PREDICTION OF LOCATION OF HIDDEN ORE DEPOSITS IN THE AGED ORE FIELDS:AN EXAMPLE FROM FENGHUANGSHAN ORE FIELD,TONGLING,CHINA

This paper discusses the strategy for successfully predicting the location of potential hidden ore bodies in aged ore field,and presents the result of location prediction of hidden ore bodies in Fenghuangshan ore field,Tongling.Innovative conceptual targeting procedures based on a genetic understanding of mineralization systems,carefully geological investigation and correct deduction,together with new geochemical and geophysical technology and integrating of comprehensive information are all very important for the successful prediction.In the aged Fenghuangshan ore field,through researching by application of the metallogenic theory of polygenetic compound ore deposits and triple-frequency induced polarization method and exploration tectono-geochemical method,we predicted location and quality of hidden ore bodies.According to the prediction,hidden high quality Cu-Au ore bodies of skarn type and porphyry type have been discovered.     

矽卡岩矿床的汇流扩容空间控矿机制及其对深部找矿的意义:以铜陵—安庆地区为例

本文以铜陵-安庆地区凤凰山铜矿和安庆铜矿为例,通过野外地质分析和计算模拟实验探讨了浅成岩体冷却过程中接触带上汇流扩容空间对矽卡岩矿体的控制.在风凰山矿田和安庆矿田,围绕新屋里岩体和月山岩体的接触带上矿体的分布极不均匀,形成大规模矽卡岩矿体的位置既与接触带本身的特征有关,也与构造变形有关.矿体的边界特征以及与矿体密切相关的角砾岩的特征表明水压致裂在赋矿扩容空间的形成过程中可能起重要的作用.矿体的围岩蚀变特征以及流体包裹体地球化学特征显示来自岩体和囤岩的流体的混合以及高压流体的减压沸腾可能是矿石沉淀的主要机制.新屋里岩体和月山岩体的同构造冷却过程力学变形-传热-流体流动耦合动力学计算模拟结果显示:所有矿体都位于汇流扩容空间内,且主矿体位于最大最强的汇流扩容带内,这表明力-热-流耦合作用形成的汇流扩客空间不仅控制了矿体的位置,也控制了矿体的规模.在铜陵-安庆地区开展深部找矿勘查,应该将重点放在大规模高强度的汇流扩容区,特别是还没有发现大规模矿体的汇流扩容区,凤凰山和安庆铜矿深部找矿已取得的成果证明了汇流扩容空间控矿模式对这一地区深部找矿勘查具有重要意义.     

Genetic Types and Metallogenic Model for the Polymetallic Copper–Gold Deposits in the Tongling Ore District,Anhui Province,Eastern China

The Tongling ore district is one of the most economically important ore areas in the Middle–Lower Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt, eastern China. It contains hundreds of polymetallic copper–gold deposits and occurrences. Those deposits are mainly clustered(from west to east) within the Tongguanshan, Shizishan, Xinqiao, Fenghuangshan, and Shatanjiao orefields. Until recently, the majority of these deposits were thought to be skarn-or porphyry–skarn-type deposits; however there have been recent discoveries of numerous vein-type Au, Ag, and Pb-Zn deposits that do not fall into either of these categories. This indicates that there is some uncertainty over this classification. Here, we present the results of several systematic geological studies of representative deposits in the Tongling ore district. From investigation of the ore-controlling structures, lithology of the host rock, mineral assemblages, and the characteristics of the mineralization and alteration within these deposits, three genetic types of deposits(skarn-, porphyry-, and vein-type deposits) have been identified. The spatial and temporal relationships between the orebodies and Yanshanian intrusions combined with the sources of the ore-forming fluids and metals, as well as the geodynamic setting of this ore district, indicate that all three deposit types are genetically related each other and constitute a magmatic–hydrothermal system. This study outlines a model that relates the polymetallic copper–gold porphyry-, skarn-, and vein-type deposits within the Tongling ore district. This model provides a theoretical basis to guide exploration for deep-seated and concealed porphyry-type Cu(–Mo, –Au) deposits as well as shallow vein-type Au, Ag, and Pb–Zn deposits in this area and elsewhere.     

综合信息论在储量危急矿山深边部找矿中的应用——以铜陵凤凰山铜矿为例

如何有效地对储量危急矿山的深边部的潜在隐伏矿体进行预测和勘查是现在矿山找矿勘查面临的一个难题.本文从理论上论证了综合信息论的重要意义,提出储量危急矿山深边部找矿预测的4条重要原则:以先进的成矿理论为指导,开展细致地质观测和准确的地质推断,采用先进的地球物理和地球化学技术探测间接的找矿信息和利用计算机进行高效的多元信息集成.运用这些原则在铜陵凤凰山铜矿深边部开展了综合找矿研究,其预测已被钻探和坑探验证,并首次在该区找到了优质的斑岩型铜金矿体.     

安徽铜陵凤凰山燕山期中酸性侵入岩地球化学特征及其与金属成矿关系

安徽铜陵凤凰山铜矿是铜陵矿集区内最典型的矽卡岩型铜矿床之一,也是凤凰山矿田内规模最大的铜矿床。矿区内新屋里岩体属于高钾钙碱性系列,主要岩性为石英二长闪长岩和花岗闪长岩。岩石地球化学特征表明凤凰山中酸性侵入岩岩浆属于壳幔混合型,原始岩浆来源于上地幔碱性玄武岩区并有地壳物质混染,在岩浆不断演化过程中有外来物质的加入,成岩过程以混合作用为主。凤凰山铜矿体分布于岩体与大理岩的内矽卡岩带上,岩体中铜含量较高。铜矿体是岩浆期后热液交代碳酸盐地层形成的。矿体的空间分布受构造变形-岩浆侵入高温高压作用的双重控制。矿化经历了从高温矽卡岩阶段到中低温热液阶段的多期次复合成矿作用。     

成熟勘探矿集区新一轮找矿：勘查战略创新及铜陵矿集区找矿实例

成熟勘探的矿集区非常有必要开展新一轮的找矿，但矿床模式的局限和大埋藏深度等困难制约了这些地区的预测性找矿发现。促进其预测性找矿发现的关键战略包括：勘查模型的创新、勘查技术的创新和各种信息的综合集成预测。勘查模型的创新必须包含基于地球动力学剖析的新成矿概念，动力学数值模拟是有效的创新手段之一；勘查技术创新的主要目的是加大探测深度和提高探测与解释的准确性，必须以详细可靠的地质资料为基础；综合信息集成是利用GIS和知识驱动及数据驱动的方法充分提取各种数据中的有用信息，集成为更加可靠的预测图。在这种思想的指导下，我们在铜陵凤凰山矿田进行了预测和勘查，并成功地发现了深部的隐伏矿床。     

安徽铜陵矿集区斑岩型铜钼金矿床地质特征及成矿背景

铜陵矿集区以发育大型和为数众多的矽卡岩型矿床而闻名于世,而近年来作为该区找矿的重要成果和突破则是斑岩型矿床和矿化的陆续发现。本文以铜陵矿集区3个代表性斑岩型矿床为研究对象,在详细的野外地质调查和室内显微观察研究的基础上,开展了较为系统的矿床地质和地球化学研究,阐述了斑岩型矿床的地质特征,确定了含矿侵入岩体的地质和地球化学特征,分析了矿床蚀变特征和流体包裹体特征,探讨了成岩成矿的大地构造背景,并与世界典型斑岩型矿床进行了对比。研究表明,铜陵矿集区斑岩型铜钼金矿床通常发育于含矿岩体的围岩或盖层为砂岩、砂页岩或硅质岩的条件下,含矿岩体为富碱低镁高钾准铝质钙碱性系列中浅成侵入岩体,具有与埃达克岩一致的地球化学特征;与世界典型斑岩型矿床含矿岩体对比,岩体侵位较深,有些矿区多期多相特征不明显;含矿岩体发育钾硅酸盐化、黄铁绢英岩化、青磐岩化等热液蚀变且有一定的分带性,但各矿床蚀变特征略有不同;矿床矿石矿物中富气相、富液相和含子晶多相包裹体共生,流体包裹体均一温度和盐度演化特征显示具有岩浆作用控制的高温热液型矿床特征。结合区域构造演化,作者确定铜陵矿集区斑岩型矿床属大陆环境斑岩型矿床,成矿作用发生于陆内造山作用由挤压向拉张转化的动力学背景之下,斑岩型矿床与矽卡岩型矿床及热液脉状矿床共同构成受统一的岩浆热液系统控制的矿床系列。     

KEY ROLE OF METALLOGENIC THEORY OF POLYGENETIC COMPOUND ORE DEPOSITS IN LOCATION PREDICTION OF HIDDEN ORE DEPOSITS IN DIWA REGIONS

The metallogenic theory of polygenetic compound ore deposit is the Important basis for location prediction of hidden ore deposits in diwa regions.It can play an important role in each step of prediction research,targeting procedure,acquiring information and integrating information.In this paper,the authors discusses how to construct geological concept by using of the metallogenic theory of polygenetic ore deposits for predicting targeting area,to arrange investigation and detection for getting enough useful information,and to analyze and integrate information for reaching a trustful prediction conclusion.According to these strategies,we conduct a successful prediction of location of hidden ore bodies in the outer of the Fenghuangshan copper mine,a principal producing mine in Tongling Cu-Au district.     

Sedimentary, Magmatic and Tectonic Constraints on the Formation of the Yulong Supper-Large Porphyry Copper Polymetal Deposit, East Tibet

ＳＵＰＲＡ ＳＵＢＤＵＣSEDIMENTARY, MAGMATIC AND TECTONIC CONSTRAINTS ON THE FORMATION OF THE YULONG SUPPER0-LARGE PORPHYRY COPPER POLYMETAL DEPOSIT, EAST TIBET     

安徽铜陵狮子山矿田铜金多金属矿床的成矿模式

狮子山矿田是铜陵矿集区最具代表性的铜金多金属矿田。本文选择狮子山矿田中的几个典型矿床进行地质和地球化学研究,系统阐述了矿床的控矿构造和赋矿岩石、矿体和矿石、蚀变和矿化等地质特征,确定了矿床成因类型;深入研究了侵入体与矿床矿体的时空关系以及主要矿床的流体包裹体地球化学特征及氢-氧、碳-氧、硫和铅同位素地球化学特征,探讨了成矿流体、成矿金属元素(铅)及其化合元素(碳和硫)的来源;结合成岩成矿大地构造背景分析,确定了不同矿床类型间的成因联系,建立了斑岩型-矽卡岩型-浅成热液型矿床成矿模式,为狮子山矿田边部和深部及铜陵矿集区及其邻区的找矿勘查提供了理论依据,并据此建议在铜陵矿集区以往以矽卡岩型矿床为主要找矿目标的基础上,进一步加强研究和寻找由统一的岩浆热液系统控制的斑岩型铜(-钼、-金)矿床和浅成热液型金(-银多金属)矿床。     

The copper polymetallic deposits and resource potential in the Tibet Plateau

Many large and super-large copper deposits have been discovered and explored in the Tibet Plateau, which makes it the most important copper resource reserve and development base in China. Based on the work of the research team, the paper summarizes the geological characteristics of the main copper deposits in Tibet and puts forward a further prospecting direction. A series of large accumulated metal deposits or ore districts from subduction of Tethys oceanic crust to India-Asia collisionhave been discovered, such as Duolong Cu (Au) ore district and Jiama copper polymetallic deposit. The ore deposits in the Duolong ore district are located in the lowstand domain, the top of lowstand domain, and the highstand domain of the same magmatic-hydrothermal metallogenic system, and their relative positions are the indicators for related deposits in the Bangong Co-Nujiang metallogenic belt. The polycentric metallogenic model of the Jiama copper polymetallic deposit is an important inspiration for the exploration of the porphyry mineralization related to collision orogeny. Further mineral exploration in the Tibet Plateau should be focused on the continental volcanic rocks related to porphyry-epithermal deposits, orogenic gold deposits, hydrothermal Pb-Zn deposits related to nappe structures, skarn Cu (Au) and polymetallic deposits, and the Miocene W-Sn polymetallic deposits.©2021 China Geology Editorial Office.     

Numerical Modeling of Coupled Geodynamical Processes and Its Role in Facilitating Predictive Ore Discovery: An Example from Tongling, China

Abstract. Facilitating more predictive ore discovery is becoming an increasingly challenging task for the resources geology research and exploration industry. The numerical geodynamic modeling, which uses numerical code to reproduce feedback coupling of geodynamic processes in the computer, is one of endeavors for forming sound predictive exploration strategy by thoroughly understanding the mineralization system and its controlling factors. The FLAC (Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua) is a two-dimensional finite-difference code for studying the mechano-thermo-hydrological behavior of a continuous porous medium after it reached equilibrium or steady plastic flow. We used the FLAC to simulate the syn-deformation cooling and fluid flowing after the intrusion was emplaced and solidified in the Fenghuangshan ore field, Tongling Cu district for guiding analysis of ore-controlling factors and selection of the exploration target area. The results of numerical computation demonstrate that the dilatant deformation zones along the contact of the intrusion control the fluid focus and the location and scale of ore bodies. Further more, the simulation results suggest a most prospective exploration area in the south high dilation zone, where the subsequent exploration supported the prediction and the test bore hole disclosed the high quality copper ore bodies in the target. This example has demonstrated the positive role of the numerical geodynamic modeling in facilitating predictive ore discovery.     

安徽铜陵冬瓜山铜矿床的叠加改造成矿机制：来自矿石结构的证据

长江中、下游地区块状硫化物矿床普遍受到燕山期岩浆及其热液的改造与叠加.本文以铜陵冬瓜山矿床为例,探讨这类矿床的成矿机制.该矿床主要由层状硫化物矿体组成,伴有矽卡岩型和斑岩型矿体.野外地质观察及室内矿相学的研究表明,冬瓜山层状矿体中矿石遭受了强烈的热变质作用及热液交代作用.进变质过程中形成的结构主要为黄铁矿受燕山期岩浆侵...     

Metal deposits in the Da Hinggan Mountains,NE China: styles,characteristics, and exploration potential

The Da Hinggan Mountains mineral province (DHMP), northeastern China, is divided into three tectonic units and corresponding metallogenic belts. The tectonic units of the Da Hinggan Mountains are the Erguna fold zone on the northwest, the Hercynian fold zone on the north, and the Hercynian fold zone on the south. The corresponding metallogenic belts are the Erguna Cu-Pb-Zn-Ag-Mo-Au belt of the NW DHMP, the Cu-Pb-Zn-Mo-Fe-Au belt of the northern DHMP, and the Pb-Zn-Ag-Cu-Sn-Fe-Mo belt of the southern DHMP. Distinct ore bodies, mostly associated with Mesozoic granites and volcanics, comprise (1) hydrothermal vein deposits including Pb-Zn-Ag-(Cu) and W‐Sn-Cu, (2) exhalative (Pb-Zn-Ag, Cu) deposits, (3) porphyry (Cu, Au, Mo), (4) skarn (Fe, Zn, Cu), and (5) epithermal Au-Ag deposits. The hydrothermal veins are hosted by a range of different rock types, whereas the exhalative ores are confined to Permian strata. The porphyry deposits occur within granite porphyries. The epithermal deposits are related to Mesozoic volcanic-subvolcanic rocks and occur within superjacent igneous structures. The first type, represented by the Bairendaba deposit, shows many characteristics of hydrothermal deposits. The second type occurs in a Permian clastic-chemical sedimentary sequence. Most Fe-Zn-Cu deposits related to granites and granodiorites are skarns. Granodiorite and granite-related deposits are typical porphyry ores, formed during Hercynian and Mesozoic time. Promising metallogenic conditions and the recent discovery of many large metal deposits indicate that this mineral province has a great exploration potential.     

秦岭山阳-柞水矿集区150~140Ma斑岩-矽卡岩型CuMoFe(Au)矿床成矿作用研究

秦岭造山带内的山阳-柞水古生代弧前盆地中出露有池沟、小河口、冷水沟、园子街、下官坊及双元沟等CuMo、CuFe(Au)矿床,与这些矿床具有成因联系的岩体为形成于150~140Ma的高钾钙碱性和钾玄岩系列花岗岩,为华北和扬子大陆碰撞后伸展阶段壳、幔混合岩浆的产物。矿化主要发生在岩体与泥盆、石炭纪地层中碳酸盐岩的接触带附近,主要类型为矽卡岩型,少量为斑岩型,部分矿床具有统一的矽卡岩-斑岩型成矿系统,矿化组合主要为CuMo、CuFe(Au)和Cu矿化。外接触带主要发育有矽卡岩和角岩化蚀变,内接触带主要为岩体内部的硅化、钾化、绢云母化、绿泥石化及粘土化,内矽卡岩不发育。矽卡岩矿物主要有石榴石、透辉石、绿帘石、透闪石,阳起石等,其中石榴子石主要为钙铁榴石和钙铝榴石,透辉石是辉石的主体,早期形成的石榴石和透辉石等无水矿物组合常被后期的绿帘石、透闪石和阳起石等含水矿物及石英、方解石等所交代。金属矿物比较简单,最主要的含铜矿物为黄铜矿和斑铜矿,铁矿化主要为磁铁矿和镜铁矿。尽管这些矿床以矽卡岩型矿化为主,但部分矿床中已发现有斑岩型矿化和蚀变特征,这可能暗示了该区可能具有统一的矽卡岩-斑岩型成矿系统,进而表明山阳-柞水矿集区深部具有寻找斑岩型矿床的巨大潜力。     

中亚巴尔喀什成矿带萨亚克大型铜矿田矿床地质特征与成矿模式

综述了哈萨克斯坦巴尔喀什成矿带萨亚克大型铜矿田地质特征、矿田构造与成矿模式。萨亚克铜矿田是中亚成矿域巴尔喀什成矿带唯一的以矽卡岩型铜矿化为主的大型铜矿床,产在萨亚克地堑复向斜内。该矿田包括几个在空间上相对独立的矽卡岩型铜矿床、斑岩型铜钼网状脉矿床和一系列石英脉型矿脉,构成了斑岩型和矽卡岩型两个端元形成的成矿系列,但以矽卡岩型为主。矿床主要位于中石炭世灰岩与晚石炭世花岗岩类的接触带上,具有独特的矽卡岩型Cu-Au-Mo矿化组合,成矿时代为海西中晚期,根据本研究进行的锆石SHR I MP定年结果,主要与次要成矿期年龄分别为335±2Ma和308±10Ma。金属矿床主要赋存在地堑复向斜内局部发育的鞍状背斜顶部,部分富矿体的产出严格受断裂构造-岩浆活动的控制。闪长岩与铜矿化作用的关系最为密切,铜含量可高达1%以上;其次,花岗闪长岩与铜矿化的关系也较为密切,铜含量可达0.2%以上。萨亚克矽卡岩型铜矿田铜保有储量约为57.5万吨。     

相山铀矿田邹家山工区含铀凝灰岩的矿化特征

相山铀矿田邹家山工区 5 0m中段发现含铀凝灰岩 ,化学分析结果显示 ,这种凝灰岩铀矿石中铀含量达 7 1 3 % ;该矿石中绿泥石含量较高。笔者认为 ,在相山铀矿田中 ,花岗斑岩与凝灰岩接触部位应有富铀矿体存在。     

危机矿山深部、边部隐伏矿体的三维可视化预测——以安徽铜陵凤凰山矿田为例

以安徽铜陵凤凰山矿田为例.通过综合地质研究,构建了矿体定位预测概念模型.在地质勘探数据和物化探数据集成的基础上,采用三维地质建模技术,对地层、构造、岩浆岩、矿体等地质体进行了推断和圈定,构建了地质体的线框模型与块体模型.基于定位预测概念模型和地质体三维块体模型,通过地质空间定义和立体单元划分,建立了岩体及其表面形态起伏、接触带、地层、褶皱、断层等控矿地质因素的三维栅格场模型.在定量分析控矿地质因素与矿化分布的关系的基础上,建立了反应这种关联关系的矿体立体定量预测模型.预测模型提供矿田深部(-1000m标高以上)所有50m×50m×50m立体单元的铜品位、铜金属量和含矿概率的预测结果.基于预测结果圈定了4个深部找矿立体靶区,为深部找矿工程的设计、布置提供尚未发现的臆伏矿体的位置、品位、金属量等信息的指导.     

中亚萨亚克大型铜矿田矽卡岩型铜成矿作用的年代学制约

萨亚克铜矿田是中亚成矿域巴尔喀什成矿带唯一的以矽卡岩型铜矿化为主的大型铜矿床,产在哈萨克斯坦的萨亚克复向斜内。铜矿田包括了几个在空间上相对独立的矽卡岩型铜矿床、斑岩型铜钼网状脉矿床和一系列石英脉型矿脉,构成了斑岩型和矽卡岩型两个端元形成的成矿系列,但以矽卡岩型为主。铜矿田花岗岩类岩石的锆石SHRIMPU-Pb定年,给出了两期与矽卡岩型铜成矿作用有关的深成岩浆作用的时代,早期的闪长岩结晶年龄为335±2Ma,晚期的花岗闪长岩结晶年龄为308±10Ma,反映了两期矽卡岩型铜成矿作用的年龄。结合成矿元素分析,认为早期335±2Ma为主要成矿期年龄,而308±10Ma为次要成矿期年龄。区域成矿时代的分析表明,主矽卡岩型成矿期先于区域的斑岩型铜成矿作用而发生,次要的矽卡岩型成矿期略晚于区域斑岩铜成矿期。花岗岩类岩石中的角闪石、黑云母、钾长石40Ar/39Ar测年结果进一步限定了矽卡岩型铜成矿作用的时代,分别给出冷却年龄为286.6±6.7Ma、306.6±2.9Ma和257±11Ma。4个花岗岩类岩石中的磷灰石裂变径迹测年和热历史模拟给出年龄范围为85.4±4.5Ma至66.9±4.1Ma,说明了矽卡岩型萨亚克铜矿田的剥露作用主要发生在晚白垩世晚期。本文花岗岩类岩石的U-Pb、40Ar/39Ar和裂变径迹热年代学研究,揭示了萨亚克铜矿田从深成的岩浆侵入活动、成矿作用、区域冷却到剥露作用的全过程。     

Dynamics of Ore-Forming Processesof the Stratabound Skarn Copper Depositsof Tongling, Anhui Province

The skarn and ore bodies of the stratabound skarn copper deposits of Tongling, Anhui Province, are both controlled by definite stratigraphic horizons, and they are concordant with the strata. They occur as layers and layer-like bodies in permeable carbonate rocks of the Middle-Upper Carboniferous Huanglong and Chuanshan Formations which are underlain by impermeable shale or siliceous rocks of the Upper Devonian Wutong Formation. The authors study the dynamics of ore-forming processes of the ore deposits with the dynamic model of coupled transport and reaction, and the following results are obtained: The salinity gradient and flow rate of the ore-forming fluids can both promote the mixing and reaction of juvenile water and formation water, and the permeable strata are favourable sites for the intense transport-reaction of mixing and the formation of deposits. (2) As isothermal transport-reaction took place along the bedding of strata, the moving transport-reaction front formed at the contact between the