氧化还原敏感元素(Se,Cr,Mo)稳定同位素

由于同位素分析方法的改进及表面热离子质谱(TIMS)和多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱(MC-ICP-MS)的应用,近年来氧化还原敏感元素(Se、Cr、Mo)同位素地球化学得以快速发展,成为国际地学领域的一个前沿。Se同位素在自然界中的变化最大,δ82/76SeNIST为-12.77‰～3.04‰;Cr和Mo同位素变化较小,δ53/52CrNIST值为-0.07‰～0.37‰,δ97/95MoJMC值为-0.27‰～2.65‰。自然界中各种无机过程(氧化还原)和生物有机过程均能使Se、Cr、Mo产生同位素分馏。因此,这些氧化还原敏感元素同位素可以示踪环境污染源、矿床流体来源;解释古海洋与现代海洋中元素的自身循环,从而示踪古氧化还原环境的演化;解释地外撞击事件及宇宙行星演化;甚至在生物学等领域研究中取得了显著成效。虽然还存在一些问题但它们将可能成为地球科学中有巨大应用前景的一种新兴的地球化学工具。     

稳定氯同位素在水环境地球科学中的研究进展

氯元素广泛分布于地表水体和沉积物中,并在地表圈层之间进行迁移和转化等生物地球化学循环.氯元素有两种稳定同位素:35Cl和37Cl,其相对含量分别为35Cl=75.153%和37Cl=24.147%.氯离子在地表环境中通常没有价态变化,既不发生引起键能明显变化的氧化还原反应,也不明显参与生物作用,因此氯离子不会因元素迁移形态转变而改变同位素组成.但是,自然界中氯同位素37Cl和35Cl间存在较大的相对质量差,氯在蒸发结晶、离子扩散、渗透和对流混合等水体迁移过程中35Cl和37Cl的运移速度因其质量差而有所不同,致使氯同位素发生分馏[1].在蒸发沉积作用过程中,因37Cl相对35Cl有较大的键结合能,而优先进入固相(盐类沉积物)中.相对于其它轻稳定同位素(H、O、C)而言,稳定氯同位素的分馏并不明显,自然界中δ37Cl为-14‰～16‰,但大气圈、水圈和岩石圈的氯同位素组成大多集中在-2‰～2‰.近年来,氯同位素测定方法的改进大大提高了测试精度和准确度,使得氯同位素得以广泛应用于对蒸发盐、地下水体的演化、海水入侵、矿床形成过程中的成矿流体作用、氯代有机溶剂的分馏机理、人工合成与自然降解的有机物示踪等方面的研究[2～10].     

钼及钼同位素地球化学——同位素体系、测试技术及在地质中的应用

多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱(MC-ICP-MS)的广泛应用使过渡金属元素同位素地球化学的研究近年来获得蓬勃发展.利用元素双稀释剂法对钼同位素值进行校正,目前可以获得±0.1‰(2σ)的测试精度.自然界中钼同位素分馏δ98/95Mo可达～3‰,其分馏机制与环境的氧化-还原状态有关.在氧化环境下钼以MoO2/4-的形式与锰...     

岩浆-热液成矿系统中铁同位素地球化学研究现状

铁元素是岩浆-热液成矿系统中参与成矿的重要金属元素之一,岩浆-热液矿床中富铁矿物(黄铁矿、磁铁矿、黄铜矿、磁黄铁矿、斑铜矿、毒砂、菱铁矿)的δ⁵⁶Fe值变化较大(-2.07‰～+1.58‰),指示铁同位素在岩浆演化、流体出溶和热液演化过程中均存在明显的分馏,因此,在约束岩浆-热液成矿系统中成矿金属的迁移-富集-沉淀过程和示踪成矿物质来源方面具有巨大的应用潜力。通过整理和分析前人研究资料,文章总结了岩浆-热液成矿系统岩浆演化、流体出溶和热液演化过程中铁同位素地球化学行为的研究现状。岩浆演化过程中铁同位素会发生显著分馏,如部分熔融过程中,熔体相比残余固相富集重铁同位素;矿物分离结晶会引起残余熔体铁同位素组成的变化,主要受含Fe²⁺或Fe³⁺矿物结晶的影响,如磁铁矿分离结晶会导致残余熔体铁同位素组成变轻,总体反映岩浆氧化还原状态对铁同位素分馏的主要控制作用,因此,含矿岩体铁同位素组成及其变化可用于确定岩浆的氧化还原状态。流体出溶是含矿岩浆演化成为岩浆热液矿床的关键过程,出溶流体相对于母岩富集轻铁同位素,但实验研究表明出溶流体铁...     

铊同位素及环境示踪研究进展

近年来随着多道接收电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(MC-ICPMS)的广泛应用,铊(Tl)同位素成为当前非传统同位素地球化学研究热点之一。本文综述了Tl同位素的最新研究进展。Tl是自然界迄今为止发现的具有同位素自然分馏效应的最重的元素之一。自然界中Tl同位素分馏值ε205Tl(ε205Tl指样品与标准物质NIST SRM 997 Tl的205Tl/203Tl值的万分偏差)的变化为-6.8~+4.8,陨石中ε205Tl值为-18.8~+29.7。Tl同位素可用于示踪低温过程中的物质迁移、海洋沉积物沉积过程等,也可用于指示古气候的变化,以及佐证特定时期有机碳输出量。因此,Tl同位素可为深入了解局域海洋沉积环境的氧化还原条件、碳循环和海洋化学演化等提供新信息,将在地学与环境科学研究中得到广泛应用。     

过渡族金属元素同位素分析方法及其地质应用

由于同位素分析方法的改进和多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱仪 (MC ICP MS)的应用 ,近年来过渡族金属元素 (Cu ,Zn和Fe)同位素地球化学有了长足进步 ,成为国际地学领域的一个前沿研究方向。Cu同位素在自然界中的变化最大 ,δ65Cu值为 - 3.70‰～ +2 .0 5‰ ;Zn和Fe同位素变化比Cu同位素变化小 ,δ66Zn值为 - 0 .6 4‰～ +1.16‰ ,而δ56Fe值为 - 1.6 2‰～ +0 .91‰。自然界中各种无机过程 (从高温到低温 )和生物有机过程均能使Cu ,Zn和Fe同位素发生分馏。Cu、Zn和Fe在自然界中广泛分布于各类矿物、岩石、流体和生物体中 ,并广泛参与成岩成矿作用、热液活动和生命活动过程。因此 ,这些过渡族金属元素同位素已在陨石和宇宙化学、矿床学 ,海洋学和生物学等领域的研究中取得了显著成效 ,并将成为地球科学中具有巨大应用前景的一种新的地球化学手段。     

硒同位素地球化学研究进展与应用

多接收杯电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(MC ICPMS)与氢化物发生系统(HG)在线联机自动测样的实现,极大提高了硒(Se)同位素的分析精度和效率,推进了Se同位素地球化学的发展。本文综述了Se稳定同位素研究的最新进展及其在地质与环境中的应用。自然界中Se同位素(δ82/76Se)的变化范围可达-12.40‰~11.37‰。其同位素分馏主要取决于硒氧阴离子团的氧化还原反应,而地表水体与氧化海洋环境中的硒同位素分馏极可能与铁氧化物吸附、浮游生物的吸收有关,均可引起约1‰的分馏,且在吸附/吸收相中均倾向富集Se的轻同位素。黑色岩系中Se同位素尚未明确对古海洋还原环境的指示,但近地表中Se同位素存在的强烈分馏,指示大陆地表发生的氧化还原事件极可能导致Se同位素的明显分馏,使河流相倾向富集Se的重同位素。因此,Se同位素有可能成为了解局域至区域沉积环境的氧化还原条件以及古海洋化学演化的潜在指标。随着其分馏机制的进一步阐明,Se同位素有可能在地球、环境与生命科学中得到更为广泛的应用。     

铜同位素地球化学及研究新进展

多接收杯电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(MC-ICPMS)的应用极大地提高了铜(Cu)同位素的分析精度和效率,推进了铜同位素地球化学的发展和应用。文中对Cu同位素地球化学进行了全面的综述,并更新了铜同位素研究的最新进展及其在地质与环境过程中的应用。自然界中铜同位素(δ65Cu)的变化范围可达20‰以上,高温下铜同位素分馏较小,而在低温条件下,铜同位素能产生巨大的同位素分馏,其主要取决于低温下铜的氧化还原反应。作为最重要的金属成矿元素之一、重要的重金属元素和重要的挥发性元素,铜同位素在矿床地球化学、环境地球化学和天体化学领域均显示了巨大的应用潜力。     

锡同位素的理论研究及应用

随着多接收质谱仪分析技术的进步,锡同位素的理论研究和应用取得了巨大的进展,本文综述了锡同位素的研究进展及其应用.由于双稀释剂法与多接收电感耦合等离子质谱仪的结合,使得锡同位素分析的外部精度可达0.03‰以上,比热电离质谱仪高了一个数量级,分析测试精度明显提高.目前,己识别出地幔(δ122/118Sn:0.33‰～ 0.65‰)和地壳(δ122/118Sn:0.16‰～0.43‰)样品具有明显不同的锡同位素组成,并发现氧化还原、气液分离、部分熔融和结晶分异等地质过程均有明显的锡同位素分馏.作为新兴的非传统稳定同位素的一员,锡同位素已经在揭示成矿过程,制约行星的演化和青铜器的鉴伪等方面展现了独特的优势.随着人们对锡同位素分馏机理研究的不断深入,锡同位素在地质学、行星科学和考古学等领域将会得到更加广泛的应用.     

钒同位素地球化学综述

钒是一个重要的第一行过渡族金属元素,由于其独特的多价态性质,且在地球的各个圈层广泛分布,因此钒元素的丰度变化被广泛用来研究和氧化还原反应相关的地球化学过程。随着基于多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(MC-ICP-MS)的同位素分析技术的发展,钒同位素地球化学的研究也取得初步进展。目前的观测已经初步确定硅酸盐地球的钒同位素组成及其和陨石钒同位素组成的差异,这个差异为了解地球最初的物质来源和形成过程提供了新的制约。对高温岩石样品的测量发现钒同位素在岩浆分离结晶过程中存在显著分馏,因此钒同位素是潜在的研究高温岩浆过程的物理化学条件特别是氧化还原状态的新工具。推测低温下同位素的分馏应更显著,因此钒同位素在环境和生物地球化学领域也有望得到更广泛的应用。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Late Wuchiapingian (Late Dzhulfian,early Late Permian) limestone olistolites within the Tertiary flysch of Glypia Unit (Mount Parnon,central–eastern Peloponnesus,Greece)

Some olistolites reworked in a Tertiary flysch of Mount Parnon (Peloponnesus, Greece) exhibit a Late Permian assemblage, dominated by Paradunbarula (Shindella) shindensis, Hemigordiopsis cf. luquensis and Colaniella aff. minima. This association corresponds to the Late Wuchiapingian (=Late Dzhulfian), a substage whose algae and foraminifera are generally little known. Contemporaneous limestones crop out in the middle part of the Episkopi Formation in Hydra, but they are rather commonly reworked in Mesozoic and Cainozoic sequences. The palaeobiogeographical affinities shared by the foraminiferal markers of Greece, southeastern Pamir, and southern China, are very strong (up to the specific level), and are congruent with the Pangea B reconstructions. To cite this article: E. Skourtsos et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 925–931.     

PALEONTOLOGY

正20141596 Liu Yunhuan(School of Earth Sciences and Resources,Chang’an University,Xi’an 710054,China);Shao Tiequan Early Cambrian Quadrapyrgites Fossils of Xixiang Boita in Southern Shaanxi Province(Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,ISSN1672-6561,CN61-1423/P,35(3),2013,p.39-43,3 illus.,20 refs.)     

GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION

正20141719 Chen Zhijun(State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China);Chen Jianguo Automated Batch Mapping Solution for Serial Maps:A Case Study of Exploration Geochemistry Maps(Journal of Geology,ISSN1674-3636,CN32-1796/P,37(3),2013,p.456-464,2 illus.,2 tables,10 refs.)     

MICROPALAEONTOLOGY

正20140962 Chen Fenning(Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources,Xi’an710054,China);Chen Ruiming Late Miocene-Early Pleistocene Ostracoda Fauna of Gyirong Basin,Southern Tibet(Acta Geologica Sinica,ISSN0001-5717,CN11-1951/P,87(6),2013,p.872-886,6illus.,56refs.)     

PETROLOGY

正1.IGNEOUS PETROLOGY20142008Cai Jinhui(Wuhan Center,China Geological Survey,Wuhan 430205,China);Liu Wei Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Mineralization Significance of Granodiorites from Fuzichong Pb-Zn Deposit,Guangxi,South China(Geology and Mineral Resources of South China,ISSN1007-3701,CN42-1417/P,29(4),2013,p.271-281,7illus.,     

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY

正20141205Cheng Weiming(State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China);Xia Yao Regional Hazard Assessment of Disaster Environment for Debris Flows:Taking Jundu Mountain,Beijing as an     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20141266Fan Chaoyan(Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Geological Processes,Guangzhou 510275,China);Wang Zhenghai On Error Analysis and Correction Method of Measured Strata Section with Wire Projection Method(Journal of