峰后围压卸载对原煤变形和渗透特性的影响

运用自主研制的煤岩热-流-固耦合试验系统,以原煤为研究对象,进行峰后轴压保持在不同应力水平下围压的卸载试验,以分析围压卸载对原煤变形特性和渗透特性的影响。研究结果表明：通过径向应变 、轴向应变 和体应变 的不可恢复变形量以及三者在力加载过程中的响应程度来定义损伤变量,满足损伤变量的变化区间[0, 1],并以此计算煤样在卸载过程中的损伤量,得到在峰后轴压 保持不变,对围压 进行卸载时,损伤量D随着 的减小而增大,煤样的损伤程度越来越大;当轴压卸荷到不同应力时,煤样的渗透率随围压卸载次数的增加而增大,表明当 减小时, 对渗透率的影响越来越重要,同时煤样内部的孔隙裂隙以发育、扩展、延伸为主。此外,渗透率k在 卸载初期,几乎不增加;当 继续卸载时, 开始增大,并且斜率越来越大,表明煤样的损伤加剧。当保持 不变,对 进行卸载时,相当于摩尔应力圆半径增大,煤样向破坏的趋势发展,发生二次破坏的可能性增大。随着 的卸载,卸围压前 越大,摩尔应力圆半径越大,煤样的承载能力就越弱,更易发生煤样的二次破坏,表现在煤样的轴向应变 和径向应变 发生突变。     

Experimental Studies on Permeability of Intact and Singly Jointed Meta-Sedimentary Rocks Under Confining Pressure

Three different types of permeability tests were conducted on 23 intact and singly jointed rock specimens, which were cored from rock blocks collected from a rock cavern under construction in Singapore. The studied rock types belong to inter-bedded meta-sandstone and meta-siltstone with very low porosity and high uniaxial compressive strength. The transient pulse water flow method was employed to measure the permeability of intact meta-sandstone under a confining pressure up to 30 MPa. It showed that the magnitude order of meta-sandstone’s intrinsic permeability is about 10^?18 m². The steady-state gas flow method was used to measure the permeability of both intact meta-siltstone and meta-sandstone in a triaxial cell under different confining pressures spanning from 2.5 to 10 MPa. The measured permeability of both rock types ranged from 10^?21 to 10^?20 m². The influence of a single natural joint on the permeability of both rock types was studied by using the steady-state water flow method under different confining pressures spanning from 1.25 to 5.0 MPa, including loading and unloading phases. The measured permeability of both jointed rocks ranged from 10^?13 to 10^?11 m², where the permeability of jointed meta-siltstone was usually slightly lower than that of jointed meta-sandstone. The permeability of jointed rocks decreases with increasing confining pressure, which can be well fitted by an empirical power law relationship between the permeability and confining pressure or effective pressure. The permeability of partly open cracked specimens is lower than that of open cracked specimens, but it is higher than that of the specimen with a dominant vein for the meta-sandstone under the same confining pressure. The permeability of open cracked rock specimens will partially recover during the unloading confining pressure process. The equivalent crack (joint) aperture is as narrow as a magnitude order of 10^?6 m (1 μm) in the rock specimens under confining pressures spanning from 1.25 to 5.0 MPa, which represent the typical ground stress conditions in the cavern. The in situ hydraulic conductivity measurements conducted in six boreholes by the injection test showed that the in situ permeability of rock mass varies between 10^?18 and 10^?11 m². The lower bound of the in situ permeability is larger than that of the present laboratory-tested intact rock specimens, while the upper bound of the in situ permeability is less than that of the present laboratory-tested jointed rock specimens. The in situ permeability test results were thus compatible with our present laboratory permeability results of both intact and jointed rock specimens.     

Comparison of the characteristics of rock salt exposed to loading and unloading of confining pressures

Rock mechanical behaviors and deformation characteristics are associated with stress history and loading path. Unloading conditions occur during the formation of a salt cavity as a result of washing techniques. Such conditions require an improved understanding of the mechanical and deformation behaviors of rock salt. In our study, rock salt dilatancy behaviors under triaxial unloading confining pressure tests were analyzed and compared with those from conventional uniaxial and triaxial compression tests. The volume deformation of rock salt under unloading was more than under triaxial loading, but less than under uniaxial loading (with the same deviatoric stress). Generally, under the same axial compression, the corresponding dilatancy rate decreased as the confining compression increased, and under the same confining compression, the corresponding dilatancy rate increased as the axial compression increased. The dilatancy boundary of the unloading confining pressure test began with unloading. This is different from the dilatancy of the uniaxial and triaxial compression tests. The accelerated dilatancy point boundary stress value was affected by confining and axial compressions. The specimens entered into a creep state after unloading. The associated creep rate depends on the deviatoric stress and confining compression values at the end of the unloading process. Based on unloading theory and the experimental data, we propose a constitutive model of rock salt damage. Our model reflects the dilatancy progression at constant axial stress and reduced lateral confinement.     

Mechanical properties and permeability evolution of gas-bearing coal under phased variable speed loading and unloading

It is of great significance for the analysis and prediction of coal-gas outburst disasters to understand the mechanical properties and permeability evolution of coal and rock under conditions of stope stress evolution. In this study, mechanical tests were conducted on gas-bearing coal under four stress paths, including conventional triaxial compression (CTC), phased variable speed triaxial compression (PVSTC), unloading confining pressure (UCP), and phased variable speed unloading confining pressure (PVSUCP), simultaneously measuring the permeability in mechanical tests. The mechanical properties and permeability evolutions in gas-bearing coal under four different stress paths were compared. The obtained results show that the deviatoric stress-strain curves of gas-bearing coal under four stress paths could be divided into five stages: compaction, linear elasticity, plastic deformation, stress drop, and residual stress stage. The permeability-strain curves under four stress paths could also be divided into five stages: fast drop, slow decrease, slow increase, sharp increase, and slowed growth. Compared to the CTC conditions, the peak strain and strength of coal under PVSTC conditions increased. Furthermore, the stress drop and energy release under PVSTC were more intense at the moment of instability failure. Compared to both loading paths, the coal was damaged more rapidly under unloading paths and the damage was stronger. Additionally, among both unloading paths, the time required for the failure of coal under PVSUCP was shorter than that under UCP, while the damage under PVSUCP was stronger. The strength characteristics of the gas-bearing coal under PVSTC and PVSUCP still met the Mohr–Coulomb criterion. This preliminary study has guiding significance for the understanding of the co-occurrence mechanisms of coal-gas outburst disasters.     

Mechanical Behavior of Methane Infiltrated Coal: the Roles of Gas Desorption, Stress Level and Loading Rate

We report laboratory experiments to investigate the role of gas desorption, stress level and loading rate on the mechanical behavior of methane infiltrated coal. Two suites of experiments are carried out. The first suite of experiments is conducted on coal (Lower Kittanning seam, West Virginia) at a confining stress of 2 MPa and methane pore pressures in the fracture of 1 MPa to examine the role of gas desorption. These include three undrained (hydraulically closed) experiments with different pore pressure distributions in the coal, namely, overpressured, normally pressured and underpressured, and one specimen under drained condition. Based on the experimental results, we find quantitative evidence that gas desorption weakens coal through two mechanisms: (1) reducing effective stress controlled by the ratio of gas desorption rate over the drainage rate, and (2) crushing coal due to the internal gas energy release controlled by gas composition, pressure and content. The second suite of experiments is conducted on coal (Upper B seam, Colorado) at confining stresses of 2 and 4 MPa, with pore pressures of 1 and 3 MPa, under underpressured and drained condition with three different loading rates to study the role of stress level and loading rate. We find that the Biot coefficient of coal specimens is <1. Reducing effective confining stress decreases the elastic modulus and strength of coal. This study has important implications for the stability of underground coal seams.     

卸围压时含瓦斯煤力学性质演化规律试验研究

以固定轴向应变条件下的轴向应力和径向应变为研究参数,对含瓦斯煤卸围压条件下的力学性质演化规律进行了试验研究,并对各参数的演化规律进行了数学拟合。结果表明,固定轴向应变被逐渐卸除含瓦斯煤的围压后,含瓦斯煤的轴向应力呈分2个阶段逐渐减小的趋势,其减小率与围压、瓦斯压力之差呈正向关系;瓦斯压力越大,卸除单位围压后轴向应力降低越大,轴向应力对卸围压效应越敏感,轴向应力与围压卸除量关系可用二次函数形式表征;固定轴压而逐渐卸除围压时,含瓦斯煤的径向应变呈逐渐增大趋势,瓦斯压力越大卸除单位围压后产生的径向应变越大,径向应变的变化是卸除围压量和瓦斯压力之和的综合作用,径向应变与卸除后的围压关系可用修正对数函数表征     

典型基坑开挖卸荷路径下软土三轴流变特性研究

模拟基坑开挖下的卸荷路径,进行了不同卸荷条件下包括围压、卸荷路径和排水的卸荷流变试验。试验结果表明：软土在竖向卸荷试验中的回弹变形可分为瞬时回弹变形和滞后回弹变形;在应力控制式三轴试验中,围压和轴压同时卸荷时的初始变形速率较大;仅卸轴压时回弹滞后效应明显,而围压、轴压同时卸荷时由于土体产生剪切变形引起负孔压,使土体回弹滞后效应不明显;在相同卸荷路径下,排水剪切时由于土体吸水膨胀使得流变特性更明显些,且产生的负孔压最终会消散。根据试验成果,建立Merchant流变模型参数与卸荷条件的线性函数关系,并将函数关系代入Merchant模型,最终得到能考虑围压及卸荷路径影响的软土卸荷流变经验模型。研究结果为软土流变变形模型研究及卸荷后基坑变形研究提供了参考。     

高地应力区砂岩在卸荷条件下的变形参数劣化试验研究

以锦屏某高边坡砂岩所赋存的高地应力环境为基础,开展峰前卸围压力学特性试验,研究了应力-应变全过程曲线、变形特征及参数劣化效应。试验结果表明,相对于加载试验,岩样卸荷破坏表现出明显的脆性特征,相同初始围压下卸荷破坏所需偏应力较加载试验少;卸荷过程横向应变和体积应变急剧增大,卸荷方向表现出明显的扩容特征;当初始围压小于某一值（30 MPa）,岩样破坏所需卸荷量随初始围压增大而增大,当初始围压达到一定值（40 MPa时）,脆性特征更加明显,很少的卸荷量即可引起岩样破坏。以表征岩石卸荷程度的卸荷量H为参变量,分别对高、低围压下卸荷过程中变形参数（变形模量和泊松比）随卸荷量变化关系进行拟合,得到高、低地应力区卸荷过程中变形劣化参数的关系式。试验结果和计算方法对高应力区边坡开挖的稳定性评价具有一定指导意义。     

高应力卸荷条件下砂岩扩容特征及其剪胀角函数

为研究高应力水平条件下岩石卸荷扩容特性及其剪胀角变化规律,开展了若干不同初始围压水平的三轴峰前卸围压试验,同时进行了相应围压水平的常规三轴压缩试验。基于试验成果分析了卸荷应力路径对砂岩扩容的影响效应,总结了卸荷应力路径下剪胀角变化规律,进而提出了基于卸荷应力路径的剪胀角函数,并给出了其数值实现方法,最后通过对三轴峰前卸围压试验的数值模拟,验证了所提出的剪涨角函数的可行性与合理性。研究表明：（1）加载路径时,不同围压水平下峰前扩容体积应变值相差不大,而卸荷应力路径时,随着围压水平的增加,峰前扩容体积应变从最小值3.15×10?3增加到最大值9.65×10?3,卸荷路径下的峰前扩容体积应变约为加载路径的1.1～4.0倍;（2）卸荷应力路径下偏应力峰值对应的体积应变基本为0或接近于0,而加载应力路径下偏应力峰值对应的体积应变均为负值;（3）卸荷应力路径条件下峰前扩容体积应变在总扩容体积应变中所占比例显著大于加载路径;（4）两种应力路径下,剪胀角随塑性剪切应变增加均经历了先增加后减小的过程,并且低围压工况下偏应力峰值对应的剪胀角和最大剪胀角均大于高围压工况;（5）与加载路径相比,卸荷路径下的剪胀角更快达到剪胀角最大值,并且其偏应力峰值对应的剪胀角和最大剪胀角更大;（6）基于砂岩三轴卸荷试验成果,采用线性拟合方法得出了以围压和峰后塑性剪切应变增量为自变量的剪胀角函数,基于该函数与应变软化本构模型的砂岩三轴峰前卸围压试验的数值模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好,表明该函数能较好地描述三轴峰前卸围压条件下砂岩的扩容特性。以上结论可为深部地下工程变形预测、稳定性分析与支护设计提供理论基础。     

淮北许疃矿构造煤孔隙结构及压敏效应

为了探究构造煤的孔隙结构及压敏效应,采取淮北许疃矿煤样,利用扫描电子显微镜、压汞实验、含瓦斯煤热流固耦合三轴伺服渗流装置进行相关参数测试,研究构造煤的孔隙结构以及有效应力对煤样渗透率渗透系数的影响。实验结果表明:碎裂结构煤裂隙规则、平直,连通性较好;原生结构煤中主要以微孔为主,构造煤中以微孔和过渡孔占主导。韧性变形系列构造煤的有效应力与渗透率呈抛物线关系;有效应力小于4 MPa时,煤体渗透率敏感性显著,大于4 MPa时其渗透率敏感性弱。该趋势是有效应力和解吸效应共同作用的结果;由于解吸和有效围压的共同作用,渗透率存在最小值。与沁水盆地相比,许疃矿煤样部分渗透率损害系数较高。      

侧向卸荷条件下冻结砂岩变形特性

新庄煤矿立井采用冻结法施工技术,在井筒开挖的过程中,由于侧向卸荷作用导致围岩产生卸荷变形。从新庄煤矿立井现场采集白垩系中粒砂岩,对加工后的岩样进行饱水处理,然后利用GCTS电液伺服控制高低温高压岩石三轴测试系统进行冻结（-10 ℃）条件下的恒轴压、卸围压三轴试验,模拟在井筒开挖过程中围岩的应力变化路径,探索冻结砂岩的变形特性。研究表明：侧向卸荷条件下冻结砂岩表现出弹-脆性特征,轴向表现为压缩变形,径向表现为膨胀变形,径向变形量约为轴向变形量的2倍;当卸荷速率一定时,岩样的卸荷变形随初始围压的增大而增大,尤其是径向变形最为显著,这可能与卸荷回弹变形及岩样内部聚集的能量大小有关;围压卸荷到同一应力水平时,高卸荷速率下岩样的卸荷变形量较小,而变形速率较大;卸荷作用导致岩样变形模量减小,横向应变与纵向应变之比增大,卸荷速率越小,初始围压越大,应变之比变化越大。     

脆性岩石卸围压强度特性试验研究

岩样的承载能力由材料强度和围压共同确定,轴向压缩和卸围压二者都能导致岩样破坏,但由于应力路径不同,两种条件导致岩样的破坏过程并不相同。对取自位于雅砻江上的锦屏二级水电站辅助洞内的白山组大理岩进行了常规三轴试验和峰前、峰后卸围压试验,通过对试验曲线和岩样破坏特征的分析表明：无论是峰前还是峰后卸围压,岩样都表现出脆性破坏的特征,而岩样破坏表现出的脆性峰前卸围压比峰后卸围压更为强烈;岩样在加、卸载条件下的变形均随主应力差的增大而增大,但在相同的主应力差下,卸载产生的扩容量比加载的扩容量更大;峰前卸围压试验当围压卸到初始围压值的60 %左右时,岩样发生破坏;峰后卸围压试验当围压卸到初始围压值的80 %左右时,岩样发生破坏。结论对相关工程稳定性分析、设计和施工具有一定的指导意义和参考价值。     

应力因素下的岩盐卸荷扩容试验研究

通过开展围压卸载试验,研究不同三轴应力状态下围压卸载对岩盐试件扩容特征的影响,以及扩容与卸载形式之间的关系。研究发现,（1）围压卸载时岩盐的体积扩容量与偏应力存在较为明显的对数关系;（2）卸载的初始围压对岩盐的扩容影响几乎不存在;轴压增大能够促进岩盐的扩容,使加速扩容点前移,且加速扩容点对应的偏应力与轴压的增加呈线性关系;（3）岩盐的膨胀系数(即横向应变与纵向变形的比值)随着偏应力的增大,呈现先线性增加后指数增加的趋势。     

空化水射流热效应影响煤体渗透率试验研究

对空化水射流空泡溃灭瞬间和空化噪声声场作用产生的热效应进行了分析,得到了热效应作用下的煤体渗透率表达式,并开展了不同空化条件(泵压、空化腔围压)下的煤体温度和瓦斯渗流试验。结果表明:空化腔围压一定时,温度随泵压的增大而升高;而泵压一定时,温度随空化腔围压的增大而减小。当热应力大于平均有效应力时,煤体热膨胀出现微变形,产生的张应力使裂隙变宽、数量增多;热效应使得游离瓦斯内能增加,分子自由程大大缩短,同时吸附瓦斯解吸使得煤基质发生收缩效应,导致微孔隙及微裂隙结构产生膨胀变形,从而影响煤体渗透率。试验得到渗透率随温度升高呈指数规律增大,与理论得到的渗透率表达式描述的规律相符。     

韩城地区煤储层孔渗应力敏感性及其差异

以韩城煤层气区块3号、5号和11号煤层为例,进行不同围压条件下的煤心孔渗实验,探讨了该区煤储层物性与应力之间的耦合关系,建立了相应的数学模型。结果表明,煤心孔渗随围压的增加而不断下降,渗透率应力伤害远强于孔隙度应力伤害,但各煤层的应力敏感性各不相同:在实验围压从4.14 MPa（600 psi）增加到12.42 MPa（1 800 psi）条件下,11号煤层孔渗应力敏感性最强,孔隙度应力伤害达76.5%,渗透率应力伤害达93.3%;3号煤层孔渗应力敏感性最弱,孔隙度应力伤害38.5%,渗透率应力伤害77.9%;5号煤层孔渗应力敏感性较强,孔隙度应力伤害约45%,渗透率应力伤害达83.9%。分析认为,裂隙发育状况是造成各煤层间孔渗应力敏感差异的主要原因。从实验数据的拟合情况看,幂函数模式比指数函数模式更能准确地获取测试围压范围内的孔渗内插值。      

含瓦斯煤岩卸围压声发射特性及能量特征分析

利用自主研发的含瓦斯煤岩热流固耦合三轴伺服渗流装置配合声发射监测系统对不同围压作用下含瓦斯煤岩进行了卸围压试验,试验结果表明:不同围压作用下含瓦斯煤岩声发射事件率、累积振铃计数与应力曲线具有较好的对应关系,振幅总体分布在[42,60]dB之间,随着振幅的增加,声发射事件率呈现出递减的趋势;含瓦斯煤岩失稳破坏时声发射事件率与围压呈线性关系,而声发射累积振铃计数与围压呈指数函数关系;不同围压下含瓦斯煤岩卸围压实验中轴向应力加载阶段和围压卸载阶段能量特征是不同的,随着围压的增大,煤岩加载阶段吸收的能量明显增大,卸载阶段释放的能量也相应的增大,加载阶段和卸载阶段能量变化与初始围压均呈对数关系。      

砂质泥岩三轴卸荷流变力学特性试验研究

流变对工程岩体的长期变形稳定具有十分重要的影响,但目前关于卸荷流变的试验研究中通常只考虑恒轴压卸围压的应力路径,与隧洞开挖过程中围岩的应力调整过程存在一定的差距。以砂质泥岩为试验研究对象,设计进行了加轴压卸围压和恒轴压卸围压条件下的分级卸荷流变试验。试验结果表明：恒轴压卸围压和加轴压卸围压方案下岩样的流变变形趋势总体一致,但相同初始围压条件下,加轴压卸围压试样破坏的围压相对较高,偏应力相对较大,但长期强度与破坏应力的比值相对较小;在围压卸载至岩样临近破坏时,加轴压卸围压方案下岩样的流变应变增长速率明显较快,试样破坏的更加突然;恒轴压卸围压条件下岩样的破坏形态相对简单,一般只存在一条完整的剪切破坏面,而加轴压卸围压条件下岩样的破坏形态要复杂得多,除了控制性的剪切破坏面之外,还伴随有一定数量的次生剪裂纹和张拉裂纹,而且初始围压越大,试样的次生裂纹越多。因此,在隧洞围岩长期变形稳定分析过程中,单纯的恒轴压卸围压流变试验不能满足工程实际需求,应该尽量丰富岩石力学试验的应力路径,以便较好地模拟工程岩体应力的实际变化过程,研究成果为隧洞围岩的长期变形稳定性研究提供了较好的研究思路。     

Effect of confining pressure unloading on strength reduction of soft coal in borehole stability analysis

Underground borehole drilling usually causes instability in the surrounding coal due to in situ stress redistribution (including stress concentration and stress release). However, the mechanisms of unloading-induced coal strength reduction are still poorly understood. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the effect of confining pressure unloading on soft coal strength reduction for borehole stability analysis. A series of mechanical tests were conducted on both the traditionally and newly reconstituted coal samples under two different experimental stress paths, including conventional uniaxial/triaxial compression and triaxial compression with confining pressure unloading. The unloading stress path was obtained by analyzing the stress redistribution around a borehole, to capture a more accurate coal mechanical response. According to our experimental results, plastic deformation generated before failure under the unloading stress path is smaller than that generated under the conventional loading stress path. Furthermore, the cohesion of the traditionally and newly reconstituted samples diminishes approximately by 44.77 and 29.66%, respectively, with confining pressure unloading, indicating that there is a significant reduction in coal strength due to confining pressure unloading. The mechanism for unloading-induced coal strength reduction comes from confining pressure unloading-induced increase in shear stress on the fracture surface and a decrease in shear strength. This effect increases the shear slipping potential, whose driving force generates tension fractures at both ends of the preexisting fractures.     

不同卸围压速率下煤样卸荷破坏能量演化特征

岩体破坏实际上是在能量驱动下的一种状态失稳现象,其变形破坏过程中的能量演化规律能够反映岩体变形破坏的本质特征。为探求煤样破坏过程中能量的演化规律,对其进行了常规三轴及不同卸围压速率的三轴卸围压试验。试验结果表明:不同试验路径下,煤样在峰值应力前以能量的存储及耗散为主,在峰值应力后以能量的释放及耗散为主;煤样在较高的卸围压速率下,卸荷段经历时间较短,内部裂纹扩展及环向变形不充分,耗散能和克服围压做功耗能都较小,大量的能量在破裂时释放出来,破裂更加剧烈;同时,卸围压速率越快,煤样在破裂前后损伤量增加速率越快,损伤曲线急剧增高,因此,高应力煤岩体在开挖卸荷时,在岩体开挖施工速度较快时,极易引起大量积聚能量的突然释放,造成严重的灾害。     

突出危险煤渗透性变化的影响因素探讨

通过对突出危险煤渗透性试验研究,系统分析了不同围压、不同瓦斯压力和不同应力-应变状态条件下突出煤样的渗透特性,分别建立了突出危险煤的渗透性与围压、瓦斯压力和应力-应变等主要控制因素之间的定性和定量关系,探讨了不同载荷条件下突出危险煤渗透性的控制机制和变化规律。研究结果表明,载荷条件对突出危险煤的渗透性具有重要影响：(1) 在固定瓦斯压力条件下,突出危险煤样的渗透率随围压的增大而减小,且服从指数函数变化规律。(2) 在固定围压条件下,受Klinkenberg效应影响,渗透率与瓦斯压力之间大致呈“V”字型变化;Klikenberg效应发生在瓦斯压力p < 1 MPa的范围内。(3) 在三轴压缩下的应力-应变全过程中,不同载荷条件下突出危险煤样的渗透率-应变曲线变化趋势几乎一致,且都呈“V”字型走势;在微裂隙闭合和弹性变形阶段,煤样渗透率随应力增大而减小;进入屈服阶段后,渗透率达到最小值并在峰值强度到达之前完成反超过程;峰值强度之后渗透率持续增大直至试验结束;煤样渗透率反超后的变化要较反超前变化平缓。