求水山隧道下穿机荷高速段新奥法施工有限元计算

结合求水山隧道的暗挖法施工方案,对软土地区浅埋隧道下穿高速公路的施工过程进行了有限元模拟,以用于评价按该施工方案施工时对其上部高速公路的影响。由于该段隧道最小埋深仅4 m,且上部还有高速公路车辆荷载,因此,在设计时采用了新奥法结合管棚工法的方案。有限元建模使用平面应变单元,通过引入应力释放分析步和使用追踪单元等方法充分体现了新奥法的特点,并通过设置耦合和弹簧的方法实现了管棚工法的模拟,在计算中还考虑了开挖顺序和支护顺序的影响。研究结果表明：对于上部有荷载的浅埋暗挖隧道,控制衬砌的水平向变形能改善衬砌环的工作状态,因此,可显著减少开挖引起的隧道顶面沉降,新奥法结合管棚工法可较好地控制该类型隧道开挖引起的地表沉降变形。     

高速公路连拱隧道开挖地表沉降研究

对隧道开挖引起的地表沉降模型进行总结,详细地调查和分析了金丽温高速公路红枫连拱隧道工程区的地质特征,系统研究了在偏压条件下连拱隧道开挖引起的地表沉降规律,对红枫隧道开挖引起的地表沉降进行研究,建立了偏压条件下连拱隧道分步开挖引起的地表沉降预测模型,对不同开挖工况下的差异沉降进行分析,证明该预测模型比较真实的反映了在偏压及浅埋条件下连拱隧道开挖引起的地表沉降规律,为浅埋连拱隧道开挖过程中防止地表过度变形提供理论基础。     

2D Tunnel Numerical Investigation: The Influence of the Simplified Excavation Method on Tunnel Behaviour

Tunnel excavation is a three-dimensional (3D) problem. However, despite recent advances in computing resources, 3D models are still computationally inefficient and two-dimensional (2D) simulations are therefore often used. Modelling the tunnelling process in a 2D plane strain analysis requires a specific approach that allows a 3D tunnelling effect to be taken into consideration. As far as the urban tunnels are concerned, most cases reported in the literature have focused on estimating the applicability of these equivalent approaches that are based on the evaluation of the settlement that develops on the ground surface, without considering the influence of segment joints. The main objective of this study was to provide a 2D numerical investigation to highlight the influence of two equivalent approaches, that is, the convergence-confinement method (CCM) and the volume loss method (VLM), on the behaviour of a tunnel built in an urban area, in terms of not only the surface settlement but also the structural lining forces, taking into account the effect of segment joints. A technique that can be used to simulate the tunnel wall displacement process, based on the principles of the VLM, has been developed using the FLAC^3D finite difference program (Itasca in FLAC fast Lagrangian analysis of continua, version 4.0; User’s manual, http.itascacg.com, 2009). A comparison with 3D numerical results has been introduced to estimate the precision of these 2D equivalent approaches. The results have shown a significant influence of the tunnel boundary deconfinement technique and segment joints on the tunnel lining behaviour and surface settlements. The structural forces obtained by means of the CCM are often smaller than those determined with the VLM for the same surface settlement. Generally, the structural lining forces determined by the CCM are in better agreement with the 3D numerical results than the ones obtained with the VLM. However, in order to obtain an accurate estimation of the structural forces, the impact of the construction loads during tunnelling should be taken into account.     

建筑物对浅埋隧道开挖地表沉降的影响

采用解析法研究穿越地表建筑物浅埋隧道开挖引起的地表沉降。由无建筑物时岩土体开挖引起的地表沉降公式及半无限平面在均布荷载下的相对沉陷,推导出了穿越地表建筑物浅埋隧道施工引起的地表沉降公式,并通过实例验证了此方法的可行性。采用上述方法研究了地表建筑物的重量及其与浅埋隧道位置关系对地表沉降的影响,研究结果表明：浅埋隧道开挖引起的地表沉降随建筑物重量的增大而增大;建筑物中心到隧道轴线的水平距离是对地表沉降的一个重要影响因素,超过一定范围时建筑物的存在对地表沉降的影响可以忽略不计。研究结果可为类似隧道工程提供一定参考。     

软土地层TBM开挖面支护压力计算模型及可视化

隧道掘进机（TBM）近年来在世界范围内得到了广泛应用,通常通过完全充满压力仓的泥土或泥浆来支护开挖面。但在较差的地层和水力条件下,开挖面失稳时有发生。事实上,TBM开挖面的支护压力的大小直接决定了施工安全及地表变形。基于所建立的开挖面支护压力计算模型,并考虑复合地层下土体分层带来的影响,通过计算机编程方法,建立了界面友好、使用便捷的开挖面支护压力可视化计算平台(TBM Studio);并结合阿拉斯加隧道、钱江隧道工程实例进行了不同模型结果的验证分析,给出了各模型计算结果的差异性;讨论了软土复合地层条件下,土体自稳性对开挖面稳定的影响,认为软土地层中定量确定有效支护压力和水头高度至关重要,研究为正确评价TBM开挖面稳定性提供了相应的计算模型。     

邻近建筑物的暗挖隧道施工数值模拟

软土中采用暗挖法开挖隧道往往会引起土体变形,由于城市中暗挖隧道多建在建筑物高度集中的地区,土体变形对邻近既有建筑物的损伤不容忽视。采用二维有限元方法对邻近中、低层建筑物(采用整体基础)工况下的暗挖隧道施工进行了模拟和分析,建筑物长15 m。研究结果表明：建筑物的存在会增大隧道开挖引起的地面沉降和衬砌的受力与变形,同时隧道开挖也会使邻近建筑物产生附加应力和变形。当隧道轴线与建筑物轴线的水平距离 0 m时,建筑物相对安全;当 时,建筑物会产生朝向隧道一侧的倾斜。当 为2.5～20 m时,产生较大的地面沉降,建筑物的首尾沉降差较大,建筑物较危险;当 为30～40 m时,建筑物的存在对隧道施工的影响较小;当 40 m时,建筑物的存在对隧道施工的影响可以忽略不计。由于基础的存在,建筑物的最大弯矩、轴力和剪力的变化量较小,增大量在10 %以内。     

西安地铁隧道穿越饱和软黄土地段的地表沉降监测

以西安地铁一号线朝阳门站一康复路站区段饱和软黄土地铁隧道为研究对象,通过施工期现场地表沉降变形监测,分析了在饱和软黄土特殊地层条件下隧道浅埋暗挖法施工引起的该区段地表沉降变形规律以及地表沉降槽分布特征。结果表明：在饱和软黄土隧道开挖时,随着掌子面的推进,隧道顶地表沉降可分为沉降微小阶段、沉降显著发展阶段、沉降缓慢阶段和沉降稳定阶段;单线隧道开挖后的最大地表沉降量为18．89mm,双线隧道开挖后的最大地表沉降量为36．4mm;已开挖隧道对围岩土体的扰动作用使得后开挖隧道的地表沉降发展较大;双线隧道的地表沉降槽宽度接近单线隧道沉降槽宽度的2倍,因此可以将其近似为单线隧道地表沉降槽宽度与双线隧道轴线中点距离之和;单线隧道开挖后地表沉降槽宽度为8．4～9．3m,双线隧道开挖后地表沉降槽宽度为16．2～17．5m;隧道开挖施工的沉降槽宽度参数为0．435～0．467,单线隧道开挖后的地层损失率为0．765％～1．324％,双线隧道开挖后的地层损失率为1．231％～2．200％。     

Numerical analysis of pile response to open face tunnelling in stiff clay

Three-dimensional (3D) finite element analyses have been performed to study the behaviour of a single pile and 3 × 3 and 5 × 5 pile groups during open face tunnelling in stiff clay. Several governing factors, such as tunnelling-induced ground and pile settlement, axial pile force changes and shear transfer mechanism at the pile–soil interface, have been studied in detail. Tunnelling resulted in the development of pile head settlement larger than the free-field soil surface settlement. In addition, axial force distributions along the pile change substantially due to changes in the shear transfer between the pile and the soil next to the pile, which triggers tunnelling-induced tensile forces in the piles with tunnel advancement. It was found that the relative displacements and the normal stresses at the pile–soil interface drastically affected shear transfer. The extent of slip length along a pile increased as the tunnelling proceeded. The apparent allowable pile capacity was reduced by up to approximately 42% due to the development of tunnelling-induced pile head settlement. Shear stress on the pile was increased for most of the pile depth with tunnel advancement, which was associated with changes in soil stresses and ground deformation, and hence, the axial pile force was gradually reduced with tunnel advancement, indicating the development of tunnelling-induced tensile pile force. The maximum tunnelling-induced tensile force on the pile was approximately 0.33P_a, where P_a is the allowable pile capacity applied to the pile head prior to tunnel excavation. The range affected by tunnelling in the longitudinal direction may be identified as approximately −2D ∼ +(1.5–2.0D), where D is the tunnel diameter, from the pile centre (behind and ahead of the pile axis), in terms of pile settlement and axial pile force changes based on the analysis conditions assumed in the current study. Larger pile head settlements and smaller changes in axial pile forces were computed for piles that were part of groups. It has been found that the serviceability of piles experiencing adjacent tunnelling is more affected by pile settlement than by axial pile force changes, in particular for piles inside groups. The magnitude of the tunnelling-induced excess pore pressure was small and may not substantially affect pile behaviour.     

软岩浅埋隧道施工工法比选

目前在高速公路软岩浅埋隧道施工中均不同程度地出现了围岩坍塌、地表产生大面积沉降等问题。广福隧道某浅埋段,地质条件复杂,断面大、岩性差,受构造影响比较严重,而且顶板厚度比较薄,易发生坍塌、冒顶现象。为确保浅埋段隧道的施工安全,尽量减少隧道开挖引起的地层沉降和围岩变形,采用FLAC3D对4种施工工法全断面法、短台阶法、单侧壁导坑法和双侧壁导坑法进行模拟,分析了4种工法下地表沉降、隧道围岩周边位移和塑性区的变化特点,选出一种技术可行、经济合理的施工工法,得出一些有意义的结论。     

西格二线关角隧道浅埋砂层段施工技术及力学效应研究

关角隧道是西（宁）格（尔木）二线的控制性工程,在隧道入口处存在长约450 m的砂层,施工难度较大。由于在3台阶施工中出现了冒顶事故,故提出了4台阶施工的设想,并利用三维数值计算模拟了4台阶开挖支护过程,揭示了隧道的空间变形、地表沉降和初支受力特征。通过与3台阶施工模拟结果对比证实了4台阶方案的优越性;现场施工和变形量测结果表明,采用大拱脚断面形式和超短四台阶施工方案,施作长大水平超前管棚、设置临时钢横撑、缩短仰拱封闭距离等是保证大断面浅埋砂层隧道安全施工的有效方法,对其他类似工程施工提供了宝贵的工程经验。     

膨胀土地基中隧道施工对群桩影响研究

在膨胀土地基中进行隧道对群桩影响的三维离心模型试验研究,目标地层损失比为2%,着重研究引起的地基沉降槽、桩的附加沉降、附加弯矩、轴力的变化规律。试验得出：隧道开挖沉降槽空间效应明显;隧道开挖从-0.75D至1.25D时,桩附加沉降呈线性增长,隧道开挖至1.25D以后,桩依然沉降明显。前桩与后桩沉降值不同,桩帽会出现倾斜;前桩上部出现负附加弯矩而下部出现正附加弯矩,而后桩仅在下部出现正附加弯矩;前桩附加弯矩最大值出现在隧道轴线附近,且比后桩附加弯矩大得多;前桩附加轴力随着隧道的开挖而增加,且每步最大值在隧道轴线附近。后桩的轴力也随隧道的开挖而增加,但每步最大值出现在桩顶附近。     

砂土中隧道施工对相邻垂直连续管线位移影响的模型试验研究

隧道施工会对邻近管线造成危害,但目前对土体位移与管线位移两者之间的关系还没有清晰的认识。针对这一问题,设计砂土中考虑不同管线管径、埋深及抗弯刚度的3组隧道施工模型试验,分析垂直下穿隧道施工过程中砂土和管线位移规律。研究结果表明,Vorster修正高斯公式能较好地拟合砂土沉降分布,其控制参数?值在0.2～1.0之间变化,且与地层埋深成正比;土体沉降槽宽度系数i对管线变形有较大影响,埋深相同的条件下管线抗弯刚度与沉降值成反比;深埋管线的变形主要受上拱效应支配,且管径越大上拱效应越明显,而下拉效应主要支配着浅埋管线的位移;Smax /i为影响管土相对位移一个关键参数,在此基础上提出了修正的管土相对刚度计算公式。     

A numerical Round Robin on tunnels under seismic actions

Although the seismic behaviour of shallow circular tunnels in soft ground is generally safer than aboveground structures, some tunnels were recently damaged during earthquakes. In some cases, damage was associated with strong ground shaking and site amplification, which increased the stress level in the tunnel lining. Pseudo-static and simplified dynamic analyses enable to assess transient changes in internal forces during shaking. Nevertheless, experimental evidences of permanent changes in internal loads in the tunnel lining would suggest that a full dynamic analysis including plastic soil behaviour should be performed when modelling the dynamic interaction between the tunnel and the ground. While sophisticated numerical methods can be used to predict seismic internal forces on tunnel structures during earthquakes, the accuracy of their predictions should be validated against field measurements, but the latter are seldom available. A series of centrifuge tests were therefore carried out at the University of Cambridge (UK) on tunnel models in sand, in the framework of a research project funded by the Italian Civil Protection Department. A numerical Round Robin on Tunnel Tests was later promoted among some research groups to predict the observed behaviour by means of numerical modelling. In this paper, the main results of five selected numerical predictions are summarized and compared with the experimental results.     

Interpretation of Soil–Cement Properties and Application in Numerical Studies of Ground Settlement Due to Tunneling Under Existing Metro Line

Uncertainty of properties of improved soft ground with chemical grouting often results in discrepancy between simulated results and observed data and makes prediction for ground subsidence difficult. It also made practice usually adopts unconfined compressive strength of soil–cement mixtures as design control criterion. This paper presents a methodology to interpret the strength and deformation parameters from unconfined compressive strength of soil–cement mixtures for advanced numerical analysis which is widely used in reinforcing the soft ground and pre-supporting excavation. Observed data are used to compare with the simulated results and validate the interpretations. Numerical experiments with two-dimensional finite element model for covered undercutting of large cross-sectional twin tunnel under an existing subway station are presented. Issues with respect to design and construction of excavation that potentially affect the ground surface subsidence are explored. It was found that the ground subsidence caused by tunneling in soil–cement medium under existing subway station is similar to that in a greenfield site but with flatter settlement trough. Unconfined compressive strength of soil–cement mixtures ranging from 1.5 to 2.0 MPa can significantly reduce the settlement to an acceptable control criterion. Settlement magnitude is influenced by pillar width but not obviously by the location of umbrella arch installed in twin tunnels.     

Time-dependent ground movements induced by shield tunneling in soft clay: a parametric study

In this work, the effects of coupled hydromechanical (consolidation) processes associated with shield tunneling excavation in soft clays are investigated with particular attention to the prediction of ground movements at the ground surface. A series of 2d FE analyses have been carried out in parametric form in order to investigate the effects of tunnel excavation velocity relative to the soil consolidation rate and the hydraulic boundary conditions at the tunnel boundary. The shield advancement process has been simulated with a simplified procedure incorporating both volume loss and ovalization of the tunnel section. In order to investigate the relative importance of soil consolidation during the excavation process, different characteristic times for the tunnel face advancement and for the consolidation process around the tunnel have been considered, for the two limiting conditions of fully permeable liner and impervious liner. The potential damage induced by the tunnel excavation on existing structures, based on computed ground surface distortions and horizontal deformations, has been found to vary significantly with time during the consolidation process. The results of the simulations allowed to obtain useful information on the minimum tunnel face advancement speed for which the assumption of fully undrained conditions for the soil during the excavations is acceptable, as well as on the speed range for which solving the fully coupled hydromechanical problem is necessary.     

既有桩基荷载对邻近浅埋隧道开挖效应及支护内力影响的研究

建立了包括地层模型、桩基荷载模型、浅埋隧道开挖模型和支护模型以及桩基荷载、地层压力、地层沉降、支护应变量测装置的平面应变模型试验系统;通过模型试验,研究了不同水平、竖向相对位置处的既有桩基荷载对附近浅埋隧道开挖引起的地层压力重分布、地层沉降及隧道支护内力的影响特征。另外,采用FLAC3D软件,对模型试验及不同工况进行了数值模拟。结果表明：（1）与没有桩基荷载的自由地层中的隧道开挖试验相比较,地层中的既有桩基荷载会明显地改变邻近浅埋隧道开挖引起的地层压力重分布、地层沉降及隧道支护内力;（2）对于桩径和水平相对距离都相同,但桩长不同的桩基荷载,桩长与隧道埋深比值为1.0时,对隧道开挖效应影响最大,二者比值小于1.0时,其影响程度随着比值的减小而减小,二者比值大于1.0时,桩长的改变对隧道开挖效应影响较小;（3）对于桩径和桩长都相同的桩基荷载,对地层压力、地层沉降及支护内力的影响随桩基荷载与隧道的水平距离的减小而增大,桩基荷载距隧道的水平距离与隧道直径比值介于0.5～4.0时,桩基荷载对隧道开挖效应影响较大,隧道较危险,比值介于4.0～6.0时,影响较小,比值＞6.0时,影响可以忽略不计。     

浅埋大跨隧道施工爆破监测与减震技术

以沪-蓉线庙垭分岔隧道工程为背景,研究了其浅埋大跨段掘进爆破的地表震动效应及大断面开挖减震控制技术,并结合爆破监测数据的回归分析,确立了地震波垂向衰减规律的数学模型。综合分析地表及洞内地震波的震动特性发现,地表质点振动主振频率主要集中在低频段;由于表土的滤波作用,主振频率随距离的增加而减小的趋势并不明显;洞内混凝土衬砌减弱了爆破对围岩的冲击,高频地震波衰减极快;开挖区上部的地表振速通常大于未开挖区的振速,浅埋大跨隧道爆破安全控制应以已开挖区顶部的地表振速为准。     

A discrete numerical approach for modeling face stability in slurry shield tunnelling in soft soils

In this paper, a numerical simulation method for evaluating tunnelling-induced ground movement is presented. The method involves discrete element simulation of TBM slurry shield advancement and considers explicitly soil excavation from the face, effects of varying face support pressure, and the influence of tunnel cover depth. For the cases studied, it is found that for tunnel cover depths (C/D) between 0.7 and 2.1, ground deformations inducing by the tunnelling can be controlled within a certain extent and tunnel face stability can ensured, provided the support pressure ratio (N) lies between 0.8 and 1.5. The proposed method is reasonably benefited to modeling the face stability in shield-driven tunnels in soft soils.     

隧道斜交穿越地裂缝的模型试验研究

西安地区由北向南间隔分布有十多条近东西走向的地裂缝,建设中的多条地铁线路与地裂缝呈斜交状态。为了揭示地铁隧道斜交穿越地裂缝时受地裂缝活动而产生的力学性状变化,采用50:1几何相似比尺的物理模型试验仪,在合理模拟围岩地层、衬砌结构、应力条件、地裂缝与洞轴线交角及其错动位移基础上,开展了斜交地裂缝活动条件下隧道衬砌结构与围岩相互作用的物理模型试验研究,并与正交地裂缝活动下的测试结果进行了对比分析。表明斜交地裂缝活动对地铁隧道的影响范围更大,各变形缝均有明显的沉降差发展;邻近斜交地裂缝的衬砌结构易处于“悬臂梁”受力状态,衬砌结构不均匀沉降使其产生旋转位移,围岩土压力变化使衬砌结构内力产生显著变化;随着地裂缝错动位移的发展,上盘内拱顶和下盘拱顶、拱底出现围岩作用的加强,而上盘拱底出现围岩作用的松弛。与隧道正交穿越地裂缝的情况比较,斜交穿越地裂缝时围岩土压力和衬砌结构内力变化更大,易出现拉裂破坏。