows that the Lake Ontario breeze develops on 30% of the days during summer. It typically develops in mid‐morning and persists until the late evening when it is replaced by a well developed land‐breeze regime. Simulations of 4 cases with the Colorado State University mesoscale model show good agreement with observations and suggest that local lake breezes are strongly influenced by adjacent water bodies (e.g. Lake Erie), the elongated shape of the lake, and the large‐scale wind direction. With gradient flows across the long axis of the lake, a broad band of along‐lake flow develops during the afternoon (easterly winds during southerly gradient flows and westerly winds during northerly gradient flows). Furthermore, during west‐to‐northwesterly gradient flow a nocturnal cyclonic eddy is predicted at the western end of the lake. These results imply that wind‐field models applied in the vicinity of Lake Ontario should incorporate the entire lake in their modelling domain.     

1999—2018年锦州地区大雾气候特征及成因分析

应用常规气象观测资料、能见度仪观测资料,分析1999—2018年锦州地区大雾气候特征及成因。结果表明：锦州地区雾日年总频次多年平均为33次,存在12 a、6 a和3 a的变化周期。锦州地区典型大雾过程主要分为弱低压槽型、雨后弱高压型。大雾存在日变化。雾前T-T_d为4—14℃,风速为4 m·s^-1以下,偏南风占50%,偏北风占38%,静风占12%;雾发展阶段T-T_d为0—4℃,平均风速为2.2 m·s^-1,偏南风占58%,偏北风占42%;浓雾阶段T-T_d为0—2℃,平均风速为1.9 m·s^-1,偏南风占58%,偏北风占42%;雾减弱到消散阶段T-T_d逐渐升高,平均风速为3.3 m·s^-1,偏北风占58%。大雾期间,均出现逆温和湿层。     

Regional meteorological patterns for heavy pollution events in Beijing

The present study investigates meteorological conditions for the day-to-day changes of particulate matter (PM) concentration in Beijing city during the period 2008–2015. The local relationship of PM concentration to surface air temperature, pressure, wind speed, and relative humidity displays seasonal changes and year-to-year variations. The average correlation coefficient with PM₁₀ in spring, summer, fall, and winter is 0.45, 0.40, 0.38, and 0.30 for air temperature; –0.45, –0.05, –0.40, and –0.45 for pressure; 0.13, 0.04, 0.53, and 0.50 for relative humidity; and –0.18, –0.11, –0.45, and –0.33 for wind speed. A higher correlation with wind speed is obtained when wind speed leads by half a day. The heavily polluted and clean days, which are defined as the top and bottom 10% of the PM values, show obvious differences in the regional distribution of air temperature, pressure, and wind. Polluted days correspond to higher air temperature in all the four seasons, lower sea level pressure and anomalous southerly winds to the south and east of Beijing in spring, fall, and winter, and a northwest–southeast contrast in the pressure anomaly and anomalous southerly winds in summer. Higher relative humidity is observed on polluted days in fall and winter. The polluted days are preceded by an anomalous cyclone moving from the northwest, accompanied by lower pressure and higher air temperature, in all four seasons. This feature indicates the impacts of moving weather systems on local meteorological conditions for day-to-day air quality changes in Beijing.     

Low-level nocturnal wind maximum over the central Amazon basin

A low-level nocturnal wind maximum is shown to exist over extensive and nearly undisturbed rainforest near the central Amazon city of Manaus. Analysis of meteorological data collected during the 1985 and 1987 Amazon Boundary Layer Experiments (ABLE 2A and 2B) indicates the presence of this nocturnal wind maximum during both the wet and dry seasons of the Central Amazon Basin. Daytime wind speeds which are characteristically 3–7 m s^-1 between 300 and 1000 m increase to 10–15m s^-1 shortly after sunset. The wind speed maximum is reached in the early evening, with wind speeds remaining high until several hours after sunrise. The nocturnal wind maximum is closely linked to a strong low-level inversion formed by radiational cooling of the rainforest canopy. The night-time inversion extends up to 300 m with strong vertical shear of the horizontal wind below the inversion top and uniformly strong horizontal winds above the inversion top. Frictional decoupling of the air above the inversion from the rough forest below, however, is responsible for only part of the observed increase. Surface and low-level pressure gradients between the undisturbed forest and the large Amazon river system and the city of Manaus are shown to be responsible for much of the nocturnal wind increase. The pressure gradients are interpreted as a function of the thermal differences between undisturbed forest and the river/city. The importance of both the frictional decoupling and the horizontal pressure gradient suggest that the nocturnal wind maximum does not occur uniformly over all Amazonia. We suspect that stronger low-level winds are pervasive under clear skies and strong surface cooling and that, in many places (i.e., near rivers), local pressure gradients enhance the low-level nocturnal winds.     

HAZE-TO-FOG TRANSFORMATION DURING A LONG LASTING, LOW VISIBILITY EPISODE IN NANJING

Haze-to-fog transformation during a long lasting, low visibility episode was examined using the observations from a comprehensive field campaign conducted in Nanjing, China during 4-9 December 2013. In this episode, haze was transformed into fog and the fog lasted for dozens of hours. The impacts of meteorological factors such as wind, temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) on haze, transition and fog during this episode were investigated. Results revealed significant differences between haze and fog days, due to their different formation mechanisms. Comparison was made for boundary-layer conditions during hazy days, haze-to-fog days and foggy days. Distributions of wind speed and wind direction as well as synoptic weather conditions around Nanjing had determinative impacts on the occurrences and characteristics of haze and fog. Weakened southerly wind in southern Nanjing resulted in high concentration of pollutants, and haze events occurred frequently during the study period. The wind speed was less than 1 m s-1 in the haze event, which resulted in a stable atmospheric condition and weak dispersion of the pollutants. The height of the temperature inversion was about 400 m during the period. The inversion intensity was weak and the temperature-difference was 4°C km-1 or less in haze, while the inversion was stronger, and temperature-difference was about 6°C km-1, approaching the inversion layer intensity in the fog event. Haze event is strongly influenced by ambient RH. RH values increased, which resulted in haze days evidently increased, suggesting that an increasing fraction of haze events be caused by hygroscopic growth of aerosols, rather than simply by high aerosol loading. When RH was above 90%, haze aerosols started to be transformed from haze to fog. This study calls for more efforts to control emissions to prevent haze events in the region.     

延庆-张家口地区复杂地形冬季山谷风特征分析

基于2016年12月—2017年2月和2017年12月—2018年2月两年冬季的近地面自动气象站逐时观测数据以及张家口探空数据分析延庆-张家口一带（包括张家口崇礼、赤城、海坨、小五台山区,延怀、怀涿、洋河、蔚县盆地以及北京延庆、昌平、怀柔部分平原地区）复杂地形的风场精细化时、空分布特征,揭示不同复杂地形下局地风场的时、空变化规律,加深对复杂地形动力、热力作用对近地面风场影响的认识,为冬季山区风场预报以及复杂地形数值模式改进提供参考。结果表明:晴朗小风天风持续性作为矢量平均风速和标量平均风速的比值,可以作为研究风场变化规律的重要参数。根据风持续性的日变化特征,可以将研究区域内所有站点分为10种类型,分别代表不同局地地形特征的影响,风持续与风向变化的相关也很强。研究区域主要有3种类型的地形风:斜坡风、峡谷风以及较大尺度的山区平原风。不同地形特征下的风场、风持续性存在明显不同的日变化特征,山风和谷风相互转化的时间也不同,山区最早,盆地次之,平原区最晚;山风时段持续时间较谷风时段长,风速小;晴朗小风天实测风反映了实际风场的特征,而排除环境背景风场,弱化地形动力作用后整个冬季的局地风作为理论山谷风,更能反映热力作用下的山谷风特征。      

2019年5月北京一次强降水超级单体特征及成因分析

利用地面加密站、雷达、微波辐射计和欧洲中心(ERA-interim)逐6 h等多种观测资料,对2019年5月17日北京通州区出现局地极端强降水、雷暴大风和大冰雹天气过程进行分析。结果表明：强降水超级单体是造成本次强对流天气的直接系统,雷达回波可识别出典型特征。午后在地面和超低空北京南部出现小的热低压系统,使得东南风显著加强,一方面提供了充沛的水汽,形成上干下湿的不稳定层结。另一方面,其与高空西风急流相互作用,使得垂直风切变增强,并产生垂直环流。低空逆温层长时间存在,能量不断积累,使午后雷暴爆发性增强成为可能。地面冷池出流与偏南风对峙,形成了假相当位温密集带。冷池长时间稳定维持,其前沿出现一条湿热边界层辐合线,锋生作用使得暖湿气流不断被抬升,对流系统加强并呈准静止状态。在有利的环境背景下,加之充沛的水汽供应和强烈的边界层辐合抬升,雷暴强烈发展形成强降水超级单体,随后分裂,右侧的风暴又发展为超级单体,再次经过通州东部,形成暴雨中心。     

Oscillation of Surface PM<Subscript>2.5</Subscript> Concentration Resulting from an Alternation of Easterly and Southerly Winds in Beijing: Mechanisms and Implications

We used simultaneous measurements of surface PM_2.5 concentration and vertical profiles of aerosol concentration, temperature, and humidity, together with regional air quality model simulations, to study an episode of aerosol pollution in Beijing from 15 to 19 November 2016. The potential effects of easterly and southerly winds on the surface concentrations and vertical profiles of the PM_2.5 pollution were investigated. Favorable easterly winds produced strong upward motion and were able to transport the PM_2.5 pollution at the surface to the upper levels of the atmosphere. The amount of surface PM_2.5 pollution transported by the easterly winds was determined by the strength and height of the upward motion produced by the easterly winds and the initial height of the upward wind. A greater amount of PM_2.5 pollution was transported to upper levels of the atmosphere by upward winds with a lower initial height. The pollutants were diluted by easterly winds from clean ocean air masses. The inversion layer was destroyed by the easterly winds and the surface pollutants and warm air masses were then lifted to the upper levels of the atmosphere, where they re-established a multi-layer inversion. This region of inversion was strengthened by the southerly winds, increasing the severity of pollution. A vortex was produced by southerly winds that led to the convergence of air along the Taihang Mountains. Pollutants were transported from southern–central Hebei Province to Beijing in the boundary layer. Warm advection associated with the southerly winds intensified the inversion produced by the easterly winds and a more stable boundary layer was formed. The layer with high PM_2.5 concentration became dee-per with persistent southerly winds of a certain depth. The polluted air masses then rose over the northern Taihang Mountains to the northern mountainous regions of Hebei Province.     

2015年11月沈阳地区一次PM2.5重污染过程综合分析

利用多源观测资料综合分析了2015年11月沈阳地区一次PM2.5 重污染天气的气象条件、垂直风场演变、大气边界层特征以及污染物的来源。结果表明:本次重污染过程中,沈阳市区PM2.5浓度长达81h超过250μg · m^-3 ,其中峰值浓度达到1287μg · m^-3 ,重污染期间PM2.5 /PM10 的比例最高为90%。受地面倒槽和黄淮气旋影响,近地面层持续存在的逆温层、高相对湿度和弱偏北风为颗粒物吸湿增长和长时间聚集提供有利的天气条件。风廓线雷达风场资料显示在重污染期间,近地面层存在弱风速区、凌乱风场和弱下沉气流。利用风廓线雷达资料计算了边界层通风量(Ventilation Index,VI)和局地环流指数(Recirculation,R),边界层通风量VI和PM2.5 存在明显的负相关,非污染日VI是重污染日的2倍,局地环流指数R在重污染天气前大于0.9,而在污染期间部分空间R小于0.8。通过后向轨迹模式和火点监测资料分析发现,沈阳上空300m高度气团来自于生物质燃烧区域,而且沈阳地区NO2和CO浓度的变化与PM2.5一致,说明本次重污染过程也可能和生物质燃烧有关。     

Characteristics of Boundary Layer Structure during a Persistent Haze Event in the Central Liaoning City Cluster,Northeast China

The characteristics of boundary layer structure during a persistent regional haze event over the central Liaoning city cluster of Northeast China from 16 to 21 December 2016 were investigated based on the measurements of particulate matter (PM) concentration and the meteorological data within the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). During the observational period, the maximum hourly mean PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations in Shenyang, Anshan, Fushun, and Benxi ranged from 276 to 355 μg m^–3 and from 378 to 442 μg m^–3, respectively, and the lowest hourly mean atmospheric visibility (VIS) in different cities ranged from 0.14 to 0.64 km. The central Liaoning city cluster was located in the front of a slowly moving high pressure and was mainly controlled by southerly winds. Wind speed (WS) within the ABL (< 2 km) decreased significantly and WS at 10-m height mostly remained below 2 m s^–1 during the hazy episodes, which was favorable for the accumulation of air pollutants. A potential temperature inversion layer existed throughout the entire ABL during the earlier hazy episode [from 0500 Local Time (LT) 18 December to 1100 LT 19 December], and then a potential temperature inversion layer developed with the bottom gradually decreased from 900 m to 300 m. Such a stable atmospheric stratification further weakened pollutant dispersion. The atmospheric boundary layer height (ABLH) estimated based on potential temperature profiles was mostly lower than 400 m and varied oppositely with PM_2.5 in Shenyang. In summary, weak winds due to calm synoptic conditions, strong thermal inversion layer, and shallow atmospheric boundary layer contributed to the formation and development of this haze event. The backward trajectory analysis revealed the sources of air masses and explained the different characteristics of the haze episodes in the four cities.     

“5.7”广州局地突发特大暴雨中尺度特征及成因分析

2017年5月7日广州局地突发特大暴雨,降水集中爆发于广州北部复杂地形区,单点小时雨量大、强降雨持续时间长。然而降水发生于副热带高压边缘、无明显的低空急流等天气系统配合,为弱强迫背景下的华南前汛期暴雨,加之珠三角地形复杂,其触发和组织维持机制等问题引起了气象科研和预报工作者的广泛关注。针对其降水特点,采用5 min自动气象站观测、分钟雨量、风廓线雷达、葵花8号气象卫星红外等高时空分辨率观测数据探讨中尺度对流系统的触发和组织维持过程,发现:中纬度入海高压南侧偏东风和低层切变系统为珠三角边界层南风风速辐合提供了有利的天气背景,喇叭口地形增强了风速辐合。小尺度地形辐射降温配合城市热岛在山前形成高温度梯度区,山风与南风对峙使地面辐合线在山前移速变慢有助于热带云团的生成。地形阻挡抬升和高温度梯度加强上升运动,南风风速脉动使云团迅速向山前移动,最终对流爆发。以暖云降水为主的对流系统产生弱冷池驱动对流系统连续传播,使强降水回波面积增大并在小尺度地形影响下稳定位于增城附近,产生极端小时雨强;中尺度对流系统的单体移动方向和传播方向近乎相反导致系统移动非常缓慢,后向传播明显,最终导致长时间强降水。      

中亚低涡背景下阿克苏地区一次强降水天气分析

为了加强对新疆暴雨过程的中尺度系统发展机理的认识,利用美国环境预测中心的FNL、欧洲中期数值预报中心的全球再分析资料、中国气象局提供的地面自动气象站观测资料、中国国家卫星气象中心提供的卫星辐射亮温（TBB）资料及WRF高分辨率数值模拟对2013年6月17—18日发生在新疆阿克苏地区的一次暴雨天气过程进行分析。结果表明,此次降水过程是发生在中高纬度“两脊一槽”的环流形势下,中亚低涡为这次暴雨的发生提供了有利的天气尺度动力及水汽条件;中亚低涡环流与天山南脉特殊地形造成的气流绕流叠加生成的中尺度辐合线是此次强降水的重要中尺度影响系统,山谷地形热力性质差异造成的下坡风推动辐合线移动,辐合线上发展的强对流引发了阿克苏地区的强降水。WRF模拟结果能够基本再现本次天气过程的降水落区、强度以及风场演变等。结合观测以及模拟资料进行的初步分析显示,西天山的阻挡导致偏南风在西天山南坡山谷附近产生堆积和辐合,山谷附近有局地的地形辐合线形成。同时,随着大尺度环流形势的调整,中亚低涡移动至阿克苏地区附近后,低涡南部的偏西气流一部分直接越过西天山变为西北风,另一部分穿过伊犁河谷转为东北风,这两支气流共同加剧了天山南脉阿克苏地区的偏北气流,促进了西天山南坡山谷附近中尺度辐合线的加强。辐合线以东的偏东气流带来的水汽在天山南脉前堆积,随着夜间山谷下坡风的增强作用,中尺度辐合线在向东南方向推进过程中不断发展加强,配合山脚堆积的水汽和辐合抬升,不稳定能量释放,对流发展,为阿克苏地区带来强降水天气。      

Extreme subsidence in the Agulhas-Benguela air mass transition

Analysis of three-dimensional wind profiles recorded by an acoustic sounder near Cape Town has indicated that extreme subsidence (-35 cm s^-1) is a mean feature throughout the atmospheric boundary layer (50–1000m) during summertime southerly winds. Over the SW Cape coast, the atmospheric subsidence translates into a N-S gradient of the mean summer water deficit (-20 to -32 cm month^-1). The rapid drying out of the air mass along a northward trajectory is linked to a number of factors including synoptic-scale divergence of the surface wind and the effects of the local orography which produce a hydraulic jump of the southerly wind. The along-coast reduction in sea surface temperature provides a major constraint on the height of the moist marine layer. As the depth of the marine air mass shrinks, its potential for inland penetration becomes limited. In addition, dry air is entrained towards the surface as evidenced by aerial survey data. A model is formulated which indicates the importance of the surface heat fluxes in reducing the depth of the Agulhas air mass as it passes northward over the SW tip of Africa during summer.     

山东大风天气的低频特征及机理分析

利用山东省122个国家级地面气象观测站的风速数据与欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）提供的ERA- Interim再分析数据,采用小波分析、带通滤波等方法对2015年9月—2020年9月山东的大风天气及相应的低频大气环流形势进行分析。结果表明,近几年山东的大风天气有増加的趋势,春季大风发生频次最多,秋季最少;山东半岛东部大风频次最多,鲁南地区最少;全年只有7月偏南大风站次较偏北大风多,其余月份多以偏北大风为主。山东大风具有显著的11~13 d与20~23 d的低频振荡周期。其中,春季大风以11~13 d的振荡周期为主,秋、冬季以20~23 d的振荡周期为主,夏季大风的振荡周期不明显。振荡周期的演变与大范围的大风过程有对应关系,大范围的大风过程大致发生在振荡的波峰处。春季偏北大风盛行时,多伴有经向风自北向南的传播。秋季大约以35°N为界,对流层中高层在35°N以北,经向风自南向北传播,35°N以南,则是自北向南传播,对流层中低层反之。山东春季大风产生之前,乌拉尔山东侧低频气旋与黄海上空低频反气旋同时出现并东移,之后衍生出华北低频反气旋与渤海低频气旋,这两个系统的加强促使华北上空偏北风加大,为山东大风的产生提供了可能。同时,华北地区经向风正距平逐渐被负距平所代替,是山东大风天气产生的又一先兆。     

The impact of weak synoptic forcing on the valley-wind circulation in the Alpine Inn Valley

This paper investigates the impact of weak synoptic-scale forcing on the thermally induced valley-wind circulation in the Alpine Inn Valley and one of its largest tributaries, the Wipp Valley. To this end, high-resolution numerical simulations with realistic topography but idealized large-scale atmospheric conditions are performed. The large-scale flow has a speed increasing linearly from 5 m s^?1 at sea level to 12.5 m s^?1 at tropopause level, but its direction is varied between each experiment. For reference, an experiment without large-scale winds is conducted as well. The results indicate that the sensitivity to ambient flow forcing differs substantially between the Inn Valley and the Wipp Valley. The valley-wind circulation of the Inn Valley is found to be fairly robust against weak ambient forcing, changing by a much smaller amount than the along-valley component of the imposed large-scale flow. The valley wind tends to be intensified (weakened) when the ambient flow is aligned with (opposite to) the local valley orientation. However, the flow response is complicated by larger-scale interactions of the ambient flow with the Alpine massif. Most notably, northerly and northwesterly flow is deflected around the Alps, leading to the formation of a low-level jet along the northern edge of the Alps which in turn affects the valley-wind circulation in the lower Inn Valley. For the Wipp Valley, which is oriented approximately normal to the Alpine crest line and constitutes a deep gap in the Alpine crest, two distinctly different flow regimes are found depending on whether the large-scale flow has a significant southerly component or not. In the absence of a southerly flow component, the valley-wind circulation is similarly robust against ambient forcing as in the Inn Valley, with a fairly weak response of the local wind speeds. However, southerly ambient flow tends to force continuous downvalley (southerly) wind in the Wipp Valley. The flow dynamics can then be described as a pressure-driven gap flow during the day and as a mixture between katabatic flow and gap flow during the night. The responsible pressure forcing arises from the larger-scale interaction of the ambient flow with the Alpine massif, with southerly flow causing lifting on the southern side of the Alps and subsidence in the north.     

Dynamic and thermal effects on surface airflow associated with southerly changes over the South Island,New Zealand

Summary The Southerly Change Experiment (SOUCHEX) was conducted to examine the influence of the New Zealand Southern Alps on the structure and evolution of cold fronts, locally called southerly changes, as they travel up the east coast. The extensive data obtained by the augmented surface weather station network is used to examine in detail the mesoscale wind field associated with the events observed during the experiment. A comparison of the wind fields observed during the different events illustrates the influence of local dynamic and thermal factors. In particular, lee trough-induced northeasterlies and thermally developed diurnal wind systems are seen to interact with the wind field created by the passage of the front over the Southern Alps.It is apparent that the wind field associated with southerly changes responds to a variety of factors as the cold fronts propagate northwards. For example, there is a tendency for the flow to turn onshore producing a southeast wind during daytime over the Canterbury Plains south of Banks Peninsula probably due to diabatic heating of the mountains and plains. This onshore flow is in direct opposition to pre-frontal foehn northwesterly flow which often continues in the mountain regions and aloft after the front has moved up the coast. The interaction of these air masses over Canterbury creates difficulties for local forecasting. Also, the nocturnal passage of a southerly change is often difficult to detect in surface anemograph traces because of the decoupling of the boundary layer air from that above, producing low level drainage flow over the Canterbury Plains. The overall effect is to create a complex mesoscale wind field resulting from interaction of cold fronts with regional orographic and thermal influences.With 8 Figures     

2019年广东前汛期连续暴雨与大气季节内振荡的联系

为了做好连续回流暴雨的中期与延伸期预报,采用小波分析、Lanczos时间滤波器等方法研究了2019年广东前汛期降水与大气季节内振荡的关系,分析了4～5月发生在西南部的两次连续回流暴雨的平均环流场及其低频传播特征的差异,并与6月广东北部锋面型连续暴雨进行对比分析。结果表明,4～5月两次以阳江为中心的西南部连续暴雨及前汛期降水均具有准23 d振荡,它们分别为有、无明显冷空气影响的连续回流暴雨且对应的大气环流场及低频传播特征具有明显的不同:4月12～14日连续回流暴雨期间,500 hPa中高纬度具有稳定的“西阻”和“东阻”,使冷空气不断地从东海入海高压的南部东移南下,925 hPa形成以阳江为中心相对干冷的强东南风与来自南海中南部从中南半岛转向的暖湿偏南风的辐合渐近线;而5月23～26日连续回流暴雨期间,500 hPa华东—东海—黄海为稳定高压坝,广东长时间处于高原槽前西南气流中,地面上处于东海出海变性高压脊西南部及北部湾西南低槽前,925 hPa形成以阳江为中心来自孟加拉湾的强偏南风与珠江口以东东南风的辐合渐近线。来自我国中部（东海以东）低频反气旋南侧（西南侧）逐渐加强南传的低频东北风（东南风）与从140°E附近的西太平洋西传（孟加拉湾东传）到广东并加强的低频北风（南风）汇合在广东西南部,并有（无）与从南海中北部北传的低频气旋北侧低频东风相遇,导致4月12～14日（5月23～26日）有（无）明显冷空气影响的连续回流暴雨发生。而6月广东北部为东亚深槽引导的冷空气与来自孟加拉强盛西南风交汇所产生的锋面型连续暴雨,来自我国中部、孟加拉湾分别逐渐加强向南、向东传播到达广东的低频西南风,与来自中纬度低频反气旋外围的干冷东北风交汇在江南或南海北部,导致广东北部6月9～13日连续暴雨的发生。     

A numerical model for estimation of the diurnal fluctuation of the inversion height due to a sea breeze

Vertical profiles of temperature, measured over the sea in the summer near the Eastern coast of the Mediterranean, show significant diurnal fluctuation in the height of the marine inversion. During the day, the inversion moved down and during the night it moved up. The fluctuation was about 250 m. Numerical simulations of the daily fluctuation in the height of the inversion during the summer day shows the following: Over the sea, during daytime, the inversion base sinks 250 m, and during the night, it rises back to its original height. The developing sea breeze during the day causes the air over the sea to move downward adiabatically. At night, the inversion rises mainly due to advection of cool stratified air (including an inversion at 480 m) from a long distance over the sea. Such diurnal fluctuations are observed 100 km off shore. This scale is determined by the scale of the sea breeze. Comparison of some of the model vertical profiles with the temperature profiles measured over the sea show a similar diurnal oscillation. The amplitude of the oscillation is the same.