基于地租理论的养殖用海海域使用金定价机制探讨

为进一步推动我国海域有偿使用制度的顺利实施、促进海域资源市场化的有效运作以及提升海洋资源的开发利用效率，文章以养殖用海海域为例，概述地租理论的发展历程、我国养殖用海海域使用金征收现状和海水质量状况以及基于地租视角的养殖用海海域使用金制定标准。研究结果表明:我国养殖用海海域使用金的制定存在年代久远、现势性较差以及不同地区差别较大等问题；为在经济层面上实现海域所有权，国家应向海域使用者征收绝对海租；由于海水质量和地理位置等因素直接影响养殖用海等海域开发利用活动的整体效果和经济利益，也应根据不同资源禀赋收取级差海租。因此，从地租角度考察养殖用海海域使用金的制定，应是绝对地租和级差地租的综合体现。     

关于海域使用金最低征收标准的研究

海域使用金也就是海域使用权出让金，是国家凭借对海域自然资源的所有权向用海单位和个人出让海域使用权的收益。为了有效遏制沿海各地对海域使用金征收的随意性，实现海域使用金征收管理工作的规范化，应当在对全国海域实行分等定级的基础上，遵循统一标准，对不同类型同一等级的用海制定大体统一和相对合理的海域使用金最低标准。海域使用金最低标准，是省级以上人民政府财政和海洋行政主管部门，根据国家有关规定和海域的等级制定的在一定时期内的海域使用权出让的最低控制价格。以招标或者拍卖方式出让的，也应当以此作为底价。在制定海…     

我国海洋能开发用海现状及发展建议

近年来,我国海洋能开发蓬勃发展,海洋能发电装置用海需求稳步增加,给我国海域管理工作带来了新的内容。如何有效规范海洋能开发用海的管理程序、解决当前海洋能项目用海审批程序复杂、海域使用金不统一等问题,建立完善海洋能开发用海政策体系,统一海洋能开发用海审批的技术方法和规范,是推动我国海洋能开发利用发展的重要环节。     

海域使用论证中关于码头用海论证等级判定的探讨

论证等级的确定是海域使用论证工作重要的关键技术之一。文章依据海域使用管理的相关法规和技术标准,详细介绍了《海域使用论证技术导则》(试行)和《海域使用论证技术导则》(2010)关于码头用海论证等级的界定方法及优缺点,并结合近年来的工作实践,给出码头用海论证等级判定的建议和具体方法。该研究可以提高码头用海论证等级判定的科学性和合理性,对于研究各种类型用海项目论证等级判定方法及海域使用论证相关技术工作起到抛砖引玉的作用。     

论海域增值及其调控政策

海域增值主要受投资、供求、用途的影响,存在空间和用海类型的差异,呈现波浪式的上升格局.海域增值能促进经济发展和集约用海,提高海域空间资源市场化配置水平,也易导致海域投机和增值收益分配不公,应从完善海域增值收益分配机制、建立海域评估制度和修订海域使用金标准等方面进行调控.     

海域采砂临时用海海域使用论证技术探讨

《福建省海域采砂临时用海管理办法》自2009年8月1日起施行,目前海域采砂临时用海海域使用论证工作处于起步阶段。文章阐述了海域采砂临时用海管理现状,以及海域采砂临时用海海域使用论证内容;分析探讨了海域采砂临时用海海域使用论证的重点和难点;并从采砂环境影响分析、海砂开采动态监测、采砂项目概况分析、采砂利益相关者分析以及专题设置等5个方面研究探讨海域使用论证的技术方法。     

试论不改变海域属性的增养殖、旅游类用海价格评估

正确认识和评估不改变海域属性的增养殖、旅游类用海价格,对科学制定与合理征收海域使用金,加强国家对海域市场的管理,促进正常交易,以便合理、高效地使用海域十分重要。文章仅从估价原则、主导影响因素的确定及评估方法的选择等方面论述目前不改变海域属性的增养殖、旅游类用海价格评估的研究进展。并在此基础上,针对沿海省、市该类用海的特点,对其价格评估提出了建议。     

海域使用格局卫星遥感监测与评价——以葫芦岛试验区为例

研究了海域使用类型遥感监测的分类系统,探索建立了各类海域使用类型的卫星遥感监测方法。在此基础上,以葫芦岛试验区为例,对该验区海域使用格局进行了卫星遥感监测与评价。结果表明:卫星遥感技术结合地理信息系统技术与全球定位系统技术可以较好地对海域使用空间格局进行监测和评价。葫芦岛试验区海域使用类型以工矿业用海和渔业用海为主,工矿业用海以大斑块的集中用海为主要特征,而渔业用海则以小斑块的分散用海为主。在海域使用空间格局上,葫芦岛区块海域以工矿业用海为主,兴城区块海域以工矿业和渔业用海为主,绥中区块海域则是以渔业用海为主,葫芦岛试验区海域使用空间格局具有明显的空间分异特征。     

河北省建设项目用海现状、问题及对策初探

开发和利用海洋资源,加快海洋经济发展,对培育新的经济增长点具有重大意义,而建设项目用海正是开发和合理利用海洋资源的基础。文章通过对2005—2011年河北省海域使用现状调查资料和成果的研究,分析了河北省海域使用现状。结果表明,河北省建设项目用海存在审批控制体系不完善、缺乏规划、空间结构布局不合理等问题。针对实际问题,提出河北省海域使用管理的对策,强调建立和完善海洋资源综合管理,实行严格的建设项目用海控制指标体系,优化海域利用结构,为河北省建设项目用海控制指标研究提供参考依据。     

中国海域有偿使用制度实施现状及建议

根据国家推行海域有偿使用制度的历程及历年海域使用管理数据,从海域有偿出让方式、海域有偿出让配套措施、海域使用金征收等方面总结了中国海域有偿使用制度实施现状。结果表明:目前,中国海域有偿出让以行政审批为主,同时,市场化方式出让工作稳步推进,沿海各地纷纷开展海域使用权招标拍卖挂牌出让工作。国家海域使用金征收逐步规范,执行2007年新海域使用金标准后,全国海域使用金征收总额大幅增加,以招拍挂方式出让海域征收的海域使用金也逐年递增。不过,填海造地用海海域使用金标准远低于毗邻土地价格,无法有效调控填海造地规模。针对海域有偿使用制度实施现状,提出了几点建议,认为海域使用金标准需要进一步细化,海域市场化出让要和严格的海域用途管制相结合,填海造地项目应该与毗邻土地捆绑出让,海域市场化出让方式暂时以招标和挂牌为主。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

A model of the dynamics of the ecosystem of the Sea of Azov

We use many-year archival observations of hydrologic and hydrobiologic state of the Sea of Azov for the identification of the structure of a model of its ecosystem. The ecosystem model, supplemented with expert estimates of bioresource consumption (fish reserve), contamination level, and possible ecologic fines for violation of the sea natural state, is formalized by the method of system dynamics. Hereat, the major part of influence functions is found in terms of observational data with application of self-organization algorithms. We also present the results of simulated experiments with the model of the ecosystem, which enable us to analyse scenarios of its behaviour under the influence of various external factors (wind, river discharge, water exchange with the Black Sea, etc.). Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

On the Relationship between the Characteristics of the Annual Variations of the Virtual Height of the Ionospheric Sporadic E Layer with the Seasonal Rearrangements of the Stratomesospheric Circulation

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Analysis of the temporal variations of the virtual heights of the sporadic E layer (h?ES) determined from ionograms with increased accuracy (1...     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.     

Variability of the nutrient runoff of the rivers of the Arctic Basin

The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers.