基于标准化降水指数的沧州干旱时空特征

使用河北省沧州市14个气象站1966—2017年逐月降水数据,采用标准化降水指数(SPI)分析该区域干旱时空特征。结果表明:(1)沧州年际干旱频率为26.9%,全域性、区域性、局域性干旱出现几率接近,轻旱、中旱较多,干旱范围与强度呈正相关,2003年后旱情减轻。干旱频率与强度呈负相关,西部干旱频率高、强度低,中部、东部频率低、强度高。(2)季节干旱频率为69.2%,春旱、冬旱发生频率高,多为全域性,但夏旱、秋旱发生后平均干旱强度更大。1980、1990年代和21世纪初旱情较重,2007年以后旱情减轻。空间分布上,夏旱的频率、强度分布与年际分布较为相似,与春旱分布几乎相反,秋旱、冬旱分布较为平均。全市旱涝变化较为一致,中部区域最为同步。     

基于SPI的怀化市气象干旱时空特征分析

基于标准化降水指数(SPI),采用线性趋势分析、滑动平均、空间分析等方法对怀化市1962—2015年气象干旱特征进行分析,结果表明:1962—2015年怀化市年尺度整体干旱频率(轻旱及以上干旱发生频率)为29.6%,中旱频率14.8%,重旱频率5.6%,特旱频率3.7%。1962—2015年怀化市年干旱强度(SPI)在-2.5～1.9之间,年际变化趋势不显著,从四季来看,秋旱最为严重。     

江门市2003—2021年干旱特征分析

基于2003—2021年江门市6个国家气象观测站和17个区域自动气象站逐月降水和气温资料，应用标准降水蒸发指数(SPEI)分析该区域干旱时空特征。研究结果表明：(1)近19年来，江门市干旱整体有不明显的湿润趋势，年发生频率为31.6%,平均站次比为38.4%,平均强度值为0.7,发生干旱时，以全域性轻旱为主。空间分布上，干旱发生的频率较高，但强度较低且以轻旱为主。全市存在一致变旱或变涝的特征，易出现全域性的干旱或洪涝。(2)江门市除了夏季有微弱的干旱趋势外，其他季节都呈湿润趋势，冬季最为明显。各个季节干旱发生的频率都较高，发生干旱时覆盖的范围也较大，且多数为全域性或区域性干旱。各个季节的干旱强度也比较接近，都以轻旱为主。年尺度SPEI在江门地区的适用性表现优秀，能准确识别出5个干旱过程，但季节尺度SPEI适用性表现一般，仅识别出3个干旱过程。     

汉中干旱时空分布特征分析

基于1971—2015年汉中11个县区地面气象观测站逐日降水观测资料,以降水距平百分率为干旱划分标准,采用干旱频率、干旱站次比和干旱强度三个指标,分析了汉中地区年尺度和季尺度干旱时空变化特征。结果表明:汉中地区年尺度干旱频率东南部低,西北部高,并从东南部向西北部递增;季节尺度来看,各季干旱频率分布差异明显。年尺度干旱强度从1996年开始有较弱增强趋势,而干旱站次比有明显降低趋势,汉中地区干旱朝着小区域性中旱发展;季尺度干旱特征为春季和夏季干旱站次比有增加趋势,秋季和冬季有减少趋势,春季和夏季干旱范围逐渐扩大,秋季和冬季干旱范围逐渐减少;春季、夏季和秋季干旱强度基本为轻旱,冬季多为中旱,有时能达到重旱。     

基于SPEI的甘南高原气象干旱变化特征

干旱灾害是甘南高原发生最频繁的气象灾害之一,严重影响该地区农牧业生产和生态环境安全。利用1973—2022年甘南高原及周边31个气象观测站逐月降水和气温观测数据,选取标准化降水蒸散指数（Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index,SPEI）表征气象干旱,采用Mann-Kendall检验和Sen’s slope估计方法,研究甘南高原年、季尺度的干旱时空分布及变化特征。结果表明：近50 a来,甘南高原年SPEI呈显著减小趋势,全域整体趋向干旱化,1986年为突变年。干旱变化趋势存在季节差异,夏、秋季呈干旱加剧趋势,春、冬季则相反。年和季SPEI变化趋势存在空间差异性,年和秋季全域呈干旱化趋势;夏季甘南高原中东部呈干旱加剧趋势,春季与夏季相似,但春季干旱加重区域和干旱化程度明显小于夏季;冬季整体呈干旱减轻趋势。甘南高原年和季节尺度不同等级干旱发生频率有明显的空间差异,高原中东部轻旱频发,高原南部中旱和重旱高发,特旱各区域发生频率均较低;高原西部干旱发生频率总体小于高原中东部。     

基于SPEI的广西喀斯特地区1971—2017年干旱时空演变

利用广西喀斯特地区64个气象站1971-2017年逐日气温和降水量观测资料,采用标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)作为干旱评价指标,分析该地区干旱时空演变规律。结果表明,广西喀斯特地区年尺度干旱基本为2 a一遇,发生频率中部低、东西部高,以轻旱和中旱为主。秋旱发生频率最高,冬旱次之,春旱和夏旱发生频率较低,各季节干旱多以轻旱为主。其中,春旱3~4 a一遇,发生频率由西南向东北呈递减趋势;夏旱3~4 a一遇,发生频率由东向西呈减弱趋势;秋旱接近1 a一遇,发生频率中东部高于西部,该季节中旱、重旱和特旱发生频率也明显高于其他季节;冬旱1~2 a一遇,发生频率西北部较高,且由西向东呈递减趋势。1971-2017年,广西喀斯特地区冬旱、夏旱呈波动减弱趋势,春、秋旱呈增强趋势。在15~20 a时间尺度上,年和各季节的干旱存在明显的干湿循环,5 a以下小尺度干旱周期振荡更频繁。SPEI与土壤湿度呈显著正相关,利用SPEI可较客观反映该地区旱情。     

河西走廊近57年来干旱灾害特征时空演化分析

根据1960-2016年河西走廊及其周边地区15个气象站点的逐月降水系列数据,采用标准化降水指数表征年、季的干旱等级,分析了河西走廊的15个气象站点的干旱频率、干旱站次比和干旱强度的演化趋势。结果表明:(1)近57年来,河西走廊地区年尺度、春季、夏季和冬季的干旱站次比均呈减小趋势,秋季干旱站次比呈现出不显著的增加趋势,其中春季和秋季全域性干旱发生的频率都高于29. 8%;(2)河西走廊地区年尺度和四季的干旱强度均呈减小趋势,研究区的干旱强度主要以轻度干旱和中度干旱为主;(3)干旱的空间分布具有明显的区域特征,其中酒泉和玉门是干旱频发地区,河西走廊地区有66. 7%的站点在年和季节尺度上都呈干旱减弱的趋势。干旱的减弱有利于当地的农业生产和生态环境,但是在气候变化的背景下,河西走廊地区局地暴雨和山洪灾害发生的可能性变大,要在抗旱的同时加强洪涝灾害的防御。     

基于SPI的1961－2020年昌吉地区作物生长季气象干旱时空特征研究

基于昌吉地区7个气象站1961－2020年降水量资料，计算昌吉地区作物生长季标准化降水指数（SPI-7）。运用趋势分析法、M-K突变检验法和小波分析法探究了昌吉地区作物生长季SPI-7指数的年际和年代变化特征；在此基础上分析了作物生长季干旱的站次比和干旱强度的年际变化,并结合该区实际发生的旱灾对SPI进行了验证。结果表明：1961—2020年昌吉地区作物生长季标准化降水指数以0.08/10 a的速率呈微弱的正趋势（变湿），在年代变化趋势中呈现出变干-变湿-变干的变化波动, 1981年标准化降水指数由低到高突变；干旱强度呈增加趋势，干旱发生的区域面积有轻微减少的趋势；干旱强度在全区范围内主要为轻旱和中旱等级，并表现为全域性干旱和区域性干旱；空间分布上看干旱率最高区域在东部地区，轻旱主要集中在东部，中旱、重旱和特旱集中在西部地区，干旱强度大的区域大致分布在西部地区；在周期性变化方面，SPI指数存在着6年、9年、16年周期震荡；历史旱灾与SPI指数干旱评价结果吻合率较高，SPI指数在昌吉地区作物生长季的干旱监测与分析中具有较好的实用性。     

基于CI指数的河南省近40a干旱特征分析

基于河南省113个气象站1970～2007实测气象资料,利用气象干旱综合指数对河南省近40 a的干旱特征进行了统计分析.首先计算了历史逐日的CI指数,统计近40 a各站点出现的干旱过程、各时段的干旱事件,在此基础上统计了河南省历年各地区干旱发生的频率、覆盖范围,分析了干旱发生范围的年际变化和不同强度干旱的空间分布特征.分析结果表明:河南省伏旱发生频率最高为63.6%,冬季干旱发生频率最低为48.8%,春旱和秋旱发生频率相近,分别为55.4%和56.9%;全省大范围干旱发生的年份春季和秋季较多分别有9 a,冬季最少只有5 a;春季豫北各等级干旱发生天数均较高,夏季和秋季全省易发生大范围轻旱,重旱发生较少,冬季轻旱和中旱呈显著的纬向分布,南少北多,和降水的分布有较好的负相关性.     

基于降水数据的云南省近61年旱涝特性研究

选择标准化降水指数(SPI)刻画旱涝特征,基于云南省1954—2014年间32个气象站点逐月降水量资料,采用经验正交函数(EOF)方法、径向基函数(RBF)空间插值法、小波分析法,分析了近61年来云南省SPI序列、旱涝情态的时间特征和空间格局。结果表明:近61年来,云南省整体呈现干旱趋势(SPI变率为-0.009 1),SPI序列在2000年之后变化更加剧烈、速率加快。旱涝等级时间序列中,偏涝至偏旱年份占88.52%,大旱占4.92%,重旱和大涝均占3.28%,且自2003年以后,发生干旱的次数和强度明显增加。旱灾易发区主要分布于2个片区:景洪-思茅-元江站片区,以及沾益站东北地区;洪涝易发区主要分布于3个片区:临沧-大理-华坪沿线的西部片区,昭通站北部区域,及云南省东南部片区。干旱与洪涝事件发生的频率具有较好的对应性,但干旱事件发生的频率要略高于洪涝事件。EOF分析的第一个模态表明云南省整体呈现一致性的变涝或变旱特征,可能受到大尺度气候特征影响,第二模态可能受到地形因素的控制,第三模态可能与季风、大气环流等多种因素的影响有关;相应的时间系数也印证了云南省整体具有干旱趋势。SPI序列存在准2 a、准6 a、准8 a、准18 a、准28 a的周期性特征,且以准28 a为主周期。      

Evolution of meteorological drought characteristics in Vietnam during the 1961–2007 period

The drought conditions over the seven sub-climatological regions in Vietnam are examined using three meteorological drought indices: de Martonne J, PED, and Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). According to the seasonal probabilities of drought occurrence estimated by the de Martonne index, droughts mainly occur between November and March in all the sub-regions. The PED index and the SPI index generally show high probabilities of drought occurrence from April to August and from May to October, respectively. In the southern sub-regions of Vietnam, droughts more frequently occur in El Niño years and wet conditions are more frequently observed in La Niña years. However, such El Niño–Southern Oscillation influences are not clearly observed in the northern sub-regions. During 1961–2007, droughts significantly increased in the northern part of Vietnam. In the southern regions, PED shows increasing drought conditions while J and SPI show decreasing drought trends for almost all the stations.     

Quantile regression and clustering analysis of standardized precipitation index in the Tarim River Basin,Xinjiang, China

Because drought is a very common and widespread natural disaster, it has attracted a great deal of academic interest. Based on 12-month time scale standardized precipitation indices (SPI12) calculated from precipitation data recorded between 1960 and 2015 at 22 weather stations in the Tarim River Basin (TRB), this study aims to identify the trends of SPI and drought duration, severity, and frequency at various quantiles and to perform cluster analysis of drought events in the TRB. The results indicated that (1) both precipitation and temperature at most stations in the TRB exhibited significant positive trends during 1960–2015; (2) multiple scales of SPIs changed significantly around 1986; (3) based on quantile regression analysis of temporal drought changes, the positive SPI slopes indicated less severe and less frequent droughts at lower quantiles, but clear variation was detected in the drought frequency; and (4) significantly different trends were found in drought frequency probably between severe droughts and drought frequency.     

基于标准降水指标的新疆干旱特征演变

运用标准降水指标 (Standardized Precipitation Index, SPI) 对新疆地区53个雨量站1957—2009年日降水量资料进行全面分析,研究了不同干旱等级发生概率的空间分布变化规律。同时,采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法分析了各月份标准降水指标值、干旱强度和干旱历时的变化趋势,探讨了新疆地区干旱时空演变特征。结果表明:北疆易发生中等及以上干旱,而南疆易发生轻度干旱。总的来说,北疆干旱强度有下降的趋势,干旱历时趋于缩短,南疆南部干旱强度和干旱历时有轻微上升,东疆中部干旱情况显著恶化。具体来说,北疆冬季干旱程度有减弱趋势,而对于农业生产较重要的春、夏、秋季,西部干旱加剧;南疆夏季干旱有减弱趋势;东疆中部四季干旱程度有轻微加剧趋势。     

Drought analysis in the Tons River Basin,India during 1969-2008

The primary focus of this study is the analysis of droughts in the Tons River Basin during the period 1969–2008. Precipitation data observed at four gauging stations are used to identify drought over the study area. The event of drought is derived from the standardized precipitation index (SPI) on a 3-month scale. Our results indicated that severe drought occurred in the Allahabad, Rewa, and Satna stations in the years 1973 and 1979. The droughts in this region had occurred mainly due to erratic behavior in monsoons, especially due to long breaks between monsoons. During the drought years, the deficiency of the annual rainfall in the analysis of annual rainfall departure had varied from ?26% in 1976 to ?60% in 1973 at Allahabad station in the basin. The maximum deficiency of annual and seasonal rainfall recorded in the basin is 60%. The maximum seasonal rainfall departure observed in the basin is in the order of ?60% at Allahabad station in 1973, while maximum annual rainfall departure had been recorded as ?60% during 1979 at the Satna station. Extreme dry events (z score <?2) were detected during July, August, and September. Moreover, severe dry events were observed in August, September, and October. The drought conditions in the Tons River Basin are dominantly driven by total rainfall throughout the period between June and November.     

Drought episodes over Greece as simulated by dynamical and statistical downscaling approaches

Drought over the Greek region is characterized by a strong seasonal cycle and large spatial variability. Dry spells longer than 10 consecutive days mainly characterize the duration and the intensity of Greek drought. Moreover, an increasing trend of the frequency of drought episodes has been observed, especially during the last 20 years of the 20th century. Moreover, the most recent regional circulation models (RCMs) present discrepancies compared to observed precipitation, while they are able to reproduce the main patterns of atmospheric circulation. In this study, both a statistical and a dynamical downscaling approach are used to quantify drought episodes over Greece by simulating the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) for different time steps (3, 6, and 12 months). A statistical downscaling technique based on artificial neural network is employed for the estimation of SPI over Greece, while this drought index is also estimated using the RCM precipitation for the time period of 1961–1990. Overall, it was found that the drought characteristics (intensity, duration, and spatial extent) were well reproduced by the regional climate models for long term drought indices (SPI12) while ANN simulations are better for the short-term drought indices (SPI3).

     

Probabilistic assessment of projected climatological drought characteristics over the Southeast USA

The study makes a probabilistic assessment of drought risks due to climate change over the southeast USA based on 15 Global Circulation Model (GCM) simulations and two emission scenarios. The effects of climate change on drought characteristics such as drought intensity, frequency, areal extent, and duration are investigated using the seasonal and continuous standard precipitation index (SPI) and the standard evapotranspiration index (SPEI). The GCM data are divided into four time periods namely Historical (1961–1990), Near (2010–2039), Mid (2040–2069), and Late (2070–2099), and significant differences between historical and future time periods are quantified using the mapping model agreement technique. Further, the kernel density estimation approach is used to derive a novel probability-based severity-area-frequency (PBS) curve for the study domain. Analysis suggests that future increases in temperature and evapotranspiration will outstrip increases in precipitation and significantly affect future droughts over the study domain. Seasonal drought analysis suggest that the summer season will be impacted the most based on SPI and SPEI. Projections based on SPI follow precipitation patterns and fewer GCMs agree on SPI and the direction of change compared to the SPEI. Long-term and extreme drought events are projected to be affected more than short-term and moderate ones. Based on an analysis of PBS curves, especially based on SPEI, droughts are projected to become more severe in the future. The development of PBS curves is a novel feature in this study and will provide policymakers with important tools for analyzing future drought risks, vulnerabilities and help build drought resilience. The PBS curves can be replicated for studies around the world for drought assessment under climate change.     

Drought episodes in the Czech Republic and their potential effects in agriculture

This paper presents the methodology for assessment of drought episodes and their potential effects on winter and spring cereal crops in the Czech Republic (in the text referred to as Czechia). Historical climate and crop yields data for the period of 47 years (1961–2007) have been integrated into an agrometeorological database. The drought episodes were determined by three methods: according to the values of the standardized precipitation index (SPI), percentage of long-term precipitations (r), and on the basis of the Ped drought index (S _i). Consequently, the combined SPI, S _i, and r indices have been used as tools in identification of the severity, frequency, and extent of drought episodes. Additionally, the paper also presents the S _i drought index and its potential use for real-time monitoring of spatial extension and severity of droughts in Czechia. The drought risk to crops was analyzed by identifying the relationships between the fluctuation of crop yields and drought index (S _i) based on the multiple regression analysis with stepwise selection. In general, models explain that a high percentage of the variability of the yield is due to drought (more than 45% of yield variance).     

Drought in the Southern United States over the 20th century: variability and its impacts on terrestrial ecosystem productivity and carbon storage

Drought is one of the most devastating natural hazards faced by the Southern United States (SUS). Drought events and their adverse impacts on the economy, society and environment have been extensively reported during 1895?C2007. Our aim is thus to characterize drought conditions in the SUS and explore the impacts on terrestrial ecosystem function (i.e., net primary productivity (NPP) and net carbon exchange (NCE)). Standard precipitation index (SPI) was used to characterize drought intensity and duration, and a process-based ecosystem model was used to explore the relationship between drought and ecosystem function. Combining overall information on growing-season SPI, drought area and duration, we concluded there was no significant change in drought conditions for the SUS during 1895?C2007. However, increased drought intensity was found for many areas in the east, resulting in significant decreases in NPP for these areas, with the largest decrease up to 40% during extreme droughts. Changes in precipitation patterns increased C emissions of 0.16 Pg (1 Pg?=?10¹⁵?g) in the SUS during 1895?C2007. The west (dry region) acted as a C sink due to increased precipitation, while the east (water-rich region) acted as a C source due to increased drought intensity. Both NPP and NCE significantly increased along a gradient of declining drought intensity. Changes in precipitation resulted in C sources in forest, wetland, and cropland ecosystems, while C sinks in shrubland and grassland ecosystems. Changes in air temperature could either enhance or reduce drought impacts on NPP and NCE across different vegetation types.     

Combining the standardized precipitation index and climatic water deficit in characterizing droughts: a case study in Romania

This paper characterizes droughts in Romania using the approach of both the standardized precipitation index (SPI) and climatic water deficit (WD). The values of the main climatic factors (rainfall, temperature, reference evapotranspiration, etc.) were obtained from 192 weather stations in various regions of Romania. Penman–Monteith reference evapotranspiration (ET_o-PM) was used to calculate WD as the difference between precipitation (P) and ET_o-PM. SPI was calculated from precipitation values. There is a clear difference between drought and aridity. Drought occurrence determines higher WD values for plains and plateaus and lower climatic excess water (EW) values for high mountains in Romania, depending on the aridity of the specific region considered and drought severity. WD calculated as mean values for both normal conditions and, for all locations studied, various types of drought was correlated with mean annual precipitation and temperature, respectively. The combined approach of WD and SPI was mainly carried out for periods of 1 year, but such studies could also be done for shorter periods like months, quarters, or growing season. The most arid regions did not necessarily coincide with areas of the most severe drought, as there were no correlations between WD and SPI and no altitude-based SPI zones around the Carpathian Mountains, as is the case for other climate characteristics, soils and vegetation. Water resource problems arise where both SPI values characterize extremely droughty periods and WD values are greatly below ?200 mm/year. This combined use of SPI and WD characterizes the dryness of a region better than one factor alone and should be used for better management of water in agriculture in Romania and also other countries with similar climate characteristics.