基于基线信噪比估计台站性能参数与射电源流量密度

对于天体测量与大地测量VLBI观测,所选取射电源的强弱以及参加观测的台站系统的性能表现对其观测结果具有重要的影响。以基线信噪比为观测量建立观测方程,采用带约束条件的最小二乘估计方法,统一估算射电源的流量密度和台站的系统等效流量密度,从而对所选取射电源以及台站在VLBI观测中的性能表现进行评估。使用国际VLBI网观测数据验证了射电源流量密度及台站性能参数估计方法的正确性,并利用中国VLBI网实测数据评估了国内VLBI台站的性能表现。     

我国新一代VLBI数字基带转换器研制进展

数字化是目前设备研制发展的趋势,介绍了中国科学院上海天文台利用超大规模集成电路结合软件无线电技术,自主研发的我国新一代VLBI数字基带转换器(Chinese Data Acquisition System,简称CDAS).文中描述了设备的工作原理及其组成,并以VLBI观测实验数据证明其可行性.与原有的模拟设备(Anal...     

新疆天文台南山站DBBC2数字终端系统的建立

随着计算机数字技术的高速发展,甚长基线干涉仪测量(Very Long Baseline Interferometry,VLBI)所需的关键观测终端设备基带转换器(Base Band Converter,BBC)已从模拟系统(Analog BBC,ABBC)发展为数字系统(Digital BBC,DBBC)。相对于模拟系统,数字系统具有很高的灵活性,并能成倍提高VLBI观测带宽,进而能满足各种高灵敏度的观测需求。考虑到这些技术优势,以及新疆天文台南山站在国内和国际VLBI网中的重要作用,南山站2016年对VLBI终端系统进行了升级,引进了一套意大利Hat-Lab公司研发的DBBC2终端。介绍了DBBC2系统的主要构成模块和工作原理以及系统的组装、连接、配置、校准和调试方法。在对系统硬件和软件进行全面的检测和测试后,与国内和国际的主要台站开展了联合观测,并多次成功获得相关干涉条纹。这一系列的成功观测表明,南山DBBC2系统已成功安装,并具有很高的可靠性。应用新的DBBC2系统,南山站可参与2/4 Gbps的记录速率的宽带VLBI观测,极其有助于天文学家对宇宙中更暗弱的射电源开展毫角秒分辨率的成图观测。     

Mark5B格式器及10G网络传输系统在VLBI中的应用

由于遥远的天体发出的无线电信号极其微弱,信噪比极低,VLBI系统要想得到较高的测量精度,必须尽量加大测量带宽和提高采样位数,但是这样会导致VLBI终端(比如数字基带转换器)产生的观测数据激增。传统的VLBI终端数据传输系统采用VSI接口,数据最高传输速率限制在2 Gbps,且数据记录设备必须采用定制的Mark5B设备,极其不灵活,因此已经不能适应现在VLBI系统的观测需求。为了提高数据传输速率,增加数据记录设备的灵活性,上海天文台新研制的基于多相滤波器组和快速傅里叶变换方式的数字基带转换器的数据传输系统采用了高速灵活的10 G网络接口。10 G网络系统中数据传输采用报文交换方式,因此数据到达接收端的时间不是精确可靠的,这要求数据在进入10 G网络接口之前必须已经具有标准的VLBI数据格式,所以在10 G网络前端设计了Mark5B格式器。详细介绍了基于现场可编程门阵列的Mark5B格式器及10 G网络传输系统的设计原理,并在文章的最后通过三组实验验证了其功能的正确性和性能的稳定性。     

VLBI数字基带转换器的ADC负载性能研究

在研究VLBI数字基带转换器的基础上,对输入给ADC的信号的负载特性详细分析,给出了输入为正弦信号时的ENOB估算公式,分析了输入为天文信号时输入信号的能量对信噪比的影响,推算出了ADC最佳量化时对输入信号负载的要求.     

一种VLBI数字基带转换器的阈值计算方法及其FPGA实现

随着电子技术的进步,数字化的设备成为发展的趋势.在VLBI2010中定义了新型VLBI数据终端,新的系统使用数字逻辑电路完成VLBI的数据采集.数字基带转换器(Digital Base Band Converter,DBBC)是VLBI数据终端的核心部件,其功能是将射频接收机输出的宽带模拟中频信号数字化处理后,选取若干频道转换为基频信号.与模拟设备相比,其在带通特性、长基线条纹信噪比性能等方面有很大优势.其中经过基带转换后的信号需要通过自动增益控制(Auto Gain Control,AGC)模块进行阈值比较,得到2 bits量化信号作为输出.目前2 bits数字自动增益控制模块设置阈值的方法是基于传统的自动增益控制方法,即信号通过平方、累加和开方,计算出信号的平均功率,再通过平均功率得到阈值.提出了一种量化闽值计算的新方法,该方法通过统计数字信号各比特位的状态分布,并与原阈值进行比较,从而确定新阈值的相应比特位的值,使经阈值比较后的量化输出符合预定的比例.阈值随每N个输入信号的统计情况进行更新,从而实现2 bits动态量化.这种方法可以避免多位数据的平方、累加和开方的复杂计算,从而减少数字自动增益控制模块的资源占用.通过对其FPGA设计的仿真结果分析,验证了该方法的可行性.对2 bits量化原理及其量化误差分析的关键部分作了论述,并通过MATLAB计算出最佳量化门限和量化状态.     

PIMA软件在APSG测地VLBI数据处理中的应用

上海VLBI相关处理中心引进了一款国外新近研发的VLBI相关后处理软件PIMA,它在相位校准、复带通校准和条纹搜索等方面具有独到的优势,特别适合于射电源的成图和绝对天体测量。以亚太空间地球动力学计划(Asian Pacific Space Geodynamics,APSG)测地VLBI观测为样本,介绍了PIMA软件及配套数据分析软件VTD/Post-Solve的特点和处理流程。对PIMA获得的观测量文件以及国际VLBI天体测量和大地测量服务(International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry,IVS)常规数据处理获得的观测量文件,分别进行了台站坐标和射电源位置参数解算。二者的解算结果在测量误差范围内一致,且在低信噪比情况下,PIMA获得了更多的观测量。后续的APSG观测将包括更多数量的微弱射电源。PIMA软件有望在此类数据处理中发挥重要作用。     

射电源结构的研究和VLBI

在短短十九年里,VLBI技术已经发展为具有毫角秒高分辨率成图观测能力的独一无二的技术,对天体物理研究作出了相当大的贡献。VLBI系统将成为今后十到十五年里最有希望和最重要的射电天文观测设备。 本文从回顾射电望远镜发展的简史出发,说明VLBI已日益成为射电观测手段的主要发展方向之一;文章总结了VLBI功能发展的现状及其在主要探测领域——致密射电源的研究中所得到的观测结果的概貌,阐明在这样的背景和基础上,VLBI进一步发展的方向;最后简单介绍今后十来年里可能发展或建成的VLBI系统。     

空间VLBI与天文地球动力学

介绍了空间VLBI的精密定轨及其在天文地球动力学应用研究中的最新进展．指出因为空间VLBI的时延和时延率观测量同时涉及到射电参考系、动力学参考系和地固参考系,所以特别适合于参考系的直接连接工作．对为评价参考系连接的精度而发展的协方差分析理论也作了介绍,还分析了将时延和时延率资料用于精密定轨时遇到的困难及其解决办法．     

利用国内VLBI网跟踪大椭圆轨道卫星

2004年7月,昆明VLBI站经过改造,由上海、乌鲁木齐和昆明站组成的中国VLBI网(CVN)采用统一的MARK4格式编制器和CVN硬盘记录系统,对大椭圆轨道卫星“探测1号”的2圈轨道的共同可视弧段进行了跟踪观测．软件相关处理程序已成功地用于检测卫星遥测信号的干涉条纹和数据相关处理．采用基于条纹幅度的加权最小二乘条纹拟合方法,获得了卫星VLBI观测量及其精度估计,完成了卫星VLBI观测量的3基线闭合误差检验．应用河外射电源校准方法和多频点相位校正信号提取方法,进行了台站钟差和仪器延迟等系统误差改正．经系统差改正后的卫星VLBI观测量序列已用于“探测1号”卫星的轨道确定．     

A survey of orbits of co-orbitals of Mars

Many asteroids with a semimajor axis close to that of Mars have been discovered in the last several years. Potentially some of these could be in 1:1 resonance with Mars, much as are the classic Trojan asteroids with Jupiter, and its lesser-known horseshoe companions with Earth. In the 1990s, two Trojan companions of Mars, 5261 Eureka and 1998 VF₃₁, were discovered, librating about the L₅ Lagrange point, 60° behind Mars in its orbit. Although several other potential Mars Trojans have been identified, our orbital calculations show only one other known asteroid, 1999 UJ₇, to be a Trojan, associated with the L₄ Lagrange point, 60° ahead of Mars in its orbit. We further find that asteroid 36017 (1999 ND₄₃) is a horseshoe librator, alternating with periods of Trojan motion. This asteroid makes repeated close approaches to Earth and has a chaotic orbit whose behavior can be confidently predicted for less than 3000 years. We identify two objects, 2001 HW₁₅ and 2000 TG₂, within the resonant region capable of undergoing what we designate “circulation transition”, in which objects can pass between circulation outside the orbit of Mars and circulation inside it, or vice versa. The eccentricity of the orbit of Mars appears to play an important role in circulation transition and in horseshoe motion. Based on the orbits and on spectroscopic data, the Trojan asteroids of Mars may be primordial bodies, while some co-orbital bodies may be in a temporary state of motion.     

Equation of state and anisotropy of pressure of magnetars

Magnetars are the neutron stars with the highest magnetic fields up to 10¹⁵–10¹⁶ G. It has been proposed that they are also responsible for a variety of extra-galactic phenomena, ranging from giant flares in nearby galaxies to fast radio bursts. Utilizing a relativistic mean field model and a variable magnetic field configuration, we investigate the effects of strong magnetic fields on the equation of state and anisotropy of pressure of magnetars. It is found that the mass and radius of low-mass magnetars are weakly enhanced under the action of the strong magnetic field, and the anisotropy of pressure can be ignored. Unlike other previous investigations, the magnetic field is unable to violate the mass limit of the neutron stars.     

Estimation of the Time Scale of Merging of the Components of Contact Binaries of the W UMa Type

Time scales of the transition from contact binary systems of the W UMa type to single stars of the blue straggler type are estimated. A model of one-way mass transfer from the primary component to the companion inside a common envelope (Eggen et al.) and a model of a contact binary lying on the zero-age main sequence with a companion that is losing mass (F. van't Veer) are used to calculate these scales. The merging times of components were calculated for 304 contact systems of the W UMa type from the Catalog of Approximate Photometric and Absolute Elements of Eclipsing Variable Stars on a scale of loss of mass and orbital angular momentum due to magnetic braking, under the assumption of synchronization of the axial rotation and orbital revolution. On the basis of the resulting statistics, the characteristic merging scales are 0.4-0.6 and 0.5-0.7 Gyr, respectively, for the above two models. The results of a comparison with the work of other authors are discussed.     

淮河洪水的可公度性分析

分析了上两个世纪发生在淮河的洪水事件的可公度性，根据其可公度值及其黄金分割点指出1991年与2003年淮河洪水的不可避免，最后讨论了可公度性的局限及淮河洪水可公度值的可能机制。     

Modeling of lightcurves of binary asteroids

We present a numerical method for inverting long-period components of lightcurves of asynchronous binary asteroids. Data of five near-Earth binary asteroids, (175706) 1996 FG₃, (65803) Didymos, (66391) 1999 KW₄, (185851) 2000 DP₁₀₇ and (66063) 1998 RO₁, for two of them from more than one apparition, were inverted. Their mutual orbits' poles and Keplerian elements, size ratios, and ellipsoidal shape axial ratios were estimated via this inversion. The pole solutions and size ratios for 1999 KW₄ and 2000 DP₁₀₇ are in a good agreement with independent estimates from radar measurements. We show that uncertainties of estimates of bulk densities of binary systems can be large, especially when observed on short arcs.     

Investigation of Times of Minima of Selected Early-Type Eclipsing Binaries

New precise times of minimum light for several early-type eclipsing binaries were obtained at three observatories. The changes of period of the following measured binaries are discussed: V1182 Aql, LY Aur, SZ Cam, FZ CMa, QZ Car, LZ Cen, V606 Cen, AH Cep and TU~Mus.     

Flattening of galaxies of different morphological types in subclusters of Coma

This paper deals with the observed variation in the flattening of galaxies with the density of galaxies in the subclusters of Coma surrounding NGC 4889, NGC 4874, and NGC 4839 based on data from the Abastumani Combined Catalog of Galaxies. The mean values of the observed ratios of the diameters of the galaxies, as well as histograms of their distributions, indicate that in the central, dense regions of the subclusters within a volume of 0.5h ₇₅ ⁻¹ Mpc³, E and S0 type galaxies are close to spheroidal. A significant reduction in the mean values of the diameters of the galaxies in the subclusters is noted, regardless of their morphology relative to the galaxies in the halo of the Coma cluster. In the subclusters, spiral galaxies are found with a hydrogen deficit that is more than 5 times the hydrogen deficit in spirals within the halo of the cluster. According to their 3-D coordinates, most of the galaxies with a hydrogen deficit are located closer to the south-east edge of the subcluster surrounding NGC 4874 near an extended gas filament in the x-ray region. This may indicate that the subcluster is moving toward a central condensation of faint galaxies in the Coma cluster and a possible merger with it. __________ Translated from Astrofizika, Vol. 50, No. 3, pp. 355–368 (August 2007).     

Influence of Neutron Star Parameters on Evolutions of Different Types of Pulsar

Influences of the mass, moment of inertia, rotation, absence of stability in the atmosphere and some other parameters of neutron stars on the evolution of pulsars are examined. It is shown that the locations and evolutions of soft gamma repeaters, anomalous X-ray pulsars and other types of pulsar on the period versus period derivative diagram can be explained adopting values of B < 10¹⁴ G for these objects if they have smaller mass (e.g. about 0.5 Solar mass) compared to the conventionally adopted values of mass. This approach gives the possibility to explain many properties of different types of pulsar.     

基于STK的寿命末期GEO卫星轨道演化分析

地球同步轨道上的GEO卫星接近寿命末期时,星上的有效载荷和电子元器件等仍能正常应用,此时如果只做东西方向的位置保持,可以大幅度延长卫星的在轨工作寿命。简要介绍了引起GEO卫星轨道变化的主要摄动力,利用STK软件分析寿命末期GEO卫星的运动规律,并给出这类GEO卫星轨道演化的仿真分析流程,用以指导寿命末期GEO卫星的开发应用工作。