高喜马拉雅混合岩特征及其成因

混合岩是深熔作用的存在标志,对研究中下地壳深熔作用机制、地壳流变以及造山带演化和花岗岩的成因具有重要意义.文中对西藏林芝地区和聂拉木地区的混合岩进行了详细的岩相学、岩石学和地球化学特征的研究.岩相学特征显示,研究区的混合岩可划分为浅色体、中色体和暗色体3个基本组成部分.对三者切割分离,分别进行了主量元素和稀土元素的分析.结果表明:浅色体由迁移的熔体结晶形成;中色体可以是未发生熔融的原岩,也可以经由未发生迁移的熔体与熔融残留体反应形成;暗色体是由迁移汇集后的熔体与中色体反应形成.由于聚集的熔体可以为暗色矿物的结晶提供良好的结晶空间和物质来源,因此暗色体多数以窄条带产出于浅色体边缘.浅色体和暗色体通常具有岩浆岩的结构,矿物粒径粗大且分布不具有定向性,这是其区别于中色体的重要特征.浅色体显示出明显Eu正异常,暗示长石大量参与了部分熔融过程,并且初始熔体在近源区的冷凝过程中长石优先结晶.浅色花岗岩的Eu负异常可能与熔体在源区的长石结晶有关.退变质反应有可能使部分熔融反应形成的矿物完全消失,因此不宜将反应矿物存在与否作为发生过脱水熔融的判别标准.     

变质玄武岩部分熔体微量元素特征及埃达克熔体产生条件

通过1.0~2.5 GPa, 900~1100℃和5%H₂O条件下含水玄武岩结晶实验获得角闪岩或榴辉岩矿物组合+部分熔体实验产物, 电子探针分析表明这些淬火熔体的主要元素组成具有埃达克岩的组成特点, LAM-ICP-MS微量元素分析表明, 仅仅当结晶组合中同时含金红石和石榴子石(即结晶残留体为含金红石的榴辉岩和角闪榴辉岩)时, 熔体相才具有相似于埃达克岩的高Sr/Y、低HREE和负Nb-Ta异常等特征. 石榴子石使部分熔体产生显著的HREE亏损, 而金红石控制部分熔融过程中Nb和Ta的分配行为, 只有金红石才能导致共存熔体产生负Nb-Ta异常, 证明除了石榴子石外, 金红石也是埃达克质熔体形成时一个必要的残留相. 基于玄武岩部分熔融过程中金红石1.5 GPa稳定压力下限, 确定埃达克熔体产生在大约50 km以上.     

云南腾冲全新世火山源区性质及其岩浆演化

在对腾冲火山区进行野外考察的基础上,重点对区内3座全新世火山(黑空山、打莺山和马鞍山)的岩石学及地球化学特征、岩浆源区性质及其演化进行研究。对主量元素和微量元素研究表明,这套岩石属于高钾钙碱性系列,包括粗面玄武岩、玄武粗安岩、粗面安山岩和英安岩,从基性岩到酸性岩都有分布。这套火山岩富集大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素,亏损Nb-Ta-Ti不相容元素,具有岛弧火山岩特征。通过微量数据模拟认为,腾冲全新世火山岩为石榴石相地幔橄榄岩在低压条件下大比例部分熔融的产物。源区富钾矿物为金云母,不含角闪石。腾冲及其邻区新生代以来的火山喷发主要受盆地内断裂控制,不受板块俯冲或者火山弧作用的控制。其活动产物为板内火山岩,表现出的岛弧火山岩特征是由于地幔源区受到古洋壳的俯冲板片的富集作用,富集作用发生在部分熔融作用之前。富集地幔部分熔融形成的富钾岩浆沿断裂上升进入地壳形成岩浆房,在岩浆房阶段经历了分离结晶作用和地壳混染作用,有钛铁氧化物、磷灰石、橄榄石、单斜辉石和斜长石的结晶分离。     

二云母花岗岩与含硼流体反应的实验研究:对电气石花岗岩成因的启示

了解不同类型花岗岩的成因联系是认识花岗质岩浆形成和演化过程的关键.文章报道了在600～700℃、200MPa条件下,含硼(B)流体与二云母花岗岩的交代反应实验,重点研究了温度和流体B含量对交代反应产物的影响.实验结果表明,富B流体与二云母花岗岩反应可以形成电气石花岗岩.在700℃条件下,富B流体的加入会使二云母花岗岩发生部分熔融(包括黑云母和白云母含水部分熔融),电气石从部分熔融熔体中结晶.对比实验显示,增加流体的B含量能够明显促进二云母花岗岩的部分熔融以及电石气的生长. 600℃实验中未产生熔体,富B流体使黑云母发生分解,形成磁铁矿,其余Fe、Mg和Al与流体中的B结合形成电气石,黑云母分解产生的K与斜长石中Na发生Na/K离子交换,为电气石结晶提供了Na.实验产生的电气石普遍具有核-边结构,显示矿物结晶过程伴随熔体或者流体成分的改变.由实验结果可以推断,含B花岗质岩浆房结晶晚期脱挥发分作用产生的富B流体在上升运移过程中,可能与岩浆房边缘相的二云母花岗岩发生反应,形成电气石花岗岩岩株或岩脉.本研究表明,岩浆演化晚期富B流体参与的自交代反应可能是电气石花岗岩的重要成因之一.     

用电磁感应法研究潘诺尼亚盆地的地壳和上地幔

总结了近３０年来用电磁感应法研究潘诺尼亚盆地和喀尔巴阡山的主要结果。对下述导电层作了详细的讨论：（１）与测区内断裂构造有关的由石墨片岩引起的沉积盆地结晶基底中的壳内导电体；（２）在３００～４００℃温度下与岩石脱水过程中形成的自由液体有关的良导层；（３）岩石圈底部部分熔融而造成的高导性软流圈；（４）橄榄石－尖晶石相变使导电性增加。所有这些现象都与潘诺尼亚盆地和喀尔巴阡地区特定的热状态和大地构造有密切的联系     

北太行山燕山期中酸性岩体中暗色包体的成因：岩石学、地球化学和锆石Hf-O同位素证据

报道太行山燕山期中酸性岩体中暗色包体的锆石Hf-O同位素,并结合包体的岩石学、全岩化学和Nd-Sr同位素的研究,试图揭示暗色包体的成因.暗色包体细粒并具岩浆结构,有的被强烈拉长,但没有固态变形.这些特征表明包体和寄主岩石曾是共存的、但成分截然不同的岩浆.暗色包体含丰富的含水矿物（角闪石和黑云母）,辉石普遍具有角闪石反应边,斜长石斑晶具有复杂的成分和结构不平衡.对比暗色包体和相邻寄主岩石发现,包体化学成分与相邻寄主岩石密切相关,但其εNd值通常比相邻寄主岩石高,虽然两者Sr同位素成分类似.暗色包体中锆石Hf同位素变化很大（εHf=？10～？22）,指示其两种岩浆混合的特点.锆石O同位素变化也较大（δ18O=5.5‰～7.8‰）,与壳幔岩浆混合的模式一致.包体成因可能是这样的：经历了橄榄石和辉石分离结晶之后的玄武质岩浆首先在地壳深部与壳源花岗质熔体发生混合形成混浆,再强力注入到上覆酸性岩浆房,并分散成小岩浆团（即形成暗色包体的岩浆）.包体岩浆随后与酸性岩浆在接触边界发生斜长石等晶体的双向交换,以及流体和Na,P,Y,Nb和Pb等元素向包体内的化学扩散.     

微粒暗色包体中锆石的形态演化及其制约机制

在浙江青田钙碱性花岗岩的微粒暗色包体中存在着３种不同类型的锆石,其中,Ａ类错石具有最小的、但变化范围最大的Ｉ_（ｐｒ）,Ｉ_（ｐｙ）和Ｉ_（ｅｌ）值;Ｃ类锆石与Ａ类锆石相反,具有最大的、但变化范围最小的 Ｉ_（ｐｒ）, Ｉ_（ｐｙ）和 Ｉ_（ｅｌ）值; Ｂ类锆石的晶型特征介于 Ａ类锆石与Ｃ类锆石之间．锆石的电子探针分析表明,微量元素（Ｈｆ, Ｕ, Ｙ, Ｔｈ）含量从 Ａ类锆石至 Ｃ类锆石呈现为连续增大的演化趋势,且伴随着含量的变化范围亦趋于增大．这些特征反映了Ａ类锆石、Ｂ类锆石和Ｃ类锆石依次形成于包体岩浆冷凝过程的不同阶段或包体岩浆侵入过程的不同空间位置．根据晶体的ＵＯ_２／ＨｆＯ_２,ＴｈＯ_2／Ｙ_2Ｏ_３,ＵＯ_２／（ＴｈＯ_２＋Ｙ_２Ｏ_３）比值分别与 Ｉ_（ｐｒ）, Ｉ_（ｐｙ）和 Ｉ_（ｅｌ）数值里显著的正相关性,可以认为锆石晶型变化是由于在不同锆石晶面上微量元素的差异性分配造成的．结合微粒暗色包体的岩石学特征和锆石的晶型和成分标型特征,可以推测包体岩浆可能同源于产生寄主花岗岩浆的部分熔融区,为该区残留物质部分熔融作用而分离出来的熔体。     

高温高压下碳酸盐熔体对地幔岩电导率的影响

为了观测含碳酸盐地幔岩部分熔融过程中电导率的变化,厘清碳酸盐熔体在金伯利岩岩浆形成过程中所起的作用,并探讨Slave克拉通中部Lac de Gras地区约80～120km深处的高导成因,我们利用DS 3600t六面顶压机和Solartron 1260阻抗/增益-相位分析仪在1.0～3.0GPa、673～1873K温压条件下分别测量了含碳酸钠(Na_2CO_3)、碳酸钙(CaCO_3)和大洋中脊玄武岩(MORB)的地幔岩样品的电导率.实验结果表明,地幔岩样品的电导率主要受到温度和组分的影响,而压力对其影响较小.在温度低于1023K时,含Na_2CO_3地幔岩样品的电导率明显高于含同比重CaCO_3和MORB的;温度达到1023K时,含Na_2CO_3地幔岩样品开始熔融;但在之后的200K温度区间内,该部分熔融样品的电导率随温度的增加几乎不发生变化.这一现象或许揭示:地幔深部的碳酸质岩浆在快速上升过程中会同化吸收岩石圈地幔中的斜方辉石(Opx),进而形成金伯利岩岩浆,期间岩浆的电导率几乎不发生变化.含CaCO_3和MORB的地幔岩样品分别在1723K和1423K开始熔融,其部分熔融样品的电导率随温度的增加而快速增加.依据前人的研究结果和我们的实验结果,我们认为可以用含碳酸盐的部分熔融样品来解释Slave克拉通中部Lac de Gras地区约80～120km深处的异常高导现象,并推测熔体中碳酸盐的熔体比例小于2wt.%.     

冀东太古宙奥长花岗质岩石的成因模拟

作为TTG质岩石的一个重要组成部分,一般认为奥长花岗质岩石是基性岩部分熔融的产物,但在很多TTG片麻岩地体中,如在冀东麻粒岩相区的奥长花岗岩呈较小的岩脉、侵入体,或者呈英云闪长质片麻岩中的浅色体产出,显示近原地熔融成因.本文以冀东地区英云闪长质片麻岩样品J13为基础,并结合锆石定年研究,探讨该区奥长花岗质岩石的成因,模拟在不同压力(0.7、1.0和2.0GPa)下发生的变质熔融反应以及熔体的常量、微量元素成分特征.结果表明,英云闪长质片麻岩在石榴二辉麻粒岩相条件下,如0.9~1.1GPa/800~850℃,发生角闪石脱水熔融,熔融程度为5~10wt.%,残余物中石榴石含量为5~10wt.%时,产生的熔体的成分与冀东奥长花岗质岩石有很大的相似性,如La/Yb值高,Yb含量低等,但模拟熔体的常量元素成分相对高K2O、低CaO、Mg~#偏低,表明冀东奥长花岗岩脉体和浅色体可能包含了部分残余矿物并受到结晶分异的影响.锆石定年结果表明,研究区英云闪长质片麻岩原岩结晶年龄为(2518±12)Ma,变质年龄为(2505±19)Ma,奥长花岗质岩脉的结晶年龄为(2506±6)Ma,二者之间存在密切成因联系.     

东太平洋海隆13°N附近岩浆周期性混合作用：模拟计算和环带斜长石证据

测试了东太平洋海隆13°N附近36个玄武岩样品的常量和微量元素组成,并对其中不同类型的环带斜长石进行了背散射图像、元素线扫描及常量元素分析．采自很小空间范围内的玄武岩演化程度差异较大（MgO=9．38wt％～6．76wt％）,对富MgO玄武岩通过COMAGMAT程序进行分离结晶计算,结果显示富MgO玄武质岩浆结晶至低MgO（7wt％）时,其Ni含量（～28×10^-6 g／g）普遍低于实际观测的低MgO玄武岩（〉60×10^-6 g／g）,说明低MgO玄武岩可能经历了更多次的岩浆混合作用．模拟了高MgO（9．38wt％）玄武质岩浆自身的“混合-结晶”作用,观测到的低MgO玄武岩中高的Ni含量可以通过新岩浆少量多次地自身混合作用获得．低MgO岩浆经历的多次“混合-结晶”过程与近年来^226Ra/^230Th不平衡对岩浆滞留时间的研究相符合,即低MgO岩浆在更长的滞留时间内经历了更多次的“混合-结晶”过程．岩浆房内的岩浆混合具有局部均匀性,但低MgO岩浆更接近于周期性混合形成的稳定成分,这也是导致东太平洋海隆岩浆多样性重要原因．另外,薄片微区分析将斜长石环带可分为具高An^#核部和无高An^#核部两类,两种类型斜长石均有多个反环带,指示寄主岩浆经历了多次混合作用．低MgO（7．45wt％）玄武岩中斜长石核部与其中部的An^#具明显差异,而与高MgO（9．38wt％）玄武岩中微粒斜长石中心An^#（平衡结晶产物）相当,进一步说明低MgO玄武岩中斜长石的核部可能形成于周期性侵入岩浆房之前的母岩浆．     

Relations of cinder cones to the magmatic evolution of Mount Mazama,Crater Lake National Park,Oregon

Cinder cones at Crater Lake are composed of high-alumina basaltic to andesitic scoria and lavas. The Williams Crater Complex, a basaltic cinder cone with andesitic to dacitic lava flows, stands on the western edge of the caldera, against an andesite flow from Mount Mazama. Bombs erupted from Williams Crater contain cores of banded andesite and dacite, similar to those erupted during the climatic eruption of Mount Mazama.Major- and trace-element variations exhibit an increase in incompatible elements and a decrease in compatible elements, consistent with crystal fractionation of olivine, plagioclase, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, and magnetite. LREE patterns in the rocks are irregular; each successive basalt is enriched in LREE relative to the preceding andesite.Compositional variations in the magmas of the cinder cones suggest that three magmatic processes were involved, partial melting, fractional crystallization, and magma mixing. Partial melting of more than one source produced primary basaltic magma(s). Subsequent mixing and fractional crystallization produced the more differentiated basaltic to andesitic magmas.     

Changes in magma composition at Arenal volcano,Costa Rica, 1968–1985: Real-time monitoring of open-system differentiation

Arenal volcano in Costa Rica has been erupting nearly continuously, but at a diminishing rate, since 1968, producing approximately 0.35 km³ of lavas and tephras that have shown consistent variations in chemistry and mineralogy. From the beginning of the eruption in July 1968 to early 1970 (stage 1, vol.=0.12 km³) tephras and lavas became richer in Ca, Mg, Ni, Cr, Fe, Ti, V, and Sc and poorer in Al₂O₃ and SiO₂. Concentrations of incompatible trace elements (including Sr) decreased by 5%–20%. Phenocryst contents increased 20–50 vol%. During stage 2 (1970–1973, vol. = 0.13 km³) concentrations of compatible trace elements rose, and concentrations of incompatible trace elements either remained constant or also rose. Al₂O₃ contents decreased by 1 wt%. Phenocryst content increased slightly, principally due to increased orthopyroxene. During stage 3 (mid-1974 to the present, vol.= 0.10 km³) concentrations of SiO₂ increased by 1 wt%, compatible trace elements decreased slightly, and incompatible trace element concentrations increased by 5% to 10%. Although crystals increased in size during stage 3, their overall abundance stayed roughly constant.Our modeling suggests that early stage-1 magmas were produced by boundary layer fractionation under high-p H₂O conditions of an unseen basaltic andesitic magma that intruded into the Arenal system after approximately 500 B.P. Changes in composition during stage 2 resulted from mixing of this more mafic original magma with new magma that had a similar SiO₂ content, but higher compatible and incompatible element concentrations. The changes during stage 3 resulted from continued influx of the same magma plus crystal removal.We conclude that the eruption proceeded in the following way. Before 1968 zoned stage-1 magma resided in the deep crust below Arenal. A new magma intruded into this chamber in July 1968 causing ejection of the stage-1 magmas. The intruding magma mixed with mafic portions of the original chamber producing the mixed lavas of stage 2. Continued mixing plus crystal fractionation along the chamber and conduit walls produced stage-3 lavas. The time scales of crustal level magmatic processes at Arenal range 10⁰–10³ years, which are 3–6 orders of magnitude shorter than those of larger, more silicic systems.     

The Matsue Formation: Evidence for gross mantle heterogeneity beneath Southwest Japan at 11 Ma

Abstract Middle Miocene basalts and basaltic andesites of the Matsue Formation outcrop within a 5 km radius of Matsue city in eastern Shimane Prefecture. Despite their limited outcrop and age (11.0 ± 1.5 Ma), they show a wide range in ⁸⁷Sr-⁸⁶Sr(0.70370–0.70593), ¹⁴³Nd-¹⁴⁴Nd(0.512904–0.512471) and large ion lithophile element (LILE) contents, but a relatively narrow range for some high field strength elements (HFSE) such as Nb and Ti. These basalts and andesites can be divided into three groups based on petrography, major element, trace element and isotope chemistry. Although one group has undergone some fractional crystallization, isotope chemistry precludes linkage of the groups by a closed-system process. Crustal contamination can explain isotope chemistry, but is not consistent with trace element variations. The most satisfactory model is eruption of two compositionally distinct magmas, with limited magma mixing and fractional crystallization. Published experimental work shows that one end-member resulted from shallow melting of upwelling mantle at ∼25 km. The simultaneous eruption of the other end member magma in the same area points towards a heterogeneous mantle. The isotopic composition of Matsue Formation basalts and andesites covers the entire range of Late Miocene mafic volcanic rocks of southwest Japan. Such gross heterogeneity developed on a local scale has implications for models that deal with regional chemical variations of mafic volcanic rocks in southwest Honshu.     

Genesis of the Angra dos Reis and other achondritic meteorites

Major, minor and trace element abundances were determined in seven Angra dos Reis samples including whole rocks, fassaite (clinopyroxene), olivine and whitlockite separates via sequential instrumental neutron activation analysis. The chondritic normalized rare earth element (REE) abundance pattern for the Angra dos Reis clinopyroxene separates shows a concave downward shape with a small negative Eu anomaly. The strong fractionation between the light and the heavy REE in olivine separates could be attributed to the presence of islands of kirschsteinite in the olivines. The large-ion lithophile trace elements were highly enriched in the whitlockite separate as expected (e.g. La ≈ 370 ppm). The lower Hf and Sc abundances in whitlockite compared to that in the equilibrium “magma” could be the result of favorable partitioning of Hf and Sc in baddeleyite, which may have crystallized prior to or with whitlockite in the interstitial liquid. Comparison of whole rock with mineral separate data shows the presence of ～3% olivine, ～2.6% spinel and small amounts of metallic Ni-Fe and troilite in the whole rock.The trace element abundances in the derivative magma from which the Angra dos Reis clinopyroxene crystallized were estimated from the clinopyroxene data and the clinopyroxene mineral-liquid partition coefficients. From the derivative magma, the trace element abundances in the possible parent magmas were calculated by assuming that these parent magmas have undergone different degrees of clinopyroxene fractional crystallization to yield the Angra dos Reis derivative magma. Using the trace element abundances in these possible parent magmas, a two-stage crystal-liquid fractionation model with source material containing olivine, orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene is presented for the genesis of Angra dos Reis. Possible combinations of the degree of equilibrium non-modal partial melting, the source mineral composition and the initial element abundances required to generate possible Angra dos Reis parent magmas are calculated by the multilinear regression analysis method. Favorable solutions for this two-stage crystal-liquid fractionation model could be that Angra dos Reis crystallized at ～70% fractional crystallization of clinopyroxene from magmas generated by reasonable degrees of equilibrium partial melting (～7–10%) of deep-seated primitive source materials (olivine ～54–30%, orthopyroxene ～33–53%, and clinopyroxene ～13–17%) with trace element (Ba, Sr, REE and Sc) abundances ～3.5–4.7 × chondrites. These calculated REE abundances in the Angra dos Reis parent body are very similar to those suggested for the primordial moon (～3–5 × chondrites).Possible genetic relationships between Angra dos Reis and other achondrites, especially cumulate eucrites and nakhlites, are studied. Apparently, the unique Angra dos Reis could not be related to those achondrites by crystal-liquid fractionation of the same parent body.     

Petrologic constraints on rift-zone processes

The Puu Oo eruption in the middle of Kilauea volcano's east rift zone provides an excellent opportunity to utilize petrologic constraints to interpret rift-zone processes. Emplacement of a dike began 24 hours before the start of the eruption on 3 January 1983. Seismic and geodetic evidence indicates that the dike collided with a magma body in the rift zone. Most of the lava produced during the initial episode of the Puu Oo eruption is of hybrid composition, with petrographic and geochemical evidence of mixing magmas of highly evllved and more mafic compositions. Some olivine and plagioclase grains in the hybrid lavas show reverse zoning. Whole-rock compositional variations are linear even for normally compatible elements like Ni and Cr. Leastsquares mixing calculations yield good residuals for major and trace element analyses for magma mixing. Crystal fractionation calculations yield unsatisfactory residuals. The highly evolved magma is similar in composition to the lava from the 1977 eruption and, at one point, vents for these two eruptions are only 200 m apart. Possibly both the 1977 lava and the highly evolved component of the episode 1 Puu Oo lava were derived from a common body of rift-zone-stored magma. The more mafic mixing component may be represented by the most mafic lava from the January 1983 eruption; it shows no evidence of magma mixing. The dike that was intruded just prior to the start of the Puu Oo eruption may have acted as a hydraulic plunger causing mixing of the two rift-zone-stored magmas.     

Late Mesozoic crust-mantle interaction and lower crust components in South China: A geochemical study of mafic granulite xenoliths from Cenozoic basalts

Mafic granulite xenoliths have been discovered in many volcanoes (especially alkali basalt and kimberlite) all over the world. They formed generally in lower crust, and recorded lots of in- formation on the lithosphere formation and crust-mantle interacti…     

Petrology of lavas from the 2004–2005 flank eruption of Mt. Etna,Italy: inferences on the dynamics of magma in the shallow plumbing system

Following the 2001 and 2002–2003 flank eruptions, activity resumed at Mt. Etna on 7 September 2004 and lasted for about 6 months. This paper presents new petrographic, major and trace element, and Sr–Nd isotope data from sequential samples collected during the entire 2004–2005 eruption. The progressive change of lava composition allowed defining three phases that correspond to different processes controlling magma dynamics inside the central volcano conduits. The compositional variability of products erupted up to 24 September is well reproduced by a fractional crystallization model that involves magma already stored at shallow depth since the 2002–2003 eruption. The progressive mixing of this magma with a distinct new one rising within the central conduits is clearly revealed by the composition of the products erupted from 24 September to 15 October. After 15 October, the contribution from the new magma gradually becomes predominant, and the efficiency of the mixing process ensures the emission of homogeneous products up to the end of the eruption. Our results give insights into the complex conditions of magma storage and evolution in the shallow plumbing system of Mt. Etna during a flank eruption. Furthermore, they confirm that the 2004–2005 activity at Etna was triggered by regional movements of the eastern flank of the volcano. They caused the opening of a complex fracture zone extending ESE which drained a magma stored at shallow depth since the 2002–2003 eruption. This process favored the ascent of a different magma in the central conduits, which began to be erupted on 24 September without any significant change in eruptive style, deformation, and seismicity until the end of eruption.     

Petrology of lavas from the Puu Oo eruption of Kilauea Volcano: III. The Kupaianaha episode (1986–1992)

 The Puu Oo eruption has been remarkable in the historical record of Kilauea Volcano for its duration (over 13 years), volume (>1 km³) and compositional variation (5.7–10 wt.% MgO). During the summer of 1986, the main vent for lava production moved 3 km down the east rift zone and the eruption style changed from episodic geyser-like fountaining at Puu Oo to virtually continuous, relatively quiescent effusion at the Kupaianaha vent. This paper examines this next chapter in the Puu Oo eruption, episodes 48 and 49, and presents new ICP-MS trace element and Pb-, Sr-, and Nd-isotope data for the entire eruption (1983–1994). Nearly aphyric to weakly olivine-phyric lavas were erupted during episodes 48 and 49. The variation in MgO content of Kupaianaha lavas erupted before 1990 correlates with changes in tilt at the summit of Kilauea, both of which probably were controlled by variations in Kilauea's magma supply rate. These lavas contain euhedral olivines which generally are in equilibrium with whole-rock compositions, although some of the more mafic lavas which erupted during 1990, a period of frequent pauses in the eruption, accumulated 2–4 vol.% olivine. The highest forsterite content of olivines (∼85%) in Kupaianaha lavas indicates that the parental magmas for these lavas had MgO contents of ∼10 wt.%, which equals the highest observed value for lavas during this eruption. The composition of the Puu Oo lavas has progressively changed during the eruption. Since early 1985 (episode 30), when mixing between an evolved rift zone magma and a more mafic summit reservoir-derived magma ended, the normalized (to 10 wt.% MgO) abundances of highly incompatible elements and CaO have systematically decreased with time, whereas ratios of these trace elements and Pb, Sr, and Nd isotopes, and the abundances of Y and Yb, have remained relatively unchanged. These results indicate that the Hawaiian plume source for Puu Oo magmas must be relatively homogeneous on a scale of 10–20 km³ (assuming 5–10% partial melting), and that localized melting within the plume has apparently progressively depleted its incompatible elements and clinopyroxene component as the eruption continued. The rate of variation of highly incompatible elements in Puu Oo lavas is much greater than that observed for Kilauea historical summit lavas (e.g., Ba/Y 0.09 a^–1 vs ∼0.03 a^–1). This rapid change indicates that Puu Oo magmas did not mix thoroughly with magma in the summit reservoir. Thus, except for variable amounts of olivine fractionation, the geochemical variation in these lavas is predominantly controlled by mantle processes. Received: 8 March 1996 / Accepted: 30 April 1996     

Major element chemistry of Galapagos Rift Zone magmas and their phenocrysts

Basalts dredged from the Galapagos Rift Zone between 85°W and 100°W were analyzed by electron microprobe to determine the chemistry of the glass exteriors and included phenocrysts, microphenocrysts and quench minerals. The basalts come from both “normal” mid-ocean ridge segments and from ridge segments that cross the Galapagos Platform. The basalts fall into two chemical and geographical groups. Group A basalts come from outside the central region of the Galapagos Platform (i.e., outside 89–92.5°W) and are chemically similar to basalts from “normal” ocean ridge segments. Group B basalts come from the center of the Galapagos Platform (89–92.5°W) and are enriched in incompatible elements like “plume-influenced” basalts from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The spinel, olivine, plagioclase and clinopyroxene phenocrysts in both groups of basalts are low-pressure, equilibrium phases, but the chemical difference among basalts from within each group indicates high-pressure fractional crystallization is also responsible for the chemical evolution of some of these basalts. Presently, no crystallization or partial melting model can relate the chemistry of the two groups of basalts and the compositional influence of a large-ion-lithophile elements and water-rich mantle beneath the Galapagos Platform is a viable alternate hypothesis. The eruption temperature of magmas from the “normal” ridge segments, as determined by olivine-liquid thermometry is 1217±10°C, suggesting steady-state conditions but on the Galapagos Platform the eruption temperatures are lower and more variable than on the “normal” ridge (1186°C±30°C) suggesting a more complex plumbing system and the absence of a steady-state magma chamber beneath the platform.     

Petrogenesis of basalts from the FAMOUS area: Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Fresh basalt glasses most of which have Mg/(Mg + Fe²⁺) of 0.66–0.72 from outcrops within 3 km of one other in the rift valley at the Project FAMOUS locality have been analyzed for major, minor and trace elements in order to determine their petrogenesis.Transition metal abundances of the FAMOUS samples are similar to a wide variety of continental and oceanic basalts with high MgO and Ni, all of which show remarkably little variation, with the exception of Cu, Zn and Ti, on a chondrite-normalized plot. Modelling of these data suggests that the mantle beneath both continents and oceans is systematically fractionated relative to chondrites. This fractionation provides a constraint for models of earth formation and subsequent evolution.The abundances of the rare earth and the incompatible elements, Ba, La, Th, U, and Nb, vary by more than a factor of three and the La/Yb and La/Sm ratios vary by factors of 3.1 and 1.6, respectively, in samples with similar, high Mg/(Mg + Fe²⁺). There is no correlation between the degree of light-REE enrichment and the heavy-REE abundance. Furthermore, the trace element variations do not appear correlated with respect to location in the rift valley or to time of eruption. These trace element features demonstrate that successive eruptions in one small area of the rift valley can show wide variations in trace element chemistry over a short span of time; they preclude the derivation of these basalt glasses from a single magma chamber.Despite the heterogeneities in REE and the variable trace element abundances, a homogeneous mantle source is suggested by the similarities among the samples in the incompatible element ratios of La/Ce, Ba/Th, Zr/Nb and K/Ba and the small range in⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr isotope ratios observed in other samples from the FAMOUS region (White and Bryan, 1977). Thus, trace element heterogeneities appear to be generated by processes in the mantle during melting. However, processes such as batch partial melting, fractional fusion, fractional crystallization, zone refining, or mixing of magmas or sources acting alone are incapable of explaining the lack of correlation between the light and heavy REE.It is suggested that the observed variations are a consequence of dynamic partial melting of a homogeneous mantle source region. This process includes varying degrees of partial melting of an uprising mantle source with continuous but incomplete removal of melt as melting proceeds, varying extents of batch partial melting, and zone refining. Dynamic melting can produce different melts from a homogeneous source which have different degrees of light-REE enrichment and crossing REE patterns. The variable trace element abundances which may be produced through dynamic melting may be the cause of the apparent decoupling of major and trace elements (Bryan et al., 1976) which previously has been suggested for the FAMOUS region (Bryan and Moore, 1977).