柯街断裂北段的结构特征及地质意义研究

柯街断裂是滇西地区重要的断裂之一,从早古生代开始就控制着断裂带两侧的地层沉积,但是目前关于柯街断裂还存在诸多争论.为了对柯街断裂的深部结构特征及地质意义进行研究,横跨柯街断裂布设了一条MT探测剖面,探测结果显示柯街断裂走向为NE向,根据二维反演电性结构断面图可以判断出在剖面上共有3个断层存在,推测断层F1和F2为柯街断裂北段的两个分支,其中断层F1规模大、切割深,断层F2规模相对较小;推测断层F3为岩性接触带.结合地层分布规律和岩性特征分析,发现断层F1东侧的晚奥陶统~早志留统仁和桥组地层上覆于西侧晚二叠统沙子坡组地层之上;在断层F2的深部,东侧新元古界允沟岩组地层上覆于西侧早石炭统香山组地层之上,在断层F2的浅部,东侧的晚白垩统花岗岩与西侧的早石炭统香山组地层相接触;断层F3上部的晚白垩统花岗岩上覆于新元古界允沟岩组地层之上.从而可以推断柯街断裂应为澜沧运动时期形成的逆冲断层,其中断层F2形成时期早于断层F1,断层F3为后期岩浆活动形成.综合柯街断裂北段两侧的电性特征和地质情况,认为柯街断裂是在澜沧运动过程中由保山板块和昌宁-勐连结合带汇聚并经过多期次的演化而成,在二叠纪以前很长一段时期控制着两侧的地层沉积,故本文认为柯街断裂应为保山板块和昌宁-勐连结合带的分界线.     

大别造山带的地壳结构研究

介绍横穿大别造山带的深地震测深剖面的地壳P波速度结构和密度结构.地表高程最大的岳西至晓天之间存在约5km厚的山根,在晓天-磨子潭断裂下方莫霍界面达4.5km垂直错断表征三叠纪碰撞的古缝合线,在超高压带3km深度以下的相对高速异常区,可能与含量较高的超高压变质岩有关.     

依据地热井资料探讨北京八宝山断裂北段的基本特点

根据地热井的地层资料,绘制了横穿八宝山断裂带北段的地质剖面图,对八宝山断裂带的深部构造特点进行了探讨,并对几个地热钻孔的地层进行了横向对比。研究结果显示:剖面中存在众多倾角不同、规模不一且相互错断的逆断层,反映出八宝山断裂受逆冲作用非常强烈,同时具有多期性;剖面中存在两条较大的断层,一条是八宝山断裂带的主断层,另一条是雾迷山组小断块被顶托至上部后所形成的次断层,在八宝山一带,次断层的上盘被推覆至主断层线之上将其掩盖,地表仅显示一条断层,即平常所说的八宝山断层,由此可见这并非八宝山断裂带的主断层,在研究及监测中应注意加以区分。此外,根据钻孔地层厚度资料估算,本段主断层倾角约为40°,最大切割深度约为5 000 m。根据地层切割与沉积关系,认为八宝山断裂带最终形成于中生代晚期。      

大别山超高压变质带深部电性结构及其动力学意义初步研究

通过在大别造山带东部横穿超高压变质带的一条NNE向剖面大地电磁测深资料的分析解释，获得了关于沿剖面的地壳上地幔二维电性结构，显示北淮阳与大别地块是电性差异显著的构造单元，它们之间的界面与晓天—磨子潭断裂对应；晓天—磨子潭断裂倾向北，在中上地壳层位出现错动解耦现象；从地表向深处可划分出4个主要电性层：地表风化层、中上地壳高阻层、壳内相对高导层以及上地幔层；大别地块内中、上地壳层位以高阻层为主，与高压-超高压变质岩分布区对应，高阻层最厚处在岳西—英山之间；在大别地块内，推测存在燕山期花岗质岩浆活动的通道，它们造成了超高压变质岩的进一步抬升，同时影响了大别地块内存在的壳内相对高导层的分布，壳内相对高导层在层位上相差较大.     

安徽霍山地震区深部电性结构和发震构造特征

霍山地震区位于大别造山带北缘华北板块与扬子板块接触带上,是大别造山带及周边地震活动最频繁、最集中的地区.83个大地电磁测点组成的大地电磁三维阵列覆盖了整个霍山地震区.用多重网格法、印模迭代重构法和非线性共轭梯度法对阵列数据进行三维带地形反演,获得了地震区深部三维电性结构.电性结构显示,北大别、北淮阳区的中上地壳为电阻率1000Ωm以上的高阻区,中下地壳为电阻率数十欧姆米的相对低阻区;六安盆地电阻率整体较低,中地壳存在显著的电阻率为几欧姆米的壳内高导层.北西向的晓天—磨子潭断裂分隔了北大别高阻层和北淮阳高阻层,在浅部向NE倾,深部向SW倾;北东向的落儿岭—土地岭断裂切穿北大别上地壳高阻层.小震双差定位结果表明,地震主要发生在NE向延伸的落儿岭—土地岭断裂附近的北大别、北淮阳中上地壳的高阻区,并集中于NW向的晓天—磨子潭断裂运动所造成的构造薄弱带中;2014年M S4.3霍山地震震源深度较深,位于北大别高阻区内部的电性梯度较大的区域.综合上述结果我们认为,霍山地震区的主要发震断裂为落儿岭—土地岭断裂,断裂的运动变形充分利用了晓天—磨子潭断裂早先活动所形成的构造薄弱带,断裂下方壳源高导体中的流体沿断层传播使断层强度弱化,使得这些薄弱带区易于发生小地震.由于北大别、北淮阳构造区显著高阻层的存在,我们认为霍山地震区存在发生6级以上中强震的深部孕震环境.     

霍山窗中小地震视应力的时空特征研究

利用安徽台网记录的2000—2016年数字化地震波形资料,对"霍山窗"地区视应力水平进行估计,反演分析得出视应力平均为0.010 8 MPa,以此作为该区域的背景应力水平;同时,通过对华东地区2000年以来符合震级和距离条件的地震进行时空特征分析,发现:(1)在"霍山窗"出现4组视应力高值异常之后的2年内,华东地区有3次发生了对应地震,以此推断"霍山窗"中小地震视应力水平与华东地区中强震可能存在着一定的对应关系;(2)"霍山窗"视应力空间分布显示高值区主要位于磨子潭-晓天断裂,靠近磨子潭-晓天断裂与落儿岭-土地岭断裂交汇区域,值得进一步关注。     

汶川8.0级地震地表破裂带与岩性关系

2008年汶川8.0级地震沿龙门山断裂带内的映秀—北川断裂和灌县—安县断裂分别形成约230 km和70 km的地表破裂带.震后地质考察研究表明,伴随地震断层出露地表的滑动面大多沿炭质泥岩和煤层发育.与1∶5万区域地质图进行对照,显示映秀—北川地震破裂带的西南段（虹口—清平段）和灌县—安县地震地表破裂带的展布与龙门山地区上三叠统须家河组煤系地层的出露范围相一致.龙门山地区的上三叠统须家河组地层中的薄煤层、炭质泥岩层以及志留系、寒武系的炭质页岩层是易于产生滑动的柔性岩层,易形成滑脱面或成岩片夹于断层带中.汶川地震产生的复杂地表破裂带是龙门山逆冲推覆构造带沿地表构造层中夹有煤层等柔性岩层的断层产生B型滑动的结果.     

从断层泥石英颗粒的微观形貌研究八宝山断裂带的活动性

北京八宝山断裂带主要由八宝山内支、外支断裂和黄庄-高丽营断裂组成。根据野外地质资料和室内研究,认为八宝山内支断裂是燕山期的逆掩断层,已不具活动性,而外支断裂是一条规模和断距都不大的正断层,只有黄庄-高丽营断裂才是活动断层,它错断了中更新统黄土。 为了获得更多的有关八宝山断裂带活动性的资料,我们采用Kanaori提出的一种判定断层活动性的新方法,通过扫描电镜观察了八宝山断裂带的6个断层泥样品和4个有关地层中的石英颗粒表面微结构,所得结果与野外宏观地质资料相吻合     

太行山北段中新生代断层岩的显微构造研究

太行山北段是大兴安岭 -太行山 -武陵山构造带中段的典型构造区 ,区内 2条主断裂 (紫荆关断裂和乌龙沟断裂 )组成的断裂带发育中、新生代的碎裂岩系列断层岩。通过对断裂带内不同岩性原岩区的断层岩进行详细的显微构造研究 ,分析了 3种主要变形强度类型的断层岩 (碎裂化岩石或构造角砾岩、初碎裂岩、碎裂岩 )的区域分布、显微结构以及微观变形机制 ,鉴定出断层岩中的 3期构造变形叠加 ,结合区域资料探讨了区内中、新生代断层岩反映的 3期主要构造运动及其特征 ,显示出构造强度逐渐减弱的演化趋势     

龙门山构造带WFSD-2钻孔岩心磁化率特征及其对大地震活动的响应

岩石磁化率特征可以帮助判断岩石的形成环境,对地震过程中滑动摩擦伴随高温的物理-化学变化具有显著反应.本研究以钻穿龙门山中段构造带的汶川地震断裂科学钻探2号孔(WFSD-2)岩心为研究对象,使用Bartington MS2K磁化率仪对500~2283.56 m深度的岩心进行高分辨率无损磁化率测试,并结合岩性特征和显微结构探讨了龙门山构造带主要岩石单元的磁化率特征及其地震断裂活动的磁学响应.磁化率测试结果表明,由花岗岩和火山碎屑岩组成的彭灌杂岩体的磁化率值(数十到数千个10~(-6)SI)普遍高于上三叠统须家河组沉积岩的磁化率值(数个到数十个10~(-6)SI).从WFSD-2岩性分布来看,彭灌杂岩上下出露四段,其磁化率值特征反映它们属于不同的岩石单元,它们与下伏须家河组地层呈断层接触,构成叠瓦状构造,指示了龙门山构造带具有强烈的地壳缩短作用.断裂带中处于滑动带的断层泥和假玄武玻璃具有高磁化率特征,而断层角砾岩和碎裂岩不具有高磁化率值特征,表明断层岩磁化率增高的原因可能主要与地震断裂滑动摩擦过程中高温作用下发生的磁性矿物转换有关,断层岩中高磁化率异常可作为大地震活动的证据.WFSD-2岩心中的映秀—北川断裂带(600~960 m)可识别出约80条高磁化率异常的断层岩带,揭示映秀—北川断裂带是一条长期活动的断裂带,龙门山构造带形成演化过程中伴随着大地震活动.     

ESTIMATE OF DIFFERENTIAL FLOW STRESS AND STRAIN RATE FOR HONGHE FAULT ZONE

Microstructures of quartz in Honghe mylonite zone are studied and recent result of microstructural paleopiezometry is used in this paper to estimate the differential flow stress and strain rate for the southern Honghe fault zone. The calculations show that the differential flow stress during the development of mylonites of the southern Honghe fault zone varied gradually from 45MPa in the south to 120MPa in the north. Because the formation depth of mylonite zone became shallow from south to north, this variation indicates the decrease of flow stress with depth. The strain rate was roughly of the order of 10-12/se     

Characteristics of fault rocks and paleo-earthquake source along the Koktokay-Ertai fault zone,Xinjiang,China

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两类糜棱岩的特征、成因及其地质意义

笔者依据野外实际观察,基于岩石的物理和力学性质,将糜棱岩分为三类:第一类是浅成的、低温的脆性变形的糜棱岩,即B型;第二类是中深成的、中高温的和韧性的糜棱岩,即D型;第三类是深成的、高温的和粘性的糜棱岩,即V型。鉴于目前的研究程度,本文只讨论前两类     

红河断裂带中南段糜棱岩分形特征及主要流变参数的估算

红河断裂带是一条经历了长期构造演化的块间构造变形带,该断裂的西南侧出露一套经韧性剪切形成的糜棱岩。研究区糜棱岩宏观上发育多种变形组构,如构造面理、线理、S-C组构等。微观变形特征有云母鱼、长石碎斑、长石和角闪石压扁拉长、碎斑旋转形成的压力影等;尤其是石英普遍变形,其特征有波状消光、核幔构造、动态重结晶、单颗粒压扁拉长及石英条带等;石英动态重结晶新颗粒尤其发育,重结晶的新颗粒边界具有锯齿状或港湾状等不同的微观特征,这些不同的特征记录了变形时的温压环境和流变速率。石英新颗粒分维几何统计分析表明:研究区石英动态重结晶颗粒边界形态具有自相似性,表现出分形特征。分维数值为1.150～1.180,变形温度大约500℃,同构造变质环境属高绿片岩相-低角闪岩相;初步估算应变速率可能低于10-8.4s-1,根据石英重结晶的粒径估算变形古应力为42.0～58.0MPa     

北京北石城断层带与河防口断层带断层岩石显微构造研究

本文论述了糜棱岩类与碎裂岩类的变形特征,它们各自代表了不同的成因机制,反映了断层带经历过早期韧性剪切和后期脆性破裂的发育历史。根据断层岩石的显微构造特征,估算了断层带发育过程中两个阶段的温度、压力、应变速率、差异应力大小和方位,并讨论了韧性剪切带、地壳中弹塑性过渡带与大陆地震多发层之间的关系     

沂沭断裂带中段基底韧性剪切带

在沂沭断裂带中段的泰山群结晶基底中,存在着一系列北东、北北东走向的左行韧性剪切带。对其中发育糜棱岩的韧性剪切带的结构构造、应变测量、变形岩石的显微构造、显微组构以及长石粒度和含量的变化规律进行了观测分析。讨论了韧性剪切带的变形条件和机制。及其递进发展的趋势。指出基底韧性剪切带是沂沭断裂带元古宙时期断裂活动时在地壳较深层次上形成的构造表象。在此基础上,讨论了地壳不同层次上的断裂变形及断裂岩石的综合分类问题     

Pseudotachylytes from the Koktokay-Ertai fault zone, Xinjiang, China, and their seismogeologic implications

Multi-period of pseudotachylytes of variable occurrences and shapes are widely outcropped in Haizikou and Mukurasen sections of the Koktokay-Ertai fault zone. They consist of clasts and matrix. The clasts comprise fine fragments of the host rock (mylonite) and quartz grains, while the matrix consists of cryptocrystalline and glassy materials which contain fibrous and radial microlites. The chemical compositions of the pseudotachylytes resemble those of the host rocks. Their features indicate that the pseudotachylytes were formed from local melting of the mylonites during the rapid movement of the fault, and that the formation depth was 10—12 km. The geologic event that produced pseudotachylytes is believed to be paleoearthquake. Project supported by the Joint Earthquake Science Foundation.     

Shear zones within the Bloody Bluff fault zone: Analysis and tectonic implications

The Bloody Bluff fault zone, which divides the New England Avalon zone and Nashoba zone, contains at least two shear zones that are within Avalonian rocks. The Rice Road shear zone (sinistral, strike-slip) affects the Westboro Formation and is intruded by the 630 Ma Dedham Granite. The Rice Road shear zone, and equivalent pre-granite mylonites appearing in drill cores, parallel the terrane boundary, and may have controlled the later mylonitization. The Nobscot shear zone (dextral, strike-slip) is a prograde shear zone cutting a granite assumed to be related to the surrounding 630 Ma plutons. Similar shear zones have been seen cutting Late Proterozoic plutons in the New England Avalon zone, and represent a series of en echelon strike-slip shears. The Burlington mylonite zone (shear sense equivocal) is part of the terrane boundary. This is a retrograde shear zone that forms the southeastern border of the Wolfpen lens, a lenticular body of sheared and altered metamorphic and intrusive rock that has been assumed to be part of the New England Avalon zone. Microstructural characteristics indicate that the Burlington mylonite zone was active after the Nobscot shear zone. In particular, quartz in the Nobscot shear zone was dynamically recrystallized by a combination of grain boundary migration and rotation recrystallization processes, thought to occur during shearing at upper-greenschist conditions. In contrast, quartz in the Burlington mylonite zone was recrystallized predominantly by rotation recrystallization, indicating lower-greenschist, retrograde, deformation. The two shear zones are too close for these differences to be a result of a simple thermal field gradient.While mineral assemblages in most of the study area indicate no metamorphic grade higher than upper-greenschist temperatures, the Wolfpen lens contains amphibolites with assemblages formed at temperatures above the oligoclase isograd, indicating mid-amphibolite facies metamorphism. As metamorphic contrast is one of the key features differentiating the Nashoba zone from the New England Avalon zone, the Wolfpen lens cannot be assumed to be part of Avalon. It may be a small block of rocks of intermediate grade between the two terranes.     

SEISMIC MODELLING WITH CHANNEL WAVES IN SEAM STRUCTURES INFLUENCED BY MYLONITE ZONES1

Channel waves generated in coal-seams and their reflections from discontinuities are widely used to indicate the tectonic and stratigraphic features of coal deposits, resulting in greater efficiency and safety in coal-mining. In the mining area of Ibbenbüren (F.R.G.) seam structures sometimes contain so-called mylonite zones, which are crushed coal deposits capable of binding gas. If mining hits a mylonite zone this would probably not only reduce output of the mine, but could even cause gas explosions. To investigate the influence of a mylonite zone on the propagation of channel waves, Rayleigh channel wave measurements for 2D analogue models were performed and synthetic seismograms of Love channel waves were calculated. Analogue modelling of the mylonite zone using Rayleigh seam waves within the seam was carried out using a perforation technique. Calculations were made to obtain an estimate of velocity reduction due to perforation. The results agree well with velocity values measured up to a perforation of 25% in a 2D epoxy resin model. Reflected channel wave energy was found by applying dispersion analysis in the case where the impedance reduction between the mylonite seam structure and the undisturbed seam was approximately 5%. The horizontal width of the mylonite structure was detectable from the time lag between reflected channel wave signals from both in-seam borders of the mylonite zone. Resolution of two discrete borders was possible for a width of 1.5 λ's. The influence of a vertical fault, positioned within the mylonite zone, could only poorly be resolved. Numerical model investigations of Love seam waves were concerned mainly with the variation of the horizontal width of the mylonite zone. Mylonite zones with dimensions of the order of 0.4 λ's allow definite statements about their widths from dispersion and spectral analyses. For zones with smaller widths down to 0.2 λ's, it was found that reflectivity and transmissivity analyses give a qualitative criterion for distinguishing a mylonite structure surrounding a fault from a pure fault.     

The effect of a hydrous phase on P‐wave velocity anisotropy within a detachment shear zone in the slow‐spreading oceanic crust: A case study from the Godzilla Megamullion,Philippine Sea

We studied the contributions of plagioclase, clinopyroxene, and amphibole to the P‐wave velocity properties of gabbroic mylonites of the Godzilla Megamullion (site KH07‐02‐D18) in the Parece Vela Rift of the central Parece Vela Basin, Philippine Sea, based on their crystal‐preferred orientations (CPOs), mineral modes, and elastic constants and densities of single crystals. The gabbroic mylonites have been classified into three types based on their microstructures and temperature conditions: HT1, HT2 and medium‐temperature (MT) mylonites. The P‐wave velocity properties of the HT1 mylonite are dominantly influenced by plagioclase CPOs. Secondary amphibole occurred after deformation in the HT1 mylonite, so that its effect on P‐wave velocity anisotropy is minimal due to weak CPOs. Although the HT2 mylonite developed deformation microstructures in the three minerals, the P‐wave velocity properties of the HT2 mylonite are essentially isotropic, resulting from the destructive interference of different P‐wave velocity anisotropy patterns produced by the distinct CPOs of the three constituent minerals (i.e., plagioclase, clinopyroxene, and amphibole). The P‐wave velocity properties of the MT mylonite are influenced mainly by amphibole CPOs, whereas the effect of plagioclase CPOs on P‐wave velocity anisotropy becomes very small with a decrease in the intensity of plagioclase CPOs. As a result, the gabbroic mylonites tend to have weak P‐wave velocity anisotropy in seismic velocity, although their constituent minerals show distinct CPOs. Such weakness in the whole‐rock P‐wave velocity anisotropy could result from the destructive contributions of the different mineral CPOs with respect to the structural framework (foliation and lineation). These results show that amphibole has a high potential for P‐wave velocity anisotropy by aligning both crystallographically and dimensionally during deformation in the hydrous oceanic crust. The results also suggest that the effect of a hydrous phase on P‐wave velocity anisotropy within the detachment shear zone in a slow‐spreading oceanic crust varies depending on the degree of deformation and on the timing of hydrothermal activity.