最小二乘逆时偏移在碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层成像中的应用

碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层是我国西部探区重要的储层,包含较多的孔、洞、缝,其波场信息复杂,常规偏移成像对其成像效果不佳,这已成为制约勘探发展的重要因素.为此本文推导并实现了基于反演思想的高精度最小二乘逆时偏移成像方法,并将其推广应用到碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层.通过对三个基于西部探区实际地质情况建立的典型模型的成像试算,可以发现:与常规逆时偏移结果进行对比,最小二乘逆时偏移能够准确的刻画出裂缝溶洞的位置、形状、大小,验证了该方法在碳酸盐岩缝洞型复杂地质模型的保幅性和成像精度方面的优势.     

基于叠前分频的小尺度缝洞储层预测

塔河油田碳酸盐岩小尺度缝洞体的刻画是实现该区缝洞储层高效精细开发的迫切需求,由于精细刻画难度大,前期预测精度难以达到生产的要求,为此,本文以桑塔木地区为研究区开展了基于叠前分频偏移成像方法的缝洞体精细描述方法研究.首先,结合实际钻井和地震资料,构建了不同尺度缝洞体模型并开展正演模拟分析,论证了地震主频对分辨率的影响;其次,通过CMP道集分频方式对该区地震资料进行叠前分频处理,并研究不同频带下缝洞体的内部结构,利用不同频带信息进行缝洞体精细刻画;最后,利用实际钻井资料,开展实钻井与缝洞体吻合情况的分析,验证模型预测结果的可靠性.本文研究表明,地震资料分频结果与正演模拟结论一致,中高频带可以有效提高小尺度缝洞体成像精度,叠前分频成像技术显著提高了小尺度缝洞储层的预测精度.     

基于地震成像数据稀疏反演的不连续及非均质地质体检测方法

本文针对油气藏储层预测中的不连续及非均质地质信息识别问题,研究基于地震成像数据的稀疏反演方法.由于该类地质体的地震响应特征为弱信号,因此利用平面波破坏滤波器由地震成像数据中去除强反射同相轴.在此基础上,对剩余的地震数据进行非线性加强滤波,并构建L1稀疏反演模型.为有效求解L1模型,采用非光滑泛函L1范数逼近和拟牛顿求解算法.该方法考虑稀疏先验信息,能够提高反演结果信噪比.缝洞模型测试验证该方法在检测断点、微断裂、散射点等小尺度地质体上的有效性,塔北缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层预测的应用效果进一步证实该方法的实用性.     

缝洞型储层随钻测井自适应有限元法数值模拟

缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层具有强烈的非均质性及储集空间预测难度大的特点,利用随钻电阻率测井方法对缝洞进行准确识别和划分,是当前研究的热点问题.利用一种先进的高精度自适应有限元方法和几何精确的曲边单元造型技术可以模拟缝洞型储层的随钻测井响应.本文通过研究仪器在不同半径缝洞的模拟测井响应及缝洞填充与坍塌导致的机械填充对测井结果的影响,给出了用于识别缝洞大小和填充程度的缝洞型储层的测井响应特征.研究结果为缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层的识别与划分提供了理论依据.     

基于零井源距VSP资料的井地联合溶洞定位方法研究及应用

为了确定碳酸盐岩地区目标井钻头前方缝洞体的空间位置,提出一种基于零井源距VSP资料的井地联合溶洞定位方法,提高缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层直接钻遇率.该方法主要利用钻井过程中获得的准确VSP速度修正地震三维速度场,对井区一定范围内的地震三维资料进行重新叠前深度偏移处理.通过零井源距VSP资料标定老三维地震资料(原定井位的三维地震)和新处理的三维地震资料,对比解释新、老三维地震资料,确定溶洞的空间位置变化.实时提供钻井靶心坐标,提高中靶精度.目前该方法已经在塔里木盆地塔北碳酸盐岩地区得到验证,并在塔中碳酸盐岩地区成功应用4口井,4口井在钻井期间均发生不同程度的放空和漏失,取得了较好的应用效果.该方法的成功应用为提高缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层直接钻遇率提供了一条新思路.     

塔河油田碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层的测井识别与评价方法研究

塔河油田奥陶系以碳酸盐岩为主，油气的主要储渗空间为裂缝和溶蚀孔洞，具有很强的非均质性．本文利用常规及成像测井资料，对碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层的识别与评价方法进行研究．为了综合各种测井方法识别裂缝，建立了综合裂缝概率模型，计算综合裂缝概率指示裂缝的发育程度．利用地层微电阻率扫描成像测井资料进行裂缝和溶蚀孔洞的定性、定量解释．定量计算的裂缝参数为：裂缝密度、裂缝长度、裂缝平均宽度、平均水动力宽度、裂缝视孔隙度；定量计算的溶蚀孔洞参数有：面孔率、孔洞密度．根据缝洞型储层孔隙空间类型及其中子孔隙度、补偿密度、声波、双侧向电阻率的测井响应物性特征，建立缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层复杂孔隙介质解释模型，用于确定裂缝、溶蚀孔洞孔隙度和评价储层．     

基于小波变换图像分割技术的电成像测井资料裂缝、孔洞面孔率提取方法

对于裂缝、溶蚀孔洞发育的碳酸盐岩缝洞储层,如何从测井资料中提取裂缝、溶蚀孔洞信息是评价储层有效性的关键问题.为了从电成像测井静态图像上准确地分割出清晰的裂缝、溶蚀孔洞子图像进而提取其参数信息,本文提出了一种基于小波变换模极大值图像分割技术的电成像测井资料缝洞面孔率提取方法.以钮扣电极电导率曲线为对象,先消除井壁凹凸不平导致的地层背景噪声的影响,利用小波变换模极大值图像分割方法得到包含裂缝和溶蚀孔洞目标的子图像,根据子图像提取裂缝-孔洞总面孔率、裂缝面孔率、孔洞面孔率等信息.本文利用塔里木盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩地层的电成像测井数据提取了缝洞面孔率参数,还利用同井岩心CT扫描图像计算的平均缝洞面孔率、双侧向电阻率、常规测井资料三孔隙度模型计算的相对连通缝洞孔隙度进行了对比,并进行了试油验证.对比表明,电成像测井裂缝-孔洞总面孔率、裂缝面孔率、孔洞面孔率与岩心CT扫描图像平均缝洞面孔率、双侧向电阻率、相对连通缝洞孔隙度、试油结果均有较好的一致性.这一方面验证了采用本文方法提取的裂缝-孔洞总面孔率、裂缝面孔率、孔洞面孔率的合理性,另一方面表明所提取参数可用于指示缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层的渗透性和有效性.     

川东南茅口组缝洞型储层地球物理响应特征及形成机制研究

为深入认识川东南茅口组缝洞型储层的地球物理响应特征并分析其形成机制,以钻井、测井资料为基础,采用离散合成记录与地质剖面对比、正演模拟的方法开展茅口组储层地震一地质特征分析,建立了四类缝洞型储层地球物理响应特征并分析了其地质形成机制,指出茅口组上部的波状反射和顶部空白反射反映缝洞体在茅口组上部或顶部发育,为较可靠的含气缝...     

基于PML边界条件的高倍可变网格有限差分数值模拟方法

非均匀介质一般为多尺度介质,对非均匀介质进行正演模拟需要多尺度的网格剖分.碳酸盐岩缝洞介质的尺度一般为厘米级甚至毫米级.使用有限差分方法对其进行精细模拟需要差分步长达到缝洞介质的尺度.为了提高有限差分数值模拟方法的精度和效率,使之可以应用于非均匀介质的正演模拟,本文推导了基于PML边界的空间和时间步长同时变化的高倍数可变网格差分格式,步长变化倍数可以达到百倍以上.并且在一般意义的变网格算法的基础上,改进了变网格算法的网格剖分方式,进一步减小了精细尺度模型数值模拟的内存消耗.数值试验表明,该方法可以精细描述毫米尺度的地质体,提高有限差分方法模拟精度,同时也节约了内存,提高了模拟效率.     

阵列声波测井处理新技术在碳酸盐岩储层评价方面的应用

为了更深入的研究阵列声波测井资料在缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层评价中的应用,针对阵列声波中不同探测距离、不同分辨率的信息开发了三种新技术.通过对纵波进行频散分析形成了纵波频散谱的处理方法,并建立了根据频散谱的方差对碳酸盐岩储层非均质性进行评价的方法,对于井周裂缝、溶洞的识别及储层类型划分有指导意义;利用井壁斯通利波传播特性,建立了定量计算斯通利波能量衰减的方法,对于评价过井缝洞有重要作用;利用阵列声波反射波信息形成了全新的声波远探测处理方法,通过对井旁反射信息的定量表征建立了井旁缝洞发育程度的定量评价方法.阐述了这些方法的基本原理及适用条件,拓展了阵列声波测井资料在碳酸盐岩储层评价方面的应用.     

Chemical composition of organic and mineral substances in silt bottom sediments of non-contaminated water bodies

Results of studying group and constituent composition of natural organic and mineral substances in silt bottom sediments of non-contaminated freshwater bodies are presented. The chemical composition of the investigated bottom sediments is shown to be complicated, diverse, and include products of autochthonous and allochthonous substance transformation. The necessity of further studying the concentrations of nutrients found in the bottom sediments of non-contaminated freshwater bodies, regarded as the “background” in estimating their environmental state, in studying processes occurring within water bodies, in determining natural and anthropogenic components of mineral and organic substances, as well as in estimating the balneologic value of the water bodies in question is substantiated.     

地震信号瞬时频率的估算

本文比较了四类计算瞬时频率的方法.基于相位差分的方法对噪声敏感;基于零交叉点的方法是针对周期信号提出的,对非周期信号效果不理想,通过插值改善估算结果;基于FIR微分器的方法有三种,基于两点的FIR方法与标准公式较为接近,但会引入半个采样间隔的时移;基于三点的FIR方法可以消除时移,但计算结果会出现负频尖峰;Claerbout方法不仅会引入半个采样间隔的时移,而且估算的频率值可能超过Nyqusit频率.本文在Claerbout公式的基础上导出了一种估算瞬时频率的公式,该公式消除了时移,且负频尖峰也得到抑制;基于时频表示一阶矩的方法的计算结果较为平滑,同时具有一定的抗噪能力.最后用本文导出的公式和时频表示一阶矩两种方法计算了南海东北部一条地震剖面的瞬时频率,并将其结果与Seismic Unix中相关函数的计算结果做了比较,表明本文导出公式的计算结果较为理想.     

Gravity and magnetic expression of the concealed basic and ultrabasic bodies in Chalkidhiki,Northern Greece

The anomalies which are shown on the gravity and aeromagnetic data of the Chalkidhiki peninsula of Northern Greece reveal the presence of three concealed dense and magnetized bodies. The ophiolitic belt which continues northwards of the geophysical anomalies suggests that they are caused by structures which belong to it. Multiple source Werner deconvolution shows that the lower surfaces of buried bodies in Toroneos Gulf and the one onshore are concave upwards. The northern concealed body has a width of 16 kilometers, while the southern one is 8 kilometres in width. A three-dimensional model, well constrained, gives an estimate of the dimensions of the onshore feature. The edges of the bodies, delineated by the terracing method, are formed by faults along the trend of the Hellenides orogenic belt. The edges of the body in the outer part of Toroneos Gulf may be associated with seismic swarms that occurred in the 1980s.     

基于非均匀Fourier变换的地震数据重建方法研究

不规则采样地震数据会对地震数据的多道处理造成严重影响,将非均匀Fourier变换和贝叶斯参数反演方法相结合,对不规则空间带限地震数据进行反演重建.对每一个频率依据最小视速度确定出重建数据的带宽,然后从不规则地震数据中估计出重建数据的空间Fourier系数.将不规则地震数据重建视为信息重建的地球物理反演问题,运用贝叶斯参数反演理论来估计Fourier系数.在反演求解时,使用共轭梯度算法,以保证求解的稳定性,加快解的收敛速度.理论模型和实际资料处理验证了本方法的有效性和实用性.     

利用位场及其高阶导数的功率谱计算岩层的深度与厚度

本文导出了利用重力与磁异常及其高阶导数的功率谱计算密度体和磁性体上顶与下底埋深的近似公式,还提供了利用垂向或水平导数谱计算深度的方法。理论模型的试验结果表明,由近似公式计算的精度可以满足实际需要。本文最后根据一条重力剖面资料,计算了密度层上、下界面。     

Determination of synthetic wind functions for estimating open water evaporation with Computational Fluid Dynamics

A computational fluid dynamics (CFD)‐based methodology is proposed to derive convective mass‐transfer coefficients (wind functions) that are required for estimating evaporation of water bodies with the mass‐transfer method. Three‐dimensional CFD was applied to model heat transfer in two water bodies: a Class‐A tank evaporimeter and an on‐farm artificial pond. The standard k–? model assuming isotropic turbulence was adopted to describe turbulent heat transport, whereas the heat and mass transfer analogy was assumed to derive the wind functions. The CFD‐derived wind functions were very similar to those empirically derived from the experimental water bodies. The evaporation rates calculated with the synthetic wind functions were in good agreement with hourly and daily evaporation measurements for the tank and pond, respectively. The proposed CFD‐approach is generalisable and cost effective, because it has low input data requirements. Besides, it provides additional capability of modelling the spatial distribution of the evaporation rate over the water surface. Although the application of CFD to water bodies evaporation modelling is still in development, it looks very promising. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modeling of deposits by spheroids

The forward gravity problem is solved with the use of the subdivision of each body of a deposit into a set of adjoining vertical bars, and in the inverse problem each body of a deposit is modeled by a uniform spheroid. Well-known formulas for the gravitational potential and the gravity field components of oblate and prolate spheroids are reduced to a convenient form. Parameters of a spheroid are determined via the minimization of the Tikhonov smoothing functional with the use of constraints on the parameters. This makes the ill-posed inverse problem single-valued and stable. The Bulakh algorithm for estimating the depth and mass of a deposit is elaborated. This method is illustrated by a numerical example of a deposit consisting of two bodies.     

Migration rate of river bends estimated by tree ring analysis for a meandering river in the source region of the Yellow River

Meandering rivers have dynamic evolution characteristics of lateral migration and longitudinal creeping movement, and studies on the migration rate of meandering rivers have both scientific and practical significance for understanding the evolution process. A river source region often is sparsely populated and lacks long-term monitoring data, making it difficult to estimate the migration rate of river bends. In the source region of the Yellow River, located in the northeastern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China, meandering rivers have extensively developed. Combined with field investigation and sampling in the source region in 2016 and 2017, 9 river bends in the middle Baihe River were selected to attempt estimation of migration rates of the river bends using tree ring analysis. The tree core and disc samples were collected using an increment borer and a crosscut saw, and the ages of the trees were estimated based on tree ring analysis. A method for estimating the migration rate of river bends based on the relation between positions and ages of trees grown on the point bars in inner banks is proposed. The estimated migration rates of the 9 river bends of the Baihe River ranged 0.38–6.10 m/yr, and the migration rates were found to be related to the flow rate, channel slope, height of the outer bank, and width of the river valley. The maximum migration rate was determined to be at the No. 9 River Bend where the ratio of the meander-bend radius to the channel width (R/W) was 2.31, which is consistent with previous findings that the bend migration is most rapid in the ‘migration phase’. The proposed method for estimating the migration rate of river bends provides a potential alternative option for future study on the morphodynamic process of a meandering river.     

Developing channel and floodplain dimensions with limited data: a case study in the Amazon Basin

This research builds on the concept of hydraulic geometry and presents a methodology for estimating bankfull discharge and the hydraulic geometry coefficients and exponents for a station using limited data; only stage‐discharge and Landsat imagery. The approach is implemented using 82 streamflow gauging locations in the Amazon Basin. Using the estimated values for the hydraulic geometry relations, bankfull discharge, discharge data above bankfull and upstream drainage area at each site, relationships for estimating channel and floodplain characteristics as a function of drainage area are developed. Specifically, this research provides relationships for estimating bankfull discharge, bankfull depth, bankfull width, and floodplain width as a function of upstream drainage area in the Amazon Basin intended for providing reasonable cross‐section estimates for large scale hydraulic routing models. The derived relationships are also combined with a high resolution drainage network to develop relationships for estimating cumulative upstream channel lengths and surface areas as a function of the specified minimum channel width ranging from 2 m to 1 km (i.e. threshold drainage areas ranging from 1 to 431,000 km²). At the finest resolution (i.e. all channels greater than 2 m or a threshold area of 1 km²), the Amazon Basin contains approximately 4.4 million kilometers of channels with a combined surface area of 59,700 km². The intended use of these relationships is for partitioning total floodable area (channels versus lakes and floodplain lakes) obtained from remote sensing for biogeochemical applications (e.g. quantifying CO₂ evasion in the Amazon Basin). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cross‐sectional profiles of sand ripples,megaripples, and dunes: a method for discriminating between formational mechanisms

Cross‐sectional profiles of sand ripples, megaripples, and sand dunes provide a useful tool for discriminating between formation by ripple and dune processes. Feature width, defined as the basal break in slope along the profile to either side of the crest, represents a good standard for comparison of profile attributes across more than three orders of magnitude. Aspect ratio (height/width) as a function of log width separates measurements into clusters representing differing mechanisms of formation. Scaling both height and distance for individual profiles by feature width facilitates comparison of profile shapes across three orders of magnitude in width. The data presented here should prove useful for evaluating possible mechanisms of origin for aeolian features observed remotely, including on planetary bodies. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.