平顶山矿区原生结构煤和构造煤孔渗实验对比

为了研究构造煤孔渗变化特性, 利用平顶山矿区原生结构煤和构造煤, 进行了不同围压、温度、湿度和煤体结构类型等条件下孔隙度及渗透率的实验测定, 对煤层孔渗特性在不同条件下的变化趋势进行了分析.结果表明: 围压、温度、湿度和煤体结构类型4种因素对煤的孔隙度和渗透率均有较大影响, 当温度和围压同时作用时, 围压的作用效果大于温度的作用效果.并用Origin软件对部分实验数据进行了数据拟合, 得出原生结构煤和构造煤的渗透率-孔隙度函数关系.      

有效应力对高煤级煤储层渗透率的控制作用

为了探究有效应力对高煤级煤储层渗透率的控制作用及其应力敏感性的各向异性,对5块高煤级煤样进行了覆压孔渗实验,揭示了有效应力对煤储层渗透率的控制机理。以3.5 MPa模拟原始地层压力发现,煤岩在平行主裂隙和层理面方向具有最高的初始渗透率,垂直层理面方向初始渗透率最低;有效应力从3.5 MPa增加到15.5 MPa的过程中,渗透率呈现出良好的幂函数降低趋势;渗透率伤害/损失的各向异性表明平行主裂隙方向渗透率伤害率和损失率最大,且不同方向应力敏感性受裂隙的宽度及其展布方向的控制;裂隙压缩系数随应力的增加呈现降低趋势,但由于高煤级煤岩压缩难度大,裂隙压缩系数的各向异性不明显。有效应力对渗透率控制的实质为通过减小煤储层孔裂隙体积降低渗透率,从而对各个方向上的渗透率均造成较大的不可逆伤害。      

煤层应力敏感性对煤层气产量预测的影响

大量现场实践和室内实验表明,煤层气藏为典型的应力敏感性气藏,随着煤层气的开采,储层孔隙压力降低,渗透率大幅度降低,引起产量下降。为了研究煤层应力敏感性与渗透率的关系,进行了应力敏感性实验,结果表明:煤层渗透率对于应力变化非常敏感,当有效围压从1MPa增加到12MPa时,其渗透率最大值只有初始的10%,即使围压恢复至1MPa,岩心渗透率损失率在54.98%~79.09%。由于煤层这种应力敏感性,其渗透率不再是常数,而是压力的函数,利用实验得到的动态渗透率与有效围压的关系,建立了考虑渗透率变化、带人工裂缝的预测煤层气产量的二维气、水两相数值模型,现场应用表明预测的产量与和实际产量吻合。     

深部煤储层应力敏感性特征及其对煤层气产能的影响

深部煤储层处于高地应力环境中,其渗透率变化特征与浅部存在较大差异,为研究有效应力对深部煤储层渗透率的差异性影响,以及应力敏感性各向异性特征,以沁水盆地横岭区块15号煤层为研究对象,采样深度1 200~1 700 m,采用覆压孔渗实验,开展平行层理和垂直层理样品在不同有效应力下的渗透率变化规律研究,探究其应力敏感性特征及其对煤层气产能的影响。结果表明:渗透率随有效应力的增加呈幂指函数降低,平行层理面渗透率总体高于垂直层理面,且在2个方向上渗透率变化规律呈正相关性。选取储层孔裂隙压缩系数、渗透率损害率和渗透率曲率3个参数作为煤储层应力敏感性评价指标,其中,孔裂隙压缩系数随有效应力增加,以5 MPa为界限先后呈现正相关性和负相关性,渗透率损害率和渗透率曲率分别与有效应力呈指数上升和下降的规律。基于应力敏感性参数,推导出煤层气井产能模型,模型显示,不考虑应力敏感性的气井产量高于考虑应力敏感性,揭示了应力敏感性对煤层气产量的影响程度,即在5 MPa生产压差下,气井的产量降低幅度随应力敏感性系数的增大整体呈增高趋势。针对应力敏感性的阶段划分,研究区目标煤层在煤层气排采过程中应采用小–中–大的排采方案来控制生产流量。      

煤层应力敏感性及其对压裂液滤失的影响

压裂液滤失系数是压裂设计中非常重要的参数。由于煤层中的渗透率、孔隙度等物性对应力极为敏感,在对煤层进行压裂设计时,若直接用试井和测井测得的渗透率和孔隙度值代入滤失系数的计算公式,算出的结果可能与实际情况严重不符。通过实验室内不断改变围压的方式来模拟煤储层上覆压力的变化情况,建立了某盆地煤层应力与渗透率之间的关系,并在考虑煤层物性应力敏感性的情况下,探讨了煤层压裂液综合滤失系数的计算方法。结果发现,压裂液综合滤失系数及岩心渗透率与净围压的关系均符合指数递减规律。另外,通过对动态渗透率的拟合,使得到的综合滤失系数远远大于未考虑应力情况下的综合滤失系数,这样能更准确地反映实际情况。      

淮北许疃矿构造煤孔隙结构及压敏效应

为了探究构造煤的孔隙结构及压敏效应,采取淮北许疃矿煤样,利用扫描电子显微镜、压汞实验、含瓦斯煤热流固耦合三轴伺服渗流装置进行相关参数测试,研究构造煤的孔隙结构以及有效应力对煤样渗透率渗透系数的影响。实验结果表明:碎裂结构煤裂隙规则、平直,连通性较好;原生结构煤中主要以微孔为主,构造煤中以微孔和过渡孔占主导。韧性变形系列构造煤的有效应力与渗透率呈抛物线关系;有效应力小于4 MPa时,煤体渗透率敏感性显著,大于4 MPa时其渗透率敏感性弱。该趋势是有效应力和解吸效应共同作用的结果;由于解吸和有效围压的共同作用,渗透率存在最小值。与沁水盆地相比,许疃矿煤样部分渗透率损害系数较高。      

沁水盆地南部煤中矿物赋存特征及其对煤储层物性的影响

煤中矿物可以影响煤储层物性,进而影响煤层气的开发。运用光学显微镜和扫描电镜研究沁水盆地南部煤中矿物的种类、含量和赋存特征。基于煤储层的平衡水等温吸附实验和压汞实验,研究了沁南地区煤中矿物对煤储层吸附性能和孔渗性能的影响。结果表明,柿庄北区块3号和15号煤平均矿物含量分别为10.68%和12.81%,且15号煤硫化物含量较高。扫描电镜下可观察到充填煤储层胞腔孔、粒间孔隙和微裂隙的方解石、黄铁矿、高岭石和石英。孔隙度和渗透率以及兰氏体积和煤中大中孔比例均随灰分产率的增加而减小,表明煤中矿物的存在会降低煤储层的吸附性能和孔渗性能,煤储层中矿物充填主要影响煤的大中孔和裂隙,影响煤层气在割理和裂隙中的渗流,导致孔隙度和渗透率下降,而少量粘土矿物充填微孔可导致煤的吸附性能下降。     

复杂岩性储层渗透率-应力敏感性及其对气井产能的影响

采用变流压定围压试验方式,在高温、高压条件下模拟了气藏开发过程,研究了复杂火山岩气藏储层渗透率应力敏感性,对比了变流压定围压与常规的定流压变围压方式评价储层应力敏感性的异同。试验结果表明,火山岩储层渗透率随着孔隙压力的减小而减小,渗透率减小主要发生在孔隙压力从40 MPa下降至25 MPa的变化区间,渗透率损失率与其初始渗透率之间的相关性较差,这与常规沉积砂岩储层具有一定的差别。变流压定围压试验评价的应力敏感性强于定流压变围压评价结果,气藏储层有效应力变化范围内两种试验评价的应力敏感性结果差异更大。基于渗流力学理论,推导得到考虑应力敏感性的气井产能方程。计算结果表明,考虑应力敏感性时气井无阻流量约为不考虑应力敏感性时的63.28%,应力敏感性对气井产能的影响随着生产压差的增大而增大。     

不同煤阶煤应力敏感特征及其控制机理

煤储层应力敏感降低储层渗透率,进而影响煤层气井产能,如何降低排采中的应力敏感性影响值得深入研究。为了弄清不同煤阶煤储层的应力敏感性特征及差异性,分别采集樊庄高煤阶煤、保德中煤阶煤和二连低煤阶褐煤的样品,系统开展加载和卸载过程中不同煤阶煤的应力敏感性实验,并对应力敏感的产生机理进行分析。结果表明,随煤阶的升高,煤样的应力敏感性逐渐增强,含明显裂缝的样品敏感性更强。加载有效应力10 MPa条件下,相比初始渗透率,二连低煤阶褐煤样品渗透率下降79.26%,卸载后不可逆渗透率损害率平均33.4%;保德中煤阶煤样渗透率下降79.4%,卸载后不可逆渗透率损害率平均51.4%;樊庄高煤阶煤样加载后渗透率下降92.33%,卸载后渗透率只能恢复30%左右。产生这种差异的机理主要是由于不同煤阶煤的物质组成、孔裂隙结构以及渗流通道不同造成的。低煤阶煤变质程度低,主要发育大、中孔隙,割理–裂隙不发育,为基质孔隙–喉道渗流,渗透率主要受连通喉道控制,应力加载时主要是大、中孔压缩变形严重,而尺度较小的喉道受压缩变形小,因而其应力敏感性相对弱;而高煤阶煤孔隙以微、小孔为主,镜质组含量高,割理–裂隙发育,控制其渗透性,应力加载时微、小孔难以被压缩,而裂隙抗变形能力弱,易发生韧性变形破坏或闭合,卸载后也难以恢复,表现出强应力敏感特征。考虑到高煤阶煤储层埋深更大、应力更高,因此其应力敏感性对产能伤害大,排采初期宜以较小强度进行,降低不可逆渗透率伤害,扩大压降范围;而低煤阶煤储层本身应力低、渗透率较高,应力敏感对产能影响相对较小,排水期可适当加快速度,提高排水效率。      

高煤阶煤层气藏储层应力敏感性研究

水相存在使煤储层应力敏感性更加复杂,是煤层气开发需要特别关注的问题。通过开展煤储层干样与湿样的应力敏感性实验,分析了煤储层应力敏感性特征。应用数值模拟方法,研究了煤储层应力敏感性对煤层气井产能的影响。研究结果显示,煤储层具有强应力敏感性并且明显不可逆性。有效压力从2 MPa增加到10 MPa,气相渗透率降低90%;初始渗透率越低,应力敏感性越强,有效应力降低以后,煤岩渗透率不能恢复到原始水平。水相存在使得煤层气藏应力敏感性更强,有效压力从2 MPa增大到3 MPa,3块煤岩湿样渗透率分别降低了66.0%、50.4%和58.5%,而干岩芯渗透率降低幅度均低于50%。同时随含水饱和度增高,表现出应力敏感性愈强的趋势。煤储层应力敏感性极大地影响煤层气井产能,储集层原始渗透性越差,应力敏感对产量的影响越大。因此,煤层气生产过程中,特别是煤层气排采初期,地层压力较高,一味地增大生产压差可能不会增加煤层气井产量。     

Damage and Permeability Development in Coal During Unloading

One of the key issues in protective seam mining is the pressure relief and permeability improvement effect. In this paper, the results of X-ray CT scanning experiments and permeability experiments using reconstituted coal specimens subjected to the same stress path and the same effective confining pressure (confining pressure minus pore pressure) are combined using the stress–strain relationship to study the damage to reconstituted coal specimens and its influence on permeability during the unloading process. When the effective confining pressure (σ ₃ ? p) is unloaded from 8 to 6 MPa and the deviatoric stress increases, the damage variables will increase by 0.0351 and 0.084, respectively, compared with the unloading point under the fixed axial displacement with unloading confining pressure (FADUCP) and fixed deviatoric stress with unloading confining pressure (FDSUCP) stress paths. At the same time, the permeability increased by 1.7 and 16.7 %, respectively. Therefore, the damage variable and permeability increased notably little in this process. After the effective confining pressure is unloaded to approximately 5 MPa, together with the decrease in the deviatoric stress, the growth of the damage variable and permeability begins to accelerate. In addition, the relative decrease in the deviatoric stress with appearing damage cracks, and the relative increase in permeability with the same amount of effective confining pressure being unloaded, shows that the damage to specimens under the FDSUCP stress path is larger than that from the FADUCP stress path.     

煤层气井合层开发层间干扰分析与合采方法探讨——以平顶山首山一矿为例

多煤层合层开发是提高煤层气井单井产量的关键技术,然而工程实践中大部分煤层合采存在层间干扰问题,致使合采产气量提升不明显。为了提高合层开发煤层气井的产气量与开发效率,以平顶山首山一矿煤层气合采四2煤层和二1煤层为例,基于煤层气赋存的地质条件,分析了合采层间干扰的影响因素及干扰规律,并提出了煤层合层开发层间干扰的控制方法。结果表明:造成四2煤层和二1煤层合层排采产量低的主要因素是储层压力梯度、临界解吸压力和渗透率。其中,两层煤的储层压力梯度分别为1.05 MPa/hm和0.519 MPa/hm;渗透率分别为0.25×10–3 μm2和1.4×10–5 μm2;临界解吸压力分别为1.16~1.69 MPa和0.40~0.46 MPa;另外,两煤层间距大,平均170 m左右。以上主要影响因素差异,造成两层煤合采时层间矛盾突出,干扰严重,总体产量低,井组煤层气开发效率低。基于现状问题,探索提出大间距多煤层大井眼双套管分层控制合采工艺方法,以实现两层煤分开控制达到合采产能叠加的目标,从而提高煤层气井合采产量和开发效果。研究认识将为平顶山及类似地质条件的矿区多煤层煤层气高效合层排采提供新的技术途径。      

Mechanical Behavior of Methane Infiltrated Coal: the Roles of Gas Desorption, Stress Level and Loading Rate

We report laboratory experiments to investigate the role of gas desorption, stress level and loading rate on the mechanical behavior of methane infiltrated coal. Two suites of experiments are carried out. The first suite of experiments is conducted on coal (Lower Kittanning seam, West Virginia) at a confining stress of 2 MPa and methane pore pressures in the fracture of 1 MPa to examine the role of gas desorption. These include three undrained (hydraulically closed) experiments with different pore pressure distributions in the coal, namely, overpressured, normally pressured and underpressured, and one specimen under drained condition. Based on the experimental results, we find quantitative evidence that gas desorption weakens coal through two mechanisms: (1) reducing effective stress controlled by the ratio of gas desorption rate over the drainage rate, and (2) crushing coal due to the internal gas energy release controlled by gas composition, pressure and content. The second suite of experiments is conducted on coal (Upper B seam, Colorado) at confining stresses of 2 and 4 MPa, with pore pressures of 1 and 3 MPa, under underpressured and drained condition with three different loading rates to study the role of stress level and loading rate. We find that the Biot coefficient of coal specimens is <1. Reducing effective confining stress decreases the elastic modulus and strength of coal. This study has important implications for the stability of underground coal seams.     

沁水盆地东缘洪水地区15号煤层储层特征研究

洪水地区位于沁水盆地东缘中部,15号煤层是该区主要的可采煤层之一,根据区内煤层气参数井测试数据、试井资料及煤炭地质勘查资料,对15号煤层储层特征进行了研究。结果显示：研究区15号煤层为高变质程度的贫煤,煤储层渗透率在0．047～0．1lmD,属低渗透率煤层,储层压力梯度为0．402～0．965MPa／lOOm,平均为0．672MPa／100m,属于欠压地层,煤层含气量为9．02—20．67m3／t,平均16．18m。／t,含气量较高。整体来看,研究区属于低渗透、低储层压力梯度和临储比,高含气量的煤层气富集区。     

Anisotropy of gas permeability associated with cleat pattern in a coal seam of the Kushiro coalfield in Japan

An underground investigation has been performed in a subbituminous coal seam exhibiting a particular cleat pattern in the Kushiro coalfield, Japan. The coal cleat pattern shows some analogy to isolated straight joints, and is believed to have been formed during the late Tertiary period by a compressive tectonic stress, roughly in the east–west direction. Three cylindrical coal specimens representing the three orthogonal axes of the coal seam with respect to the bedding plane and its associated cleat were cored from a large block of coal. Gas permeabilities of the three coal specimens were measured under the same hydrostatic pressure conditions. Results clearly revealed anisotropy in permeability of the coal seam under relatively low confining pressures of less than about 12 MPa. The specimen cored parallel to both the bedding plane and cleat strike showed the highest permeability, even though the cleats were partly filled with calcite and clay minerals. The permeability in this direction was 2.5 times higher than perpendicular to the bedding plane, and 3 times higher than in the direction parallel to the bedding plane but perpendicular to the cleat strike. This suggests that the cleats play a greater role than bedding planes in controlling fluid flow in the coal seam. The permeability in the three orientations, however, converged to the same value at confining pressures above about 16 MPa. This may suggest that both cleats and bedding planes in a coal seam can close due to earth pressure if the coal seam is located below a certain depth. It further indicates that the traditional view that gas permeability is always greater parallel to the coal bedding than perpendicular to it should be reconsidered.     

章村三井隔水层微观研究及煤系地层叶腊石的发现

通过采用传统的岩石薄片显微鉴定和现代化扫描、透视电子显微镜、X射线衍射分析、差热分析等方法对9煤至奥灰间隔水层岩石的结构、构造、矿物成分进行了综合测试，微观研究表明，区内9煤至奥灰问地层中铝含量较高，隔水层中泥质岩粘土矿物主要以叶腊石、伊利石、高岭石为主，大部分岩石遇水后稳定，无崩解现象。其中在煤系地层中发现大量叶腊石。初步分析认为是受后期强烈岩浆岩活动影响，发生热液蚀变而形成。通过压汞实验测试了10个隔水层岩样空隙结构，原岩状态下，9煤至奥灰含水层间隔水层空隙度很低，呈现致密状态，因而应具有良好的隔水能力。     

Stress distribution characteristic analysis and control of coal and gas outburst disaster in a pressure-relief boundary area in protective layer mining

Coal and gas outburst disasters in coal seams are becoming more serious as coal mines extend deeper underground in China. Furthermore, the protective coal seam mining technology featured by economic efficiency has been proven to be the most effective and widely applied method for the prevention of coal and gas outburst disasters. However, the determinations of the protective area coal and gas outburst prevention in a pressure-relief boundary area are fundamental issues that research should be focused on. The technical method for determining stress distribution in pressure-relief boundary area during protective coal seam mining is put forward in this paper. The method is based on a stress-seepage coupled relationship within a gas-containing coal seam. The method includes complex lab experiments and on-site measurements at the Qingdong Coal Mine. The final data illustrate that the permeability and vertical stress in the pressure-relief boundary area of the coal sample form a negative exponential function relationship. Additionally, the permeability of the coal sample within the abovementioned area is significantly different compared with that located at the center of the pressure-relief area. In the pressure-relief boundary area, the gas pressure distribution gradient is 0.0375 MPa/m, while the vertical stress distribution gradient registers 0.56 MPa/m. Under this condition, coal and gas outburst disasters are prone to be triggered. Therefore, effective precautions against coal and gas outburst disasters can be put forward in accordance with stress distribution characteristics within the abovementioned “boundary area.”