胶东—鲁南榴辉岩带的岩石学矿物学地球化学及其成因研究

本文报道了笔者对分布于山东荣成、文登、威海、青岛、胶南、诸城、日照和莒南等地的榴辉岩所作的岩石学矿物学和地球化学研究。确定了这一巨型榴辉岩带是由两条相互重合的榴辉岩带所构成;一条为高温高压成因的A—B类榴辉岩带;另一条为低温高压成因的C类榴辉岩带。它们形成于早元古代早期华南陆块向华北陆块的俯冲,并经受了早元古代角闪岩相变质作用的迭加。早元古代早期华北陆块发生向南运动的大陆推覆体构造,使两种不同成因类型的榴辉岩带在空间上重迭。最后推测这一榴辉岩带的分布代表着我国东部华北陆块与华南陆块的分界界限。     

胶东—苏北古碰撞带三相变质作用

本文报道了胶东—苏北古碰撞带附近存在的高温低压变质的麻粒岩相、高温高压变质的A—B类榴辉岩相和高压低温变质的C类榴辉岩相三种变质相系,以及与高温低压麻粒岩相有关的Ⅰ型花岗岩带,它们在空间上相协调,在时间上相一致。其经历了早元古代早期的华南—华北陆块碰撞事件、早元古代角闪岩相变质事件和早元古代末期大陆推覆构造事件,使得高温低压麻粒岩相岩石发生退变质作用,低温高压C类榴辉岩相岩石发生进变质作用,蓝闪石片岩消失,并导致高温高压的A—B类榴辉岩相和高压低温的C类榴辉岩相在空间上相叠置。     

青岛C类榴辉岩的岩石学矿物学及其地质意义

本文利用X荧光光谱定量分析、电子探针分析和X衍射分析对青岛C类榴辉岩作了岩石学、岩石化学和矿物化学研究,计算了青岛C类榴辉岩的成岩温度、压力条件及古地温梯度,最后提出了其成因是早元古代早期华南陆块向华北陆块俯冲时,大洋碱性橄榄玄武岩在低温高压环境发生变质作用形成C类榴辉岩和蓝闪石片岩。早元古代的变质作用使C类榴辉岩平衡温度升高,蓝闪石片岩消失。     

鲁南榴辉岩的Sm—Nd等时年龄及其构造意义

讨论山东诸城胶南混杂岩系中的榴辉岩属地壳角闪岩相变质成因,其Sm—Nd等时年龄为222±6Ma,~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd初始比值为0.51136±0.00003,θ(T) 为-19.4±0.5,代表了早三叠世华南陆块与华北陆块碰撞拼合,并发生高压变质作用。后期的陆壳推覆及伸展构造使深部榴辉岩上升侵位于胶南混杂岩系中。     

胶东—苏北构造带特征及动力学演化

提出胶东—苏北构造带以广泛出露榴辉岩和超基性岩、普遍发育韧性剪切带和糜棱岩带为特征,具混杂岩特点。它经历了早元古代大陆推覆构造事件(2000～2400Ma)、早元古代末低角闪岩相变质热事件(1800～2000Ma)和元古代末大陆推覆构造事件(6O0～800Ma)。该构造带是华北陆块与华南陆块之间的过渡带。     

南黄海千里岩岛榴辉岩的矿物化学及成因探讨

南黄海千里岩岛地处中国华南板块与华北板块缝合线位置,其基底由强烈韧性变形的构造片麻岩组成,并出露具重要大地构造标型意义的超高压榴辉岩类岩石。本文通过对南黄海千里岩岛榴辉岩中主要造岩矿物石榴石的矿物化学研究,探讨了榴辉岩的成因。研究表明,千里岩地区高压变质岩是由于华北与华南两大陆块拼合时,处于其间的岛弧拉斑玄武岩沿碰撞带下插到华北陆块之下,从而使千里岩地区发生高压变质作用,形成了榴辉岩和片麻岩等,后期的构造折返使其上升到地壳上部。     

鲁苏榴辉岩的地球化学

以微量元素、稀土元素、Ｓｒ和Ｎｄ同位素变异特征为依据，确定鲁苏榴辉岩为多成因、多来源和多阶段，指出主要是在印支期扬子陆块与华北陆块碰撞造山作用过程中，挤入的上地幔碎片以及不同原岩类型的壳内高压变质岩碎块。燕山晚期的区域构造热事件使得某些榴辉岩的同位素体系再平衡。     

辽西地区太古宙—古元古代岩石组合及其研究进展

辽西地区是华北克拉通东部陆块的一部分,大面积出露了太古宙—古元古代的古老岩石,是研究华北地壳早前寒武纪演化的重点地区之一。辽西地区太古宙岩石组合以TTG质和花岗质变质深成岩为主,少量变质表壳岩以包体或构造残片形式赋存在变深成岩中;古元古代(2.5~1.6Ga)岩石组合包括长城系裂谷沉积岩和碱性侵入杂岩。最新的区调成果以及地质—地化数据表明,辽西地区记录的太古宙岩浆—变质事件主要集中在约2.55~2.50Ga之间,其形成与洋壳俯冲有关;该区缺乏约2.50~1.85Ga构造—热事件的记录,约1.72~1.70Ga是该区另外一期强烈的岩浆活动,其形成与华北东、西部陆块最终碰撞(约1.85Ga)之后的构造伸展有关。     

鲁苏榴辉岩套的特征及其动力学演化

鲁苏榴辉岩套以广泛分布各类榴辉岩、密切伴生石榴石橄榄岩、石榴石麻粒岩等高压岩石组合 ,普遍发育韧性变形带 ,大量出露燕山晚期碱性花岗岩及深源脉岩为特征。它已经历三迭纪早期华南陆块与华北陆块的碰撞事件、大陆逆掩推覆构造事件及后期白垩纪早期开始的大陆伸展构造事件 ,是我国华南陆块与华北陆块之间的重要过渡单元。     

威海地区高压岩石组合及其成因演化

利用矿物地质温压计估算变质高峰期温压条件、退变质作用温压条件。研究表明,本区为鲁苏构造带的北延部分,代表本区晚元古代华南陆块与华北陆块的碰撞及三叠纪华北陆块向华南陆块推覆事件的发生和演化。     

山东荣成榴辉岩和石榴石橄榄岩的岩石学矿物化学及其成因

用电子探针分析了山东荣成榴辉岩和石榴石橄榄岩中的石榴石和单斜辉石的化学组成。利用石榴石成分—成因判别图解并结合矿物地质温度计估算结果,判断荣成榴辉岩和石榴石橄榄岩为地幔来源,部分榴辉岩经历了后期壳内角闪岩相退变质作用。最后讨论了它们的成因意义和动力学演化。     

南海东北部陆缘地壳结构特征及下地壳高速层成因

南海东北部陆缘构造演化信息丰富,对于理解南海的演化过程至关重要。本文收集了南海东北部的深反射地震和海底广角地震成果剖面,提取地壳和下地壳高速层的厚度结果,并结合水深、重磁异常和岩石圈的流变学等地质地球物理资料,对南海东北部的地壳减薄特征、吕宋-琉球转换板块边界的性质和下地壳高速层的分布及成因进行了分析和讨论。南海东北部的地壳减薄在横向和垂向上都存在不均匀性,以下地壳减薄为主,在台西南盆地存在极端减薄地壳;南海北缘的白云凹陷、西沙海槽和西缘的中建南盆地也存在类似的极端减薄地壳,且都与刚性地块共轭或邻近,推测刚性地块的存在导致地壳初始破裂时下地壳流动和地幔上隆是局部出现地壳极端减薄的主要原因。吕宋-琉球转换板块边界两侧在海底地形、新生代反射和重磁异常等方面均存在差异,与中生代岛弧引起的高磁异常大角度相交,其可能是中生代古特提斯构造域向太平洋构造域转换的边界断裂。下地壳高速层在南海东北部广泛发育,结合其分布特征和波速比V_p/V_s的分布区间,认为其是多期次岩浆底侵形成的铁镁质基性岩。     

New Bathymetry and Magnetic Lineations Identifications in the Northernmost South China Sea and their Tectonic Implications

The seafloor spreading of the South China Sea (SCS) was previously believed to take place between ca. 32 and 15 Ma (magnetic anomaly C11 to C5c). New magnetic data acquired in the northernmost SCS however suggests the existence of E–W trending magnetic polarity reversal patterns. Magnetic modeling demonstrates that the oldest SCS oceanic crust could be Late Eocene (as old as 37 Ma, magnetic anomaly C17), with a half-spreading rate of 44 mm/yr. The new identified continent–ocean boundary (COB) in the northern SCS generally follows the base of the continental slope. The COB is also marked by the presence of a relatively low magnetization zone, corresponding to the thinned portion of the continental crust. We suggest that the northern extension of the SCS oceanic crust is terminated by an inactive NW–SE trending trench-trench transform fault, called the Luzon–Ryukyu Transform Plate Boundary (LRTPB). The LRTPB is suggested to be a left-lateral transform fault connecting the former southeast-dipping Manila Trench in the south and the northwest-dipping Ryukyu Trench in the north. The existence of the LRTPB is demonstrated by the different patterns of the magnetic anomalies as well as the different seafloor morphology and basement relief on both sides of the LRTPB. Particularly, the northwestern portion of the LRTPB is marked by a steep northeast-dipping escarpment, along which the Formosa Canyon has developed. The LRTPB probably became inactive at ca. 20 Ma while the former Manila Trench prolonged northeastwards and connected to the former Ryukyu Trench by another transform fault. This reorganization of the plate boundaries might cause the southwestern portion of the former Ryukyu Trench to become extinct and a piece of the Philippine Sea Plate was therefore trapped amongst the LRTPB, the Manila Trench and the continental margin.     

我国南海历史性水域线的地质特征

40a的海洋地质、地球物理实测研究表明,九段线不仅是显示我国南海主权的历史性水域线,而且总体上也是南海与东部、南部和西部陆区及岛区的巨型地质边界线。根据实测数据,本文将从地质成因、来源、演化的角度论述此南海历史性水域线的合理性。主要结论包括:历史性水域线的东段在地形上基本与马尼拉海沟一致,海沟西侧为南海中央海盆洋壳区,东侧为菲律宾群岛。根据国际地质研究的资料,菲律宾群岛始新世以前位于较偏南的纬度,后来于中晚中新世(距今16~10Ma)仰冲于南海中央海盆之上,因此菲律宾群岛是一个外来群岛。而黄岩岛在马尼拉海沟以西,是中央海盆洋壳区的一个岛礁,与菲律宾群岛成因不同。南海历史性水域线的南段在地形上基本与南沙海槽一致,伴随南沙地块由北部陆缘向南裂离,古南海洋壳沿此海槽以南俯冲至加里曼丹岛陆壳之下,因此南沙地块与加里曼丹陆块为两个来历不同的地块。南海历史性水域线西段的分布在地形上与越东巨型走滑断裂带基本一致,可能与西沙地块、中沙地块、南沙地块从南海北部陆缘向南滑移有关。南沙地块北缘陡直的正断层结构,突显中央海盆是拉裂形成,其基底和中新生代地层与北部珠江口盆地的地层结构可以对比,说明南沙岛礁原属我国华南大陆南缘,后因南海的形成裂离至现今的位置。     

Geological comparative studies of Japan Arc System and Kyushu-Palau Arc

Based on the published data of structure geology,geochronology,petrology and isotope geochemistry,the authors of this paper have conducted studies on the tectonic evolution history of Japan arc system and Kyushu-Palau ridge(KPR) . The studies show that the initial Japan arc system was resulted from the subduction of ancient Pacific plate beneath Eurasian Plate in Permian. It was part of an Andean-type continental volcanic arc which occurred in the offshore in the east of Asian during late Mesozoic era. The formation of tertiary back-arc basin(Japan Sea) resulted in the fundamental tectonic framework of the present arc system. Since Quaternary the system has been lying at E-W compression tectonic setting due to the eastward subduction of Amur Plate. It is expected that Japan arc system will be juxtaposed with Asian continent,which is similar to the present Taiwan arc system. The origin of Philippine Sea Plate(PSP) is still in debate. Some studies argued that it is a trapped oceanic crust segment,while the others insisted that it is a back-arc basin accompanied with ancient IBM arc. However,it is all agreed that the tectonic evolution of PSP started since 50 Ma,i.e.,PSP has drifted from the site around equator at 50 Ma to the present site,and the subduction of PSP along Nankai trough-Ryukyu Trench beneath the Japan arc system during 6-2 Ma led to the formation of the present Ryukyu arc system. Of the PSP,the KPR has been found with the oldest rocks formed at 38 Ma. Combining with its geochemical characteristics of oceanic arc tholeiite,it is suggested that KPR is an intraoceanic volcanic arc,more specifically,a relic arc(i.e.,rear arc of the ancient IBM) after rifting of ancient IBM. In addition,Amami-Daito province is of arc tectonic affinity,but has been affected by mantle plume. Therefore,based on their respective tectonic evolution history and geochemical characteristics of rock samples,it is inferred that there is no genetic relationship between Japan arc system and KPR. It is noted that rocks reflecting continental crust basement feature have been collected on the northern tip of KPR,which may be related to the process of KPR accreting on Japan arc,but the arc-continent accretion process are still at initial stage of modern continental crust accretion model. However,due to the scarcity of data of the northern tip of KPR,crustal structure of this location and its adjacent Nankai trough need to be further constrained by geophysical studies in the future.     

南海东部马尼拉俯冲带深部结构新认识*

2015—2018年, 国家自然科学基金重大研究计划“南海深海过程演变”的重点支持项目“南海东部马尼拉俯冲带深部结构探测与研究”以马尼拉俯冲带为研究重点, 从深部地球物理的角度探索南海形成演化史与运行规律。项目执行期间, 在国家基金委共享航次协助下, 先后开展和参与5次综合地球物理探测, 共投放海底地震仪(Ocean Bottom Seismometer, OBS)台站73台次, 海底电磁仪(Ocean Bottom ElectroMagnetometers, OBEM)仪器5台次, 累积放炮达13872炮, 成功获得了60台OBS数据和5台OBEM数据。同时, 取得了一系列创新性研究成果: (1)基于人工地震探测及天然地震层析成像结果, 确定南海东北部的地壳属性为受到张裂后期岩浆活动影响的减薄陆壳(12~15km), 划分了南海北部陆缘洋陆边界(Continent-Ocean Boundary, COB); (2)根据多道地震反射剖面, 划分了马尼拉俯冲带北部增生楔前缘的精细结构; (3)圈定了南海停止扩张时洋壳范围; (4)初步构建了南海与菲律宾海板块构造演化模型。本项目为重大研究计划“南海深海过程演变”核心科学问题(海底扩张的年代与过程)提供了实质性的证据, 同时为南海构造演化生命史的“骨架”提供了重要的基础数据, 具有深远的科学意义。     

Stress field modeling of northwestern South China Sea since 5.3 Ma and its tectonic significance

Tectonically, the northwestern South China Sea （SCS） is located at the junction between three micro-plates, i.e., the Indochina, South China and Zhongsha-Xisha micro-plates, and involves three basins, i.e., the Yinggehai Basin, the Qiongdongnan Basin and Xisha Trough in the east, and the Zhongjiannan Basin in the south. Since the Pliocene （5.3 Ma）, the Yinggehai Basin has experienced repeated accelerating subsidence, high thermal fluid, and widely developing mud-rich overpressure chambers, abundant mud diapers and crust-mantle mixed CO2. While a large central canyon was developed in the Qiongdongnan Basin, new rift occurred in the Xisha ~rough. These characteristics demonstrate a single tectonic unit for the northwestern SCS, for which we have undertaken stress field modeling to understand its plate deformations and sedimen- tary responses. Our results demonstrate that an extension tectonic event occurred after 5.3 Ma in theYingge- hal-Qiongdongnan-Xisha trough area, which is characterized by thinner crust C〈16000 m）, half-graben or graben structural style and thicker sedimentary sequences （〉3 500 m）. A new rift system subsequently was developed in this area; this event was mainly driven by the combined effects of different movement veloc- ity and direction of the three micro-plates, and the far-field effect of the continental collision between the Indian Plate and the Tibetan Plateau, and subduction of the Pacific Plate underneath the Eurasian Plate.     

Crustal Structures of the Northernmost South China Sea: Seismic Reflection and Gravity Modeling

The South China Sea (SCS) is a marginal sea off shore Southeast Asia. Based on magnetic study, oceanic crust has been suggested in the northernmost SCS. However, the crustal structure of the northernmost SCS was poorly known. To elaborate the crustal structures in the northernmost SCS and off southwest Taiwan, we have analyzed 20 multi-channel seismic profiles of the region. We have also performed gravity modeling to understand the Moho depth variation. The volcanic basement deepens southeastwards while the Moho depth shoals southeastwards. Except for the continental margin, the northernmost SCS can be divided into three tectonic regions: the disturbed and undisturbed oceanic crust (8–12 km thick) in the southwest, a trapped oceanic crust (8 km thick) between the Luzon-Ryukyu Transform Plate Boundary (LRTPB) and Formosa Canyon, and the area to the north of the Formosa Canyon which has the thickest sediments. Instead of faulting, the sediments across the LRTPB have only displayed differential subsidence offset of about 0.5–1 s in the northeast side, indicating that the LRTPB is no longer active. The gravity modeling has shown a relatively thin crust beneath the LRTPB, demonstrating the sheared zone character along the LRTPB. However, probably because of post-spreading volcanism, only the transtension-shearing phenomenon of volcanic basement in the northwest and southeast ends of the LRTPB can be observed. These two basement-fractured sites coincide with low gravity anomalies. Intensive erosion has prevailed over the whole channel of the Formosa Canyon.     

大地构造研究在我国东部油气勘查中的应用

中国含油气区大地构造研究,从槽台观点到板块构造基础理论,应用到东部地区着重研究了陆缘地壳和上地幔岩石圈层结构、运动和发展规律。阐明自印支期以来新全球构造阶段地壳深部活动机制,有效地解释了中新生代裂谷,裂陷盆地的起源和演化,以及构造对油气的生成、运移、聚集、保存直至成藏的控制作用,为油气勘查从陆地到海域发现大批油气田做出了积极贡献。