陕北地区生态环境建设与水资源合理开发利用问题研究

在论述陕北地区自然地理、地质地貌特征基础上，分析研究了陕北地区在经济建设中突出的生态环境问题，论证了生态环境与水资源之间的关系。根据陕北地区自然地理特征，提出了生态环境建设的方向和措施，以及水资源合理开发利用的建议。     

水资源配置中生态环境需水问题探讨

一、研究生态环境用水的目的和意义 水是生命之源,万物之本。陆地水文过程与生态环境变化相互作用、相互影响。生态环境质量直接关系到区域水文状况与水文环境的好坏,而区域水文情势则对生态平衡起到重要的调节作用。长期以来,在水资源开发利用中往往没有考虑生态环境保护和改善的水资源分配问题,致使一些地区的生态环境出现退化,     

改革我国水资源使用制度

水资源是社会经济可持续发展的决定性因素.在我国西北地区由于缺水,沙枣林大面积枯死,灌木林严重衰败,植被减少;沙漠化、盐碱化不断扩大,绿洲逐渐被吞噬.可见,水资源是生态环境中最敏感的环境因子.     

胶东半岛地下水库水资源调蓄研究

胶东半岛是山东省的缺水地区,建设地下水库是提高该区水资源供应能力和改善生态环境的有效措施。该文系统分析了在胶东半岛建设地下水库的可行性及其水资源和生态环境意义,认为该区建设地下水库可大幅度提高水资源调蓄能力,解除海水入侵之患,生态环境得以逐步改善,其水资源效益、环境效益十分明显。     

基于虚拟水理论的济南市水资源可持续利用现状研究

采用国际上前沿的虚拟水理论,运用联合国粮农组织(FAO)推荐的CLIMWAT 2.0和CROPWAT 8.0软件,对济南市农业作物虚拟水含量进行计算,得出了2009—2014年济南市农业产品虚拟水总量;通过查阅、分析济南市2009—2014年水资源公报,计算出济南市2009—2014年林牧渔畜产品、工业产品、生态环境用水、城镇公共用水及生活用水的虚拟水总量;通过对济南市各产业虚拟水数据研究分析,得出了各产业虚拟水变化趋势及其原因;根据虚拟水理论,并与济南市水资源总量对比计算,得出济南市水资源匮乏指数,经研究得出济南市水资源可持续开发利用仍将面临严峻挑战的结论,并针对济南市水资源利用现状的严峻情况,提出了通过减少济南市虚拟水总量、增加水资源总量或节省水资源消耗达到降低水资源需求压力的目的,从而为济南市水资源可持续开发、利用提供参考及新思路。     

暖湿化下西北地区水体变化趋势遥感监测

水体是支撑西北地区生态环境健康与社会经济持续发展重要的地表环境要素。在气候变化与人类活动的综合影响下，西北地区水体的时空分布发生着显著的变化，并反过来影响着区域内社会经济的发展和生态环境的保护与建设。为深入认识气候变化背景下西北地区水体的时空变化规律，本文基于高分辨率全球地表水数据集(JRC Monthly History v1.3)，分析了2000—2020年西北地区水体面积及其空间分布的变化规律。从年内变化看，西北地区水体面积在6月和9月有较显著的扩张，而10月起随着区内水分来源的减少水体面积开始缩减。从年际变化看，自2000—2020年，西北地区水体面积从3.48×10⁴ km²增加到4.82×10⁴ km²，年变化率达到682.64 km²/a。其中，塔里木河沿线区域及青海省西部水体面积扩张较为显著。塔里木河、和田河、台吉乃尔湖、达布逊湖和青海湖等常年水体周围，水体面积持续增加。本文同时利用高分辨率气候再分析数据(CMFD)分析了西北地区气候变化对水体面积及其分布的影响...     

人类重大工程对格尔木冲洪积扇水资源与生态环境系统的影响研究

格尔木冲洪积扇地处内陆高原，干旱少雨，生态环境极为脆弱，水不仅是区内人民生活和国民经济发展的生命物质基础，也是维持区内脆弱生态环境平衡的主要因素。自50年代以来，该区兴建了一系列重大工程，这些重大工程的兴建对经济发展起到了决定性作用，但同时也诱发了一系列生态环境负效应，造成了巨大的经济损失。因此在研究格尔木地区水资源系统特征的基础上，分析了人类重大工程对格尔木冲洪积扇水资源与生态环境系统的影响，提出了水资源与生态环境系统保护的对策和措施。     

绥化市农业资源利用存在的问题

一、资源利用不合理。资源效率低下绥化市用水不合理、用水效益底下的现象比较普遍。农业用水约占用水总量的84％,但目前农业用水效率低下,水资源浪费严重。一方面输水过程中由于蒸发、渗漏等原因水分损失较多,灌溉方式也比较落后,     

对生态环境可持续发展的一些思考——以陕西岚皋县岚河开发为例

陕西岚皋县曾经是个山清水秀的地方,因为建设多个水电站,当地的生态环境遭到了一定程度的破坏。笔者以岚皋县岚河开发为例,对我国现在过度开发水资源的现状进行了反思,并提出了实现可持续发展的一些建议,从而呼吁加快水资源法制建设的步伐,保护生态环境。     

秃尾河流域表生生态环境现状评价

以地下水为主线,开展流域表生生态环境评价的方法研究尚处于发展之中。以秃尾河流域为例,紧紧围绕地下水这条主线,在建立流域表生生态环境递阶层次评价指标体系和评价标准的基础上,尝试采用模糊综合评判方法与模糊迭代自组织数据分析技术相结合,开展流域表生生态环境现状评价。评价结果表明,流域生态环境现状总体较好,其中盖沙丘陵区、河流源头和河谷阶地区及沙漠区是水资源与生态环境保护的重点,这些研究为评价生态环境脆弱区水资源开发利用对表生生态环境的影响以及保护流域水资源与生态环境提供了科学依据。评价结果与流域生态环境实际更为吻合,规律性更明显。     

中国北方农牧交错带土地沙化区典型植物的雨季水分来源

中国北方农牧交错带是中东部地区重要的生态安全屏障, 由于其系统结构脆弱、生态环境问题多发、土地沙化严重, 开展生态修复工作显得十分重要。植物-土壤水分关系作为土地沙化区生态水文过程的重要组成部分, 研究二者的转化过程对于了解植物吸水模式、确定生态修复的首选植物种非常关键。以河北省张家口市康保县北部为例, 基于雨季的大气降水、地下水、土壤水和植物水的氢氧同位素特征, 分析了主要植物的吸水层位、生态位宽度和水分竞争关系。结果表明, 柠条以吸收80~100 cm深度土壤水为主, 吸水比例最大可达87.7%, 油菜花以吸收0~20 cm深度土壤水为主, 吸水比例最大可达82.3%, 狼针的吸水层位与土壤含水率有关, 在含水率较高的深度吸水比例更大, 栉叶蒿的吸水深度较为均衡, 各植物种的生态位宽度均较大, 但部分植物间存在较强的水分竞争关系。本研究为中国北方农牧交错带土地沙化区的植物水源来源识别和生态修复提供了科学依据。      

PRESSURE OF WATER SHORTAGE ON AGRICULTURE IN ARID REGION OF CHINA

1INTRODUCTIONWiththedevelopmentoftheworld,waterdemandisincreasing,especiallywiththegrowthofpopulationinthelast50years,waterdemandforirrigationhasgreatlyincreasedforfoodproduction.Inthearidandsemi-aridareas,watershortagebecomesaheavierproblemtorestrictfoodproduction,localeconomyandenvironmentalprotection.China,with22%ofthetotalpopulationintheworld,hasonly8%offreshwaterintheglobe;watershortagehasaffectedagricultureandresident'slifeinthenorthernChina.SomescientistsindicatedthatChina'swaters…     

黄河三角洲地质资源环境承载力评价

黄河三角洲高效生态经济区的建立,将迎来大规模的基础建设和资源的消耗,从而加剧经济发展—资源消耗—环境污染之间的矛盾。黄河三角洲地区成陆时间较短,地质资源环境比较脆弱,淡水资源相对贫乏,近海地区生态保护及堤防修复压力较大。确定该区地质资源(水资源、土地资源)环境所能承受的人类各种社会经济活动的能力,并预测今后该区大规模人类活动可能对资源环境造成的影响。     

THE BALANCE BETWEEN SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF WATER RESOURCES AND THE WATER—SAVING POTENTIAL FOR AGRICULTURE IN THE HEXI CORRIDOR

The Hexi Corridor is an important base of agriculture development in Northwest China. According to recent statistics, there are 65.94×10⁸m³ of water resources available in the Hexi Corridor. At present, net consumption in development and utilization is 43.33×10⁸m³. Water supply and demand reach a balance on the recent level of production, but loss of evaporation and evapotranspiration is as much as 25.69×10⁸m³. So net use efficiency of water resources is 59%. Based on analyzing balance between water and land considering ecological environment at present, there exists the serious water shortage in the Shiyang River system where irrigation lands have overloaded. There is a comparative balance between supply and demand of water resource in the Heihe River system; and the Sule River system has some surplus water to extend irrigation land. Use of agriculture water accounts for 83.3% and ecological forest and grass for 6.9%. The Hexi Corridor still has a great potential for water saving in agriculture production. Water-saving efficiency of irrigation is about 10% by using such traditional technologies as furrow and border-dike irrigation and small check irrigation, and water-saving with plastic film cover and techniques of advanced sprinkler and drip/micro irrigation etc. cansave more than 60% of irrigated water. Incremental irrigation area for water-saving potential in the Hexi Corridor has been estimated as 56% – 197% to original irrigation area. So the second water sources can be developed from water saving agriculture in the Hexi Corridor under Development of the Western Part of China in large scale. This potential can be realized step by step through developing the water-saving measures, improving the ecological condition of oasis agriculture, and optimizing allocation of water resources in three river systems. Foundation item: Under the auspices of the Key innovation Project Engineering of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZcx-1-10-03) Biography: GAO Qian-zhao (1942 –), male, a native of Changzhou, Jiangsu, Professor and supervisor of Ph. D students. His research interests include hydrology and rational utilization of water resources in the arid zone.     

Spatial-temporal Patterns and Driving Forces of Water Retention Service in China

Overwhelming water-deficiency conditions and an unbalanced water supply and demand have been major concerns of both the Chinese government and the general public during recent decades. Studying the spatial-temporal patterns and impact factors that influence water retention in China is important to enhance the management of water resources in China and other similar countries. We employed a revised Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST) model and regression analyses to investigate the water retention service in China. The results showed that the southeastern China generally performed much better than Northwest China in terms of the spatial distribution of water retention. In general, the efficacy of the water retention service in China increased from 2000 to 2014; although some areas still had a downward trend. Water retention service increased significantly(P 0.05) in aggregate in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and the Da Hinggan Mountains and Xiao Hinggan Mountains. However, the service in southwestern China showed a decreasing trend(P 0.05), which would have significant negative impact on the downstream population. This study also showed that in China the changes in water retention service were primarily due to climate change(which could explain 83.49% of the total variance), with anthropogenic impact as a secondary influence(likewise the ecological programs and socioeconomic development could explain 9.47% and 1.06%, respectively). Moreover, the identification of water retention importance indicated that important areas conservation and selection based on downstream beneficiaries is vital for optimization protection of ecosystem services, and has practical significance for natural resources and ecosystem management.     

Effect of cropland occupation and supplement on light-temperature potential productivity in China from 2000 to 2008

There are more people but less land in China,so food safety has always been a most important issue government concerned.With continuous population increase,economic development and environment protection,cropland occupation and supplement are unavoidable.It not only leads to the variation of cropland area,but also makes the light-temperature potential productivity per unit area different due to regional climate differentiation,therefore impacts the total potential productivity and food output eventually.So,it is necessary to analyze the climate differentiation between occupation and supplement cropland areas and to study its impact on total potential productivity,which is significant to reasonably develop natural resources and instruct agricultural arrangement.This study firstly discussed the variation and distribution of occupation and supplement croplands in China from 2000 to 2008,then analyzed the climate differentiation between occupation and supplement cropland areas and its effect on light-temperature potential productivity.The results demonstrate:1) From 2000 to 2008,the cropland variation presented occupation in the south and supplement in the north,but overall decreased.Supplement cropland was mainly from ecological reclamation(77.78%) and was mainly distributed in Northeast China and Northwest China with poor climatic and natural conditions.Occupation cropland was mainly used for construction(52.88%) and ecological restoration(44.78%) purposes,and was mainly distributed in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain,and the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang(Yangtze) River with better climatic and natural conditions.2) The climate conditions were quite different in supplement and occupation cropland areas.The annual precipitation,annual accumulated temperature and average annual temperature were lower in the supplement cropland area,and its average po-tential productivity per unit was only 62% of occupation cropland area,which was the main reason for the decrease of total potential productivity.3) Cropland occupation and supplement led to the variation of total potential productivity and its spatial distribution.The productivity decreased in the south and increased in the north,but had a net loss of 4.38315×107 t in the whole country.The increase of cropland area was at the cost of reclaiming natural forest and grassland resources,and destroying natural ecological environment,while the decrease of cropland area was mainly due to a lot of cropland occupied by urban-rural construction,which threatened the sustainable use of cropland resources.     

中国北方岩溶地下水的研究进展

中国北方中上元古界和下古生界碳酸盐岩含水层连续沉积厚度大、分布面积广, 其中储存着丰富的岩溶地下水资源, 在国民经济建设中发挥着举足轻重的作用, 是国家战略性水资源。结合对北方岩溶水的调查研究经历, 就岩溶水系统及水文地质条件、环境问题发展演化趋势与成因、岩溶水开发利用与保护、生态修复以及调查研究的技术方法等方面的进展与不足, 做初步的总结, 致以中国地质大学建校70周年、《地质科技通报》创刊40周年的贺礼, 并为广大北方岩溶水水文地质同行提供参考。      

Land Use Change During 1960-2000 Period and its Eco-environmental Effects in the Middle and Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River： a Case Study in Yiliang County, Yunnan, China

Land use/land cover change (LUCC) is a focus of the research of global environmental changes.The middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River,which are the most ecologically fragile mountainous area in China as well as one of the areas in China with most notable LUCC, have been on the Chinese Government‘s list of priority areas for ecological restoration. This paper is to reveal the trend of LUCC and the ecological degradation arising from it, and to provide a basis for the future sustainable use of land resources in the region based on a detailed analysis of Yiliang County. Based on the county‘s land use/cover maps in 1960, 1980 and 2000 drawn with the aid of aerial photograph interpretation, field investigation and GIS based spatial-temporal data analysis, LUCC during 1960-2000 period and the ecological degradation arising from it were analyzed. Using the Markv model, the paper brings out a forecast of what the county‘s LUCC would be like if the county‘s current land use continues, as well as the reasons and countermeasures for restoring degraded ecosystems.     

三北工程区植被恢复对土壤风蚀的影响及植被恢复潜力研究

三北地区是我国重要的生态屏障,分析2000—2019年三北防护林体系建设工程（简称：三北工程）区植被恢复时空变化状况,厘定人类活动与气候要素对植被恢复的贡献,探究植被恢复对土壤风蚀影响,评估植被恢复潜力空间,可为三北防护林体系建设工程未来规划管理和科学施策提供参考。本文在选取植被覆盖度和植被净初级生产力表征植被恢复状况基础上,利用地面数据,结合模型模拟,定量评估了2000—2019年三北防护林体系建设工程区植被恢复程度及其对土壤风蚀的影响,并对植被恢复潜力进行探究。研究结果表明：① 2000—2019年植被恢复程度高、较高的面积,占总面积的35.29%和13.16%,主要分布在黄土高原区及北部区域和风沙区与东北华北平原农区的部分地区。人类活动与气候因素对植被恢复贡献率为10.45%和89.55%;② 土壤风蚀以轻度侵蚀和微度侵蚀为主,呈逐年下降趋势,剧烈侵蚀面积减少了66.45%,防风固沙服务得到进一步提升。植被恢复程度与土壤风蚀模数呈负相关关系,植被恢复程度较好有助于降低土壤风蚀模数;③ 三北工程区森林、草地和荒漠生态系统仍有8.16%的恢复潜力,内蒙古高原北部部分地区、哈顺戈壁北部和准噶尔盆地西北部及周边区域、黄土高原南部部分区域存在较大恢复潜力。     

西北地区土壤资源特征及其开发利用与保护

在分析西北地区土壤分布规律的基础上,研究了不同类型区土壤的资源特征及其在开发利用中存在的问题,认为黄土地区土壤土质疏松、粉砂含量高、富含碳酸钙是水土流失的物质基础;干旱区广为分布的荒漠土壤资源的性能低劣、绿洲区水土资源的利用比例失调是造成土地荒漠化、土壤盐渍化的根本原因;而高原土壤的粗骨性、土层浅薄、有效肥力低则加速了草场的退化和沙漠化.提出了西北地区土壤资源的合理利用与生态环境保护相协调的途经,即搞好农田基本建设,采用旱作技术节水和合理用水,扩大林草植被,保护天然草场和林木.并认为西北土壤资源的开发利用要在充分发挥其生产潜力的同时,首先应遵循生态规律,开发与保护并重,防止土壤资源衰竭和破坏.