东北地块大兴安岭地区的古地磁研究

本文通过对东北地块大兴安岭地区古生界泥盆系，奥陶系及岩体的古地磁研究，结合已有的古地磁研究成果，发现奥陶纪时，东北地块，东北地块，西伯利亚地块，华北地块很接近，表明三者此时可能为联合古陆，泥盆纪时，东北地块快速向南向北运动，导致三者之间的分离，至晚二叠纪，东北地块靠近华北地块而远离西伯利亚地块，至晚株罗世－早白垩世，三者又拼合在一起。     

扬子与华南新生代拼贴构造的古地磁证据

根据古地磁测量研究了下扬子地块的演化.研究确认,扬子地块自古生代晚期以来经历了复杂的构造运动.在古生代晚期,下扬子地块位于低纬度地区,是华南地块的组成部分.自三叠纪开始在赤道附近与华南地块分离.自晚侏罗世至早日垩世,独立的下扬于地块,又在中纬度地区与华北地块拼贴,成为华北地块的一部分.自早第三纪晚期(E_S)开始向南运动,于晚第三纪晚期.与华南地块拼贴,形成统一的中国东部大陆块.根据地质特点可以认为,扬子地块自中生代以来与华北地块和华南地块的拼贴,都不是以厚断裂剪切方式而是以薄皮构造方式.     

华南、华北地块中生代构造演化与超高压变质岩的折返机制

本文在讨论中国东部现有构造演化模式基础上，着重从华北与华南地块之间板块尺度的动力学过程剖析秦岭－大别中生代造山带构造演化，以及大别－苏鲁超高压变质地体的形成和折返过程。晚二叠世－中三叠世华南地块向华北地块持续挤压，陆壳大规模俯冲导致超高压变质作用的产生，而华北地块在晚三叠世至早侏罗世发生快速逆时针旋转，使得这一地区上地幔深度的超高压变质地体快速折返至下地壳。由于超高压变质地体侵位后，地壳结构、构造的差异，在南北地块的进一步挤压下，造成中国东部晚侏罗世－早白垩世郯庐断裂带的巨大左行剪切。     

海南岛白垩纪古地磁结果及其构造地质意义

对海南岛地区白垩系鹿母湾组和报万组碎屑岩219个独立定向岩芯样品(29个采点)的岩石磁学和古地磁学研究表明,白垩纪的碎屑岩以赤铁矿为主要载磁矿物。逐步热退磁分析表明,绝大多数样品可分离出特征剩磁分量。综合前人的结果,获早白垩世特征剩磁方向D=6.5°,I=42.7°,κ=73.4,α95=8.2°;晚白垩世特征剩磁方向D=6.7°,I=44.7°,κ=125.5,α95=5.4°。其早白垩世古纬度24.8°(+6.2°/-5.8°),晚白垩世古纬度26.3°(+4.6°/-4.0°);均位于现在地理位置以北约5°～6°。与华南板块东南缘白垩纪的古地磁数据对比表明,晚白垩世海南地块仍是华南板块的一部分。海南岛白沙断裂东西两侧早白垩世古地磁数据的差异,表明存在一个北东向的构造走滑带,白沙断裂可能是华南沿海北东向构造带的南延部分。海南岛白垩纪古地磁结果也表明,相对印支地块,海南岛在早白垩世时发生了25°左右局部顺时针旋转。推测此局部旋转很可能与晚侏罗世—晚白垩世早期,印度洋开始第一次海底扩张,印度板块向北运动有关。     

郯庐断裂带东侧华南地块部分逆时针转动——古地磁新证据

本文对郯庐断裂带东西两侧的莱阳、六安、庐枞和怀宁等中新生代盆地内的中三叠世至早白垩世沉积构造变形进行了古地磁研究。采样区大多数特征磁化方向通过了褶皱检验或反极性检验,从上述地区共获得了10个可靠的中三叠世-早白垩世的古地磁极。该结果与华南地块的视极移曲线对比,可以看出,从中侏罗世以来,郯庐断裂带东西两侧不存在大规模地水平相对位移。但是,断裂带东边的华南地块部分存在15°-25°的逆时针转动。这种转动主要应发生在晚侏罗世,主要与华南、华北地块的碰撞以及太平洋板块的挤压有关。      

东北地区中生代火山岩形成的构造环境

东北地区中生代火山岩可划分为晚三叠世-早白垩世中期、早白垩世晚期及以后两个大旋回,和晚三叠世-中侏罗世、晚侏罗世-早白垩世中期、早白垩世晚期及以后三大期次.早期火山岩分布局限,主要分布于华北板块北缘(侧);中期火山活动强烈,并逐渐向北东方向迁移,是古亚洲洋构造域与滨西太平洋构造域叠加产物;晚期火山活动较弱,逐渐向东迁移,是滨西太平洋板块俯冲作用单一体制环境的产物.     

中国东北及邻区白垩纪岩浆活动与古太平洋板块俯冲的关系

本文简要综述了古太平洋构造演化历史和中国东北及邻区构造单元,总结了中国东北及邻区白垩纪岩浆活动的时空分布规律及岩石组合特征,认为中国东北额尔古纳-兴安-松辽-佳木斯地块145~88Ma岩浆活动显著,从西向东由老变新,特征岩石组合为软流圈地幔来源玄武质岩石,以及Ⅰ型和A型花岗岩类;88~65Ma岩浆活动较弱,仅少量OIB型玄武岩。完达山-锡霍特-阿林-延边地区白垩纪岩浆活动也具有从西向东由老变新的规律,特征岩石组合为高镁安山岩、埃达克岩、I型及S型花岗岩等中酸性岩石。上述岩浆活动分别形成于弧后(板内)及大陆弧。中国东北早白垩世大陆弧具有弧后伸展,与年老大洋岩石圈的俯冲有关,是现代地球上少见的俯冲类型;晚白垩世中晚期,弧后发生构造挤压,与智利型大陆边缘相似。     

苏皖地块构造演化、苏鲁造山带形成及其耦合的盆地发育

郯庐断裂带一度是古特提斯洋域中的转换断层,其东的苏皖地块和胶辽克拉通分别是曾经独立于扬子克拉通和华北克拉通之外的构造单元。苏皖地块原属中朝构造域,因中元古代时苏鲁洋的张开而向南漂移,震旦纪起归入华南构造域。受北东东-近东西向的江南断裂和江绍断裂右行走滑活动控制,苏皖地块及怀玉地块在石炭纪末-三叠纪时脱离华南构造域,成为古特提斯洋域中的中间地块。中国东部地区东亚燕山期山系的形成受两个地球动力学系统制约:一是苏鲁洋的消减及闭合后苏皖地块与胶辽克拉通的碰撞,二是江南断裂和江绍断裂的先剪后压,苏皖地块与拼合了的扬子-华北克拉通间发生斜向会聚和剪切造山,怀玉地块仰冲超叠在苏皖地块上。分5个阶段(印支期消减,早-中侏罗世斜向会聚,晚侏罗-早白垩世消减,早白垩世碰撞和燕山造山带坍塌)叙述了中生代造山作用的表现和特点,探讨了与各阶段造山作用耦合的盆地类型和时空分布。因燕山造山带的坍塌而燕山运动构建的“盆”“山”关系解脱,中国东部第三纪的伸展盆地直接叠加在燕山造山带的坍塌裂谷上。     

西藏喜马拉雅地块显生宙古地磁特征及其构造地质意义

通过对采自西藏南部喜马拉雅地块珠穆朗玛峰北坡地区奥陶系—古近系沉积地层中的2920件古地磁定向样品进行了系统测试研究,结果表明,喜马拉雅地块在显生宙时期向北漂移过程中曾发生过多次顺时针旋转运动。在奥陶纪—晚白垩世喜马拉雅地块在向北漂移过程中发生了大约20.0°的顺时针旋转运动。但在晚泥盆世末到早石炭世初曾发生了0.4°逆时针旋转,在石炭纪和早三叠世分别逆时针旋转了6.0°和8.0°,可能与晚泥盆世末到早石炭世初、石炭纪和早三叠世大陆裂谷的张裂作用有关。在晚三叠世-早侏罗世和晚侏罗世-早白垩世期间,分别发生了古纬度为2.0°和3.8°的向南回返的逆时针旋转,可能与雅鲁藏布新特提斯洋弧后扩张及洋盆开启有关。在始新世到上新世,喜马拉雅地块在相对快速北移的同时产生了约28.0°的顺时针旋转。根据古纬度数据推算,始新世以来的喜马拉雅陆-陆碰撞造山运动导致印度板块-喜马拉雅褶冲构造带-拉萨地块之间的地壳构造缩短量至少为1 000km。通过对珠穆朗玛峰地区显生宙古地磁的系统研究,为进一步深入研究冈瓦纳大陆的演化、古特提斯洋的形成、消亡历史和青藏高原隆升机制提供了科学依据。     

华北和华南地块显生极移曲线的初步研究

我门的研究表明华北和华南地块有着复杂的地质历史.寒武纪时,这两个地块似乎均是冈瓦纳大陆的一部分,但它们是相互分离的,华南地块位于古赤道上,靠近澳大利亚的北部,而华北地块位于南纬35°.靠近伊朗、西藏和印度北部.在晚奥(?)世到石炭纪期间,冈瓦纳大陆穿过南极,发生古纬度带的倒转.然后,华北地块带着华南地块一起向北漂移.在晚石炭世和早二叠世,华北地块到达古赤道附近.二叠纪时,华北地块位于古地中海中,与伊朗、土耳其和阿拉伯毗邻.泥盆纪时,华南地块已与澳大利亚分离开,并向华北地块漂移.在晚石炭世和早二叠世,华北地块和华南地块以及印度支那地块位于古地中海中,晚二叠世,华北地块开始向北漂移,沿中亚褶皱带与西伯利亚地块碰撞.然而,直到中侏罗世,华北和华南地块才焊接在一起.自新生代开始以来,当印度板块向北漂移并与欧亚板块碰撞时,中国地块被进一步向东推挤.特别是华南地块相对于欧亚北部已向东漂移.     

Tectonic relation between northeastern China and the Korean peninsula revealed by interpretation of GRACE satellite gravity data

The major continental blocks in northeastern Asia are the North China block and the South China block, which have collided starting from the Korean peninsula. Geologic and geophysical interpretations reveal a well defined suture zone in northeastern China from Qinling through Dabie to Jiaodong. The discovery of high-pressure metamorphic rocks in the Hongseong area of the Korean peninsula, prominent evidence for the collision zone, indicates extension of the collision zone in northeastern China into the Korean peninsula. Interpretation of the GRACE satellite gravity dataset shows two prominent structural boundaries in the Yellow Sea. One extends from the Jiaodong Belt in eastern China to the Imjingang Belt in the Korean peninsula. The other extends from near Nanjing, eastern China, to Hongseong. Tectonic movement in or near the suture zone may be responsible for seismic activity in the western Korean peninsula and the development of the Yellow Sea sedimentary basin.     

The Liaonan metamorphic core complex, Southeastern Liaoning Province, North China: A likely contributor to Cretaceous rotation of Eastern Liaoning, Korea and contiguous areas

The Mesozoic Liaonan metamorphic core complex (mcc) of the southeastern Liaoning province, North China, is an asymmetric Cordilleran-style complex with a west-rooting master detachment fault, the Jinzhou fault. A thick sequence of lower plate, fault-related mylonitic and gneissic rocks derived from Archean and Early Cretaceous crystalline protoliths has been transported ESE-ward from mid-crustal depths. U–Pb ages of lower plate syntectonic plutons (ca. 130–120 Ma), ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar cooling ages in the mylonitic and gneissic sequence (ca. 120–110 Ma), and a Cretaceous supradetachment basin attest to the Early Cretaceous age of this extensional complex. The recent discovery of the coeval and similarly west-rooting Waziyu mcc in western Liaoning [Darby, B.J., Davis, G.A., Zhang, X., Wu, F., Wilde, S., Yang, J., 2004. The newly discovered Waziyu metamorphic core complex, Yiwulushan, western Liaoning Province, North China. Earth Science Frontiers 11, 145–155] indicates that the Gulf of Liaoning, which lies between the two complexes, was the center of a region of major crustal extension.Clockwise crustal rotation of a large region including eastern Liaoning province and the Korean Peninsula with respect to a non-rotated North China block has been conclusively documented by paleomagnetic studies over the past decade. The timing of this rotation and the reasons for it are controversial. Lin et al. [Lin, W., Chen, Y., Faure, M., Wang, Q., 2003. Tectonic implication of new Late Cretaceous paleomagnetic constraints from Eastern Liaoning Peninsula, NE China. Journal of Geophysical Research 108 (B-6) (EPM 5-1 to 5-17)] proposed that a clockwise rotation of 22.5° ± 10.2° was largely post-Early Cretaceous in age, and was the consequence of extension within a crustal domain that tapers southwards towards the Bohai Sea (of which the Gulf of Liaoning is the northernmost part). Paleomagnetic studies of Early Cretaceous strata (ca 134–120 Ma) in the Yixian–Fuxin supradetachment basin of the Waziyu mcc indicate the non-rotation of North China and the basin [Zhu, R.X., Shao, J.A., Pan, Y.X., Shi, R.P., Shi, G.H., Li, D.M., 2002. Paleomagnetic data from Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks of West Liaoning: evidence for intracontinental rotation. Chinese Science Bulletin 47, 1832–1837]. Such upper-plate non-rotation supports our conclusion that the lower plates of the Waziyu and Liaonan metamorphic core complexes were displaced ESE-ward in an absolute sense away from the stable North China block, thus contributing to the rotation of Korea and contiguous areas. Rotation is inferred to have affected only the upper crust above mid-crustal levels into which we believe the Jinzhou and Waziyu detachment fault zones flattened. If this is the case, the regional Tan Lu fault that lies between the two core complexes was truncated at mid-crustal depth, since in areas to the south it forms the boundary between the North and South China lithospheric blocks. It is noteworthy that the two extensional complexes lie not far north of the Bohai Bay, the area proposed by Lin et al. [Lin, W., Chen, Y., Faure, M., Wang, Q., 2003. Tectonic implication of new Late Cretaceous paleomagnetic constraints from Eastern Liaoning Peninsula, NE China. Journal of Geophysical Research 108 (B-6) (EPM 5-1 to 5-17)] as the site of the pole of rotation for Korea's clockwise displacement.Lin et al. [Lin, W., Chen, Y., Faure, M., Wang, Q., 2003. Tectonic implication of new Late Cretaceous paleomagnetic constraints from Eastern Liaoning Peninsula, NE China. Journal of Geophysical Research 108 (B-6) (EPM 5-1 to 5-17)] were unaware of the Liaonan and Waziyu mcc's and argued that most of the regional block rotation was post-Early Cretaceous and, in part, early Cenozoic. However, the ca. 130–120 Ma ages of the two Liaoning mcc's and a Songliao basin mcc (Xujiaweizi), the latter discovered only by recent drilling through its younger stratigraphic cover, support our and some Korean coworkers' conclusions that most of the clockwise rotation was Early Cretaceous.     

华北—东北南部地区中生代中晚期粘土矿物与古气候

实验分析了华北－东北南部地区中侏罗统－白垩系泥质岩中粘土矿物的相对含量,说明了实验结果和作为古气候定性指针分析的可信度,总结了粘土矿物相对含量的时空变化及其古气候特征与演化,讨论了古气候变化与古地貌高地的关系。结果显示,伊利石既是各地也是各个层位最常见的粘土矿物,各区一般含量不少于20％,平均含量46.6％;其次是蒙脱石,在河南和山东的各个时期含量最低30％,平均达57.8％;高岭石和绿泥石只在山西较为丰富,其它各地相对少见;表明研究区中生代中晚期总体属于干冷气候环境,只在山西西部出现干冷－半湿热交替变化;证实古地貌高地“东部高原”的存在,但时空分布有所差异：时间上,它可始于中侏罗世并持续到白垩纪末期甚至古近纪;空间演化上分为两个阶段,早中侏罗世规模较小限于渤海湾之南,晚侏罗世—白垩纪扩大到东北南部和华北大部并呈南北向半弧形展布;认为东部高原对东北地区同期古气候没有影响,可能改变了冀北—辽西和豫西晚侏罗世和晚白垩世时期的古气候;指出东部高原物质可能在中侏罗世—早白垩世期间主要通过郯庐断裂南北两端已经消失了的入海口输送,白垩纪中期及之后则可能主要卸载到了周边盆地。     

SHRIMP U–Pb zircon ages of pyroclastic rocks in the Bansong Group, Taebaeksan Basin, South Korea and their implication for the Mesozoic tectonics

The Bansong Group (Daedong Supergroup) in the Korean peninsula has long been considered to be an important time marker for two well-known orogenies, in that it was deposited after the Songnim orogeny (Permian–Triassic collision of the North and South China blocks) but was deformed during the Early to Middle Jurassic Daebo tectonic event. Here we present a new interpretation on the origin of the Bansong Group and associated faults on the basis of structural and geochronological data. SHRIMP (Sensitive High-Resolution Ion MicroProbe) U–Pb zircon age determination of two felsic pyroclastic rocks from the Bansong Group formed in the foreland basin of the Gongsuweon thrust in the Taebaeksan Basin yielded ages of 186.3 ± 1.5 and 187.2 ± 1.5 Ma, respectively, indicating the deposition of the Bansong Group during the late Early Jurassic. Inherited zircon component indicates ca. 1.9 Ga source material for the volcanic rocks, agreeing with known basement ages.The Bansong Group represents syntectonic sedimentation during the late Early Jurassic in a compressional regime. During the Daebo tectonic event, the northeast-trending regional folds and thrusts including the Deokpori (Gakdong) and Gongsuweon thrusts with a southeast vergence developed in the Taebaeksan Basin. This is ascribed to deformation in a continental-arc setting due to the northwesterly orthogonal convergence of the Izanagi plate on the Asiatic margin, which occurred immediately after the juxtaposition of the Taebaeksan Basin against the Okcheon Basin in the late stage of the Songnim orogeny. Thus, the Deokpori thrust is not a continental transform fault between the North and South China blocks, but an “intracontinental” thrust that developed after their juxtaposition.     

U–Pb zircon ages, geochemical and isotopic compositions of granitoids in Songpan-Garze fold belt, eastern Tibetan Plateau: constraints on petrogenesis and tectonic evolution of the basement

The Songpan-Garze fold belt, located in the eastern part of the Tibetan Plateau, covers a huge triangular area bounded by the Yangtze (South China), the North China and the Tibetan Plateau blocks. In the northeastern part of the Songpan-Garze fold belt, the Yanggon and Maoergai granitoids provide insights into regional tectono-magmatic events, basement nature and tectonic evolution. U–Pb zircon SHRIMP dating shows that the Yanggon and Maoergai granitoids have magmatic crystallization ages of 221 ± 3.8 Ma and 216 ± 5.7 Ma, respectively. Both the granitoids display adakitic geochemical signatures, suggesting that their magma was derived from partial melting of thickened lower crust. Pb–Sr–Nd isotopic compositions for granitoids reveal that there is an unexposed Proterozoic basement in the Songpan-Garze belt, which has an affinity with the Yangtze block. During development of the Paleo-Tethys ocean, the basement of the Songpan-Garze belt would be a peninsula approaching the Paleo-Tethys ocean from the Yangtze block.     

青藏高原春季土壤湿度与中国东部夏季降水之间的关系

应用SVD方法分析了青藏高原地区春季土壤湿度异常和中国东部地区夏季降水之间的关系.结果表明,青藏高原不同地区、不同深度的土壤湿度与中国东部夏季降水的相关特征不同.青藏高原东北部和西北部0~10cm深度(表层)土壤湿度与中国华北、东北地区的夏季降水为正相关,而与华南地区为负相关;青藏高原中部及南部0~10cm表层土壤湿度与华北地区夏季的降水有较强负相关;青藏高原北部及东部10~200cm深度(深层)土壤湿度与华北、东北地区的夏季降水为负相关,而与华南地区夏季降水为正相关;青藏高原中东部10~200cm深层土壤湿度与长江中下游和华南大部分地区夏季降水呈负相关关系.即青藏高原不同地区、不同深度层春季土壤湿度的变化,对中国东部地区的夏季降水具有显著影响.     

中国主要陆块特定时段的漂移演化历史及其对海相钾盐成矿作用的制约

中国钾盐资源匮乏,目前陆相钾盐资源已基本探明,但海相找钾还没有取得重大进展,然而,要想建立适合中国小陆块海相成钾理论框架,实现海相找钾突破,一个重要基础性工作是确定特定时段中国小陆块典型海相盆地的古地理纬度。而古地磁学是确定陆块的纬向运动,开展古地理重建的最有效手段。文章针对中国4类成钾潜力较高的典型海相盆地所属陆块——华北、华南、羌塘、兰坪-思茅陆块,通过收集、评价和筛选以往古地磁研究成果,总结了这些陆块在主要成盐成钾阶段的古纬度变迁历史,确定华北陆块(绥德)在中、晚奥陶世的古纬度为9.2°S~14.2°S,华南陆块(成都)在三叠纪的古纬度为10.6°N~23.1°N,羌塘陆块(雁石坪)在中、晚侏罗世的古纬度为14.6°N~27.5°N,兰坪-思茅盆地(江城)在白垩纪至古新世的古纬度为20.9°N~27.6°N。同时,为了更好地探讨兰坪-思茅盆地的成钾潜力,对与其相邻的已发现巨型钾盐矿床的印度支那块体开展了相应时段的古纬度研究,确定该陆块(万象)在白垩纪的古纬度约为21.1°N~21.3°N。最后,综合古纬度和其他地质证据,从大地构造背景上探讨了4个陆块的成盐、成钾条件。     

Gondwana dispersion and Asian accretion: Tectonic and palaeogeographic evolution of eastern Tethys

Present-day Asia comprises a heterogeneous collage of continental blocks, derived from the Indian–west Australian margin of eastern Gondwana, and subduction related volcanic arcs assembled by the closure of multiple Tethyan and back-arc ocean basins now represented by suture zones containing ophiolites, accretionary complexes and remnants of ocean island arcs. The Phanerozoic evolution of the region is the result of more than 400 million years of continental dispersion from Gondwana and plate tectonic convergence, collision and accretion. This involved successive dispersion of continental blocks, the northwards translation of these, and their amalgamation and accretion to form present-day Asia. Separation and northwards migration of the various continental terranes/blocks from Gondwana occurred in three phases linked with the successive opening and closure of three intervening Tethyan oceans, the Palaeo-Tethys (Devonian–Triassic), Meso-Tethys (late Early Permian–Late Cretaceous) and Ceno-Tethys (Late Triassic–Late Cretaceous). The first group of continental blocks dispersed from Gondwana in the Devonian, opening the Palaeo-Tethys behind them, and included the North China, Tarim, South China and Indochina blocks (including West Sumatra and West Burma). Remnants of the main Palaeo-Tethys ocean are now preserved within the Longmu Co-Shuanghu, Changning–Menglian, Chiang Mai/Inthanon and Bentong–Raub Suture Zones. During northwards subduction of the Palaeo-Tethys, the Sukhothai Arc was constructed on the margin of South China–Indochina and separated from those terranes by a short-lived back-arc basin now represented by the Jinghong, Nan–Uttaradit and Sra Kaeo Sutures. Concurrently, a second continental sliver or collage of blocks (Cimmerian continent) rifted and separated from northern Gondwana and the Meso-Tethys opened in the late Early Permian between these separating blocks and Gondwana. The eastern Cimmerian continent, including the South Qiangtang block and Sibumasu Terrane (including the Baoshan and Tengchong blocks of Yunnan) collided with the Sukhothai Arc and South China/Indochina in the Triassic, closing the Palaeo-Tethys. A third collage of continental blocks, including the Lhasa block, South West Borneo and East Java–West Sulawesi (now identified as the missing “Banda” and “Argoland” blocks) separated from NW Australia in the Late Triassic–Late Jurassic by opening of the Ceno-Tethys and accreted to SE Sundaland by subduction of the Meso-Tethys in the Cretaceous.     

南沙海区及邻区构造演化动力学的若干问题

通过南沙海区地球物理资料及围区地质地球物理资料的对比分析,指出南沙海域及邻区中新生代经历晚三叠世碰撞缝合事件及巽他陆块的形成,晚白垩世板块运动重大变格及东亚陆缘的大规模裂谷作用,始新世板块运动重大变革及古南海的消亡,中新世变革事件及南海今日面貌的奠基等四个重要演化阶段。并提出“东亚陆缘超级剪切”动力学模式来概括南沙海区及邻区这新生代构造演化:在特提斯构造域西段(印度部分)、东段(澳大利亚部分)及西太平洋构造域这三大体系的竞争和联合的影响下,东亚陆缘岩石圈交替承受“左行压扭”和“右行张扭”超级剪切应力场的作用,导致南海等边缘海的张开或关闭,以及周边地块的裂离、拼合。