中国大陆共轭地震构造研究

本文对分散在地震学各分支学科中反映地震破裂的研究成果加以综合归纳后指出,由地震活动性、震源机制、地形变测量、地表形变带、烈度分布及某些前兆场等方面的资料共同证实,在强震孕育和爆发过程中显现出清楚的共轭破裂现象。文中进而讨论了地震共轭破裂特征及其与地质构造的关系,以及共轭断层的孕震作用等问题。     

华北东部地区的共轭地震破裂与地质构造

本文研究了华北东部地区地震与地质构造的关系。对该地区１９６６－１９７６年发生的５次强震的震源机制、地震形变一、余震活动、极震区等震线、地形变制量资料进行了综合分析，发现华北东部地区地震破裂具有在强度上不对称的共轭剪切破裂特征；地震破裂相对于地质构造具有突出的新生性。     

GNSS测得的大地震前兆水平形变

以21世纪全球各具特色且最典型的6次大地震,尤其是巨大地震前后GNSS观测得到的地壳水平形变为重点,回顾探寻前兆形变,探索地震预测预报。6次地震为:2008年汶川8.0级、2010年智利8.8级、2011年东日本9.0级、2015年尼泊尔8.1级、2016年日本九州岛7.3级地震及2023年土耳其7.8级双震。地壳形变是物理问题,区域参考框架是利用GNSS连续观测研究前兆位移物理问题的基本前提,而同震水平位移是探寻前兆形变的关键现象。大震前震中及其附近既无明显的垂直位移积累,也无明显的水平剪切位移积累。大地震震中及其附近前兆水平位移主要有两种形态,水平位移达到峰值或为闭锁;但近震中震前介质已非弹性,仅远场介质为弹性。GNSS观测结果表明震前震中主要为水平挤压,震时产生剪切破裂,这与岩石破裂实验结果一致,因此“压-剪”(弹性)回跳模型符合GNSS观测结果,但至今仅获得少数地震短临前兆形变观测结果。GNSS依然是探索地震预测的主要观测手段,但由于与地震断层破裂临界状态密切相关,利用各种观测技术探索地震断层破裂的临界现象,即地震短临前兆,是突破地震短临预报的关键,仍需要利用多学科各种观测技术...     

华北断块区现代构造断裂的动力学问题的地震研究

通过华北断块区的地震活动、空间分布、地震断裂力学参数分析和剪切破裂带地震滑动速率及应力计算等研究了该地区现代构造断裂的动力学问题。基本结果如下: (1) 由地震活动及其分布所构成的深部地壳的现代断裂为一稳定的剪切破裂网络体系。 (2) 由震源机制资料得到本区地震断层多属走滑型和近走滑型,震源区主应力为水平力和近水平力。但斜滑型断层和倾滑型断层以及斜力和近垂直力也占有不可忽视的比例。 (3) 由地震矩估算出剪切破裂带的平均滑动速率均小于0.1厘米/年。 (4) 用中小地震估算本区地震构造力约为几十——几百巴量级     

地壳介质微形变异常与强震短临前兆

什么是形变观测中可靠的地震前兆 ?虽然目前有很多不同的认识 ,但都还是认为应从地球力学和形变应变的变化信息中获取地震前兆 ,形变观测的地震前兆应是由于地震孕育到破裂过程中地壳介质产生形变应变等力学变化的信息 .当然 ,地震前兆存在场兆和源兆之分 ,如构造块体活动产生的区域应力场变化 .场兆与地震的发生是一种间接关系 ,是大范围内的异常现象 ,而源兆则主要是震源区及近源区出现的效应 .显然 ,源兆的捕捉对地震的预报是极为有利的 .微形变观测主要包括倾斜、应变和重力观测 .与 GPS、大地形变测量和流动形变测量相比 ,微形变(倾…     

在地震孕育和发生过程中共轭断层活动的作用

根据海城、唐山和松潘—平武地震的地震前兆、地震序列和地质构造资料,提出了在地震孕育和发生过程中,不仅主震断层面有明显的活动,与之共轭的另一组断层面也有重要作用。在震中区,前震和余震可能分布于一对共轭断层面上,而不只是局限于主震断层面。地震前兆的分布范围存在于比震中区更为广大的一个区域内,该区内共轭断层网络中的某些断层带常成为前兆异常分布带或集中区。其形成原因可以用区域应力场中应力集中和沿共轭剪切网络所产生的破裂及滑动来解释     

汶川M_S 8.0地震InSAR同震形变场特征分析

采用7条地震前后日本ALOS/PALSAR整轨数据,利用D-InSAR技术提取了2008年5月12日四川汶川地震500km×450km的地表连续同震形变场。形变场覆盖了金川—石棉、黑水—乐山、松盘—彭山、南坪—简阳、康县—重庆所有区域,包括了理县、汶川、茂县、北川、青川等重灾区域。结果显示,整个形变场影响范围较大,四川盆地出现了不同程度的地表形变。发震断层附近的非相干区域显示此次地震地表主破裂带在北川-映秀断裂带上,可以追踪出地表破裂带从汶川县映秀镇西南震中附近一直到青川县苏河北侧,全长约为230km。在发震断层西南段汶川至茂县一带,非相干条带的宽度明显大于其它段落,这与彭县-灌县断裂(前山断裂)的都江堰—安县段地表破裂段密切相关,地表破裂带长约70km。在远离发震断层的区域,西北盘总体表现为抬升,东南盘表现为沉降。但在发震断层附近,断层两侧均表现为局部抬升,且沿断层形变量分布很不均匀,表现出较强的分段性,显示出发震断层以逆冲为主的断层性质。从美国哈佛大学(Harvard)、美国地质调查局(USGS)与美国国家地震信息中心(NEIC)、中国地震台网中心(CENC)所给出的震中位置和发震时刻的差异来看,也反映出     

理解前兆异常变化机理和地震短临前兆

本文概要介绍了国内外近几年在地壳形变一地球自转日长变化十年尺度相关性、静寂地震、前驱波三方面的重要研究发现,并分析了这三项研究发现在地震前兆异常机理认识中的作用。初步分析表明：深部核幔耦合作用引起的地壳形变、地球物理场十年尺度波动,是数年至十年尺度地震场兆波动性变化的重要调制因素之一;源于断层脆韧转换带(过渡层)的静寂地震一慢地震缓慢破裂过程,是数天至数月尺度地震短期异常变化产生的重要原因;源于脆韧转换层上部或弹脆性层薄弱部分慢地震过程所辐射出来的低频前驱波(慢地震波),是目前已发现的可重复出现的短临前兆信号,具有数小时至7天左右的地震短临预报指标意义。     

澜沧—耿马地震的剩余形变和源

本文使用澜沧—耿马地震的剩余形变记录、剪切位错源的S波辐射和格林函数,计算了产生大面积形变场的震源内等效力。在强度为1.103×10~(13)牛顿的等效力作用下,地震断层东北盘的地壳表层物质在主震发生后,经20.46分钟的时间过程完成了向上抬升的永久性不回复形变。作者指出,剩余形变在长距离传播中会裂变为两个不同传播速度、不同方向的形变场。     

地震破裂过程的几何学与运动学特征的模拟

本应用形变破裂和激光全息光弹实验，结合断裂力学的观点研究了地震破裂过程的三个方面：１．地震破裂的力学机制；２．地震破裂的应变特征与运动过程；３．地震破裂过程的应力场分布特征。并分析了地震破裂过程的几何学与运动学特征以及探讨了它们与地震发生。前兆和余震迁移的密切关系。此项研究为活动断层分段研究和地震预报提供了实验证据。     

Numerical simulations of deformation and movement of blocks within North China in response to 1976 Tangshan earthquake

Using methods of discontinuous deformation analysis and finite element (DDA+FEM), this paper simulates dynamic processes of the Tangshan earthquake of 1976, which occurred in the northern North China where its internal blocks apparently interacted. Studies focus upon both the movement and deformation of the blocks, in particular, the Ordos block, and variations of stress states on the boundary faults. The Tangshan earthquake was composed of three events: slipping motions of NNE-striking major fault, NE-striking fault near the northeastern end of the NNE-striking fault, and NW-striking fault on the southeastern side of the NNE-striking fault. Compared with previous studies, our model yields a result that is more agreeable with the configuration of aftershock distributions. A number of data are presented, such as the principle stress field during the earthquake, contours of the maximum shear stress, the strike-slip deformation between blocks near the earthquake focus, time-dependent variations of slips of earthquake-triggered faulting, the maximum slip distance, and stress drops. These results are in accord with the earthquake source mechanism, basic parameters from earthquake wave study, macro-isoseismic line, observed horizontal displacement vectors, etc. The Tangshan earthquake exerted different influences on the adjacent blocks and boundary faults between them, thus resulting in differential movement and deformation. The Ordos block seems to have experienced the small-scale counterclockwise rotation and deformation, but its northeast part, bounded on the east by the Taihangshan and on the north by the Yanshan and Yinshan belts, underwent relatively stronger deformation. The Tangshan earthquake also changed the stress state of boundary faults of the North China, leading to an increase in shear stress and a decrease in normal stress in the NW-trending Zhangjiakou-Penglai fault through Tangshan City and the northern border faults of the Ordos block, and therefore raises the potential risk of earthquake occurrence. This result is supported by the facts that a series of Ms≥ 6 earthquakes took place at the northern margin of the Ordos block after the Tangshan earthquake.     

不同土质条件下断层地表破裂对比研究

本文结合华北地区几个地震统计区的实例,探讨了地震统计区的重要地震活动性参数b值和v4不确定性的主要影响因素及其特征,并研究分析了其不确定性的大小。结果表明,地震活动性参数的不确定性主要影响因素为样本统计时段、样本处理方法、统计下限震级、高震级年平均发生率等。在郯庐地震统计区,b值变化可达0.2以上,v4的变化可达1.4以上,汾渭地震统计区的不确定性也基本相当,河北平原地震统计区因为地震样本相对丰富,不确定性要小许多。     

华北平原强震构造带与潜在震源区划分

在莫尔-库仑理论中引用Drucker-Prager准则,对于基岩断层及其上的覆盖土体建立相应的弹塑性模型,观察在不同力学条件下（张应力、压应力、剪应力）,以及在基岩断层分别为正断或逆断作用下,上覆粉砂质土体和粘土质土体的错动变形。结果表明：在张应力作用下,粘土比砂土更易变形;在压应力作用下,砂土更易变形;而在剪应力作用下,粘土比砂土更易变形,且粘土抗剪强度越大,变形越大。在正断层作用下,在粉砂土与粘性土中所发生的变形并没有大的不同,而在逆断层载荷作用下,粉砂质土体比粘土质土体更容易变形位错。     

1976年云南龙陵6.2级余震强震记录的理论模拟

1976年6月9日云南省龙陵地区发生了一次6.2级余震。本文对这次地震的强震记录进行了数值模拟,并通过合成地震图与观测资料的对比,研究了这次地震的断层长度、破裂方式以及位错分布的特点。分析结果得到这次地震是由北向南的右旋走滑型破裂,断层长度约为20km,破裂速度接近0.9倍剪切波速,断层上的平均错距为60cm,平均应力降约为23bar。近场记录中的丰富高频成分表明断层上的位错分布和上升时间分布是极不均匀的,相应的局部错距和局部应力降分别为189cm和200-300bar,远高于其平均值。通过模拟过程可以看出近场记录对于震源断层的长度和破裂方式等都有较强的约束作用,因此分析强震记录是研究震源过程的一种有效手段。     

Regional tectonic deformation setting before the Ms8.1 earthquake in the west of the Kunlun Mountains Pass

This paper gives a preliminarily study of the regional tectonic deformation setting before the Ms8.1 earthquake that occurred in the west of the Kunlun Mountains Pass; in the study, the data of the velocity field of crustal horizontal movement during 1991-2000 observed by GPS in and around the Qinghai-Tibet block and those of gravity reiteration in 1998 and 2000 were used. Analysis shows that the preparation and occurrence of this large earthquake are related to the horizontal movement and deformation setting in a large region and might be attributed to the block activity on a relatively large scale. Within the Qinghai-Tibet block, the region of left-lateral shear deformation is of a very large extent. This large earthquake occurred right in such a place where the left-lateral shear strain along the fault strike had the highest rate and the planar dilatation strain was tensile, which was on the margin of negative value region of abnormal gravity variation. The regional tectonic deformation setting can help the huge left-lateral strike-slip rupture to develop.     

华北地区地壳垂直形变散度场及其演化特征

推导出了用傅里叶级数表示的地壳垂直形变散度场的计算公式，对华北地区三十多年的精密不准测量资料进行了计算，绘制了各时间段的散度等值线图，并以该区地震活动的散度场背影进行了分析研究，初步得到如下几点认识：（１）散度图象中的正源区和负源区是成对出现的，散度密集带分布在正源区和负源区之间，零散度图象中的正的区和和负源区之间。（２）散度密集带和华北地区断裂构造带在分布上呈一致性，表现在大多数散密度密集带和     

Experimental study on strain field evolution around a simulated thrust fault

Earthquakes result from continuous geodynamic processes. A topic of significant interest for the scientific community is to elaborate on the phenomena governing the faulting and fracturing of crustal rocks. Therefore, in this study, uniaxial compressive shear failure experiments were conducted on Fangshan marble rock samples with a prefabricated slot to simulate thrust faulting. The center of each marble plate (105 mm × 80 mm × 5 mm) was engraved with a 30-mm long double-sided nonpenetrating slot (depth: 2 mm, width: 0.5 mm). The deformation and destruction processes of the rock surface were recorded using a high-speed camera. The digital image correlation method was used to calculate the displacement and strain distribution and variation at different loading stages. The accumulative and incremental displacement fields u and v , strain field e_x and e_y, and shear strain e_xy were analyzed. When the loading level reached its ultimate value, the strain field was concentrated around the prefabricated slot. The concentration reached a maximum at the ends of the prefabricated slot. The magnitude of shear strain reached 0.1. This experiment contributes to our understanding of the dynamic process of active faulting.     

Correlated Crust and Mantle Strain Field in China

INTRODUCTION Moststudiesonactiveblockshavebeenfocusedonidentificationofblockboundariesandtheiractivity;inotherwords,mostoftheworkwaslimitedtothehorizontalmovementoftheblocks.Inreality,theblocksarenotonlysurroundedbyactivefaultsofhorizontalmotion,butalsoco…     

Study on the sources of some deep focus earthquakes in Northwest Pacific region

The sources for thirteen deep focus earthquakes ofm _b≥5.5 andh>400 km in Northwest Pacific region were studied using waveform fitting and shear fracture source model. The source parameters were obtained as follows: focal depth, faulting plane, slip direction, rupture velocity, rupture length, rupture direction and scalar moment tensor. It was found that all these earthquake sources can be interpreted as shear faulting and have simple source time functions. The strike direction of faulting plane for most deep focus earthquakes coincides with that of the subduction zone, especially in the deep part of the subduction zone, it results in the tendency of reducing the dip angle of the subduction zone. The multiple point source model was also used to study the source process. The waveform fitting is better than the shear fracture model, but the general rupture direction which coincides with that from unilateral shear source model can not be obtained from the multiple point source model. This study is supported by the National Science Foundation of China and the Chinese Joint Seismological Science Foundation.     

华北地区GPS形变测量结果及其地震地质意义

简要介绍了华北地区ＧＰＳ形变监测网１９９５～１９９６年两次观测概况,利用伯尔尼软件进行数据处理的主要过程、水平形变计算与应变分析的方法和结果及垂直形变的结果。分析了ＧＰＳ成果的地震地质意义,认为ＧＰＳ观测到的水平形变可能反映了上地壳层块构造活动的某些特征